Osmanlı Ulemasının Memlük Kahire’sindeki Kökleri

Abstract

Osmanlı ilmiyesinin öncü figürleri, Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî (ö. 816/1413), Molla Fenârî (ö. 834/1431), Şeyh Bedreddîn (ö. 832/1420) ve Hacı Paşa (ö. 827/1424) Kahire’deki Şeyhûniyye Medrese-hankâh’ında özel bir atmosferde eğitim gördüler. Bu kurum, çoğunlukla Anadolu ve İran’dan gelen öğrenci ve âlimleri kucakladı ve onlara akli ilimlerde ve tasavvufta uzmanlaşabilecekleri özel bir ortam sundu. Orada, Mübârekşâh el-Mantıkî (ö. 775/1373) ve Ekmeleddin el-Bâbertî’den (ö. 786/1384) aldıkları eğitim, erken dönem Osmanlı ilmî muhitinin şekillenmesini belirledi. Bu kurumun özel yerini vurgulamak için bu âlimler, bu çalışmada, daha geniş bir ilmî atmosferin parçası olarak Şeyhûniyye Ağı şeklinde adlandırıldı. Ancak Şâfi‘î-muhaddis âlim-tarihçilerin Şeyhûniyye’deki şahsiyetlerin biyografik kayıtlarını dışlayıcı bir biçimde yorumlamaları, Kahire’deki yabancı âlimlere karşı olan ön yargıyı göstermektedir. Bu ortam; Anadolulu veya İranlı kökene sahip, Hanefî mezhebine bağlı, çoğunlukla Râzî Ekolüne göre akli ilimlerle ve İbn Arabî ekolüne göre tasavvufla ilgilenen âlim-Sûfî tipolojisinin ortaya çıkmasını sağladı. Bu tipoloji, Şeyhûniyye Ağı’ndaki âlimler vasıtasıyla Osmanlı topraklarında aynı şekilde görülecekti. Kahire’de özel bir Hanefî muhitinin keşfi, iki önemli soruya yeni bir yaklaşım sağlayacaktır: Erken dönem Osmanlı ilmî muhitinin nasıl Râzî ekolüne göre kurulduğu ve neden İbn Arabî’nin (ö. 638/1240) öğretisine geniş bir tolerans gösterdiği.

Keywords

• Şeyhûniyye
• Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî
• Molla Fenarî
• Şeyh Bedreddin
• Hacı Paşa
• Alâuddîn el-Rûmî
• Osmanlı İlmiyesi

Roots of Ottoman Scholars in Mamlūk Cairo

Abstract

The eminent figures of early Ottoman scholarship, al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413), Molla Fenārī (d. 834/1431), Shaykh Bedreddīn (d. 823/1420), and Ḥaci Paşa (d. 827/1424), were educated in the special atmosphere of al-Shaykhūniyya Madrasa-khānqāh in Cairo. This institution overwhelmingly embraced students and scholars coming from Anatolia and Persia and gave them a suitable environment to specialise in rational sciences and Sufism. The education they received from Mubārakshāh al-Manṭiqī (d. 775/1373) and Akmal al-Dīn al-Bābartī (d. 786/1384) determined the shaping of the early Ottoman scholarly milieu. Emphasising the special place of this institution in Mamlūk Cairo, this group is entitled in this work, the al-Shaykhūniyya Network, as a part of a larger scholarly atmosphere. However, Shāfiʿī-muḥaddith scholar-historians’ exclusionary interpretation of biographical accounts of figures al-Shaykhūniyya reveals the bias against stranger scholars in Cairo. This atmosphere provided the emergence of âlim-Sufi scholar typology: Anatolian or Persian-origin, adhering to the Ḥanafī madhhab, and mostly interested in the rational sciences according to the al-Rāzī School and tasawwuf according to the İbn ʿArabī School. This typology was going to be seen in the Ottoman province, exactly, via scholars of the al-Shaykhūniyya Network. Discovering a special Ḥanafī milieu of Cairo gives a new approach to the two questions of how the early Ottoman scholarly milieu was based on the al-Rāzī School and why it had a wide tolerance for Ibn ʿArabī’s (d. 638/1240) doctrine, unlike the dominant atmosphere in Cairo and Greater Syria at that time.

Keywords

• al-Shaykhūniyya
• al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī
• Molla Fenārī
• Shaykh Bedreddīn
• Ḥaci Paşa
• ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Rūmī
• Ottoman İlmiye

References

1. Abū ʿAlī, Zaynab Aḥmad ʿAlī. “al-Khānqāh al-Shaykhūniyya [M. 1355-1517 / H. 756-923]”. Majalla al-qiṭāʿ al-dirāsāt al-ʾinsāniyya 24 (2019). 287–376. google scholar
2. Altaş, Eşref. “Fahreddin Er-Râzî’nin 13. Yüzyıldaki Mirası”. Uluslararası 13. Yüzyılda Felsefe Sempozyumu Bildirileri. eds. Murat Demirkol and M. Enes Kala. 319–331. Ankara: Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi Yayınları, 2014. google scholar
3. Arıcı, Müstakim. “VII. / XIII. Yüzyıl İslâm Düşüncesinde Fahreddin Râzî Ekolü”. İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi 26 (2011), 1–37. google scholar
4. Arıcı, Müstakim. “İslâm Düşüncesinde Fahreddin er-Râzî Ekolü”, İslâm Düşüncesinin Dönüşüm Çağında Fahreddin er-Râzî. eds. Ömer Türker and Osman Demir. 167-202. İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2013. google scholar
5. Asad Q., Ahmed. – Margaret, Larkin. “The Ḥāshiya and Islamic Intellectual History”. Oriens 41/3-4 (2013), 213–216. google scholar
6. ʿAsqalānī, Abū al-Faḍl Shihāb al-Dīn Ibn Ḥajar Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. al-Majmaʿ al-muʾassas lil-muʿjam al-mufahras. ed. Yūsuf Abd al-Raḥmān Marʿashlī. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār al-maʿrifa, 1992. google scholar
7. ʿAsqalānī, Abū al-Faḍl Shihāb al-Dīn Ibn Ḥajar Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Inbāʾ al-Ghumr fī Abnāʾ al-ʿUmr. ed. Ḥasan Ḥabashī. 5 vols. Cairo: Lajnat iḥyāʾ al-turāth al-Islāmī, 1969. google scholar
8. ʿAsqalānī, Abū al-Faḍl Shihāb al-Dīn Ibn Ḥajar Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. al-Durar al-kāmina fī aʿyān al-miʾa al-thāmina, ed. Muḥammad Sayyid Jādalḥaq. 5 vols. Cairo: Umm al-qurā lil-ṭibāʿa wa al-nashr, n.d.. google scholar

9. Atçıl. Abdurrahman. “Mobility of Scholars and Formation of a Self-Sustaining Scholarly System in the Lands of Rūm During the Fifteenth Century”. In Islamic Literature and Intellectual Life in Fourteenth-and Fifteenth-Century Anatolia. eds. A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yıldız. 315-332. Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag, 2016. google scholar
10. Atçıl, Abdurrahman. Scholars and Sultans in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. google scholar
11. ʿAynī, Badr al-Dīn. ʿIqd al-jumān fī tārikh ʾahl al-zamān. Carullah Efendi, 1591, 1a–829b. Süleymaniye Library. google scholar
12. Berkey, Jonathan. The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History of Islamic Education. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. google scholar
13. Binbaş, İlker Evrim. Intellectual Networks in Timurid Iran: Sharaf al-Dīn ‘Alī Yazdī and the Islamicate Republic of Letters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. google scholar
14. Broadbridge, Anne F.. “Academic Rivalry and the Patronage System in Fifteenth-Century Egypt: al-’Ayni, al-Maqrizi, and Ibn Hajar al-’Asqalani”. Mamluk Studies Review 3 (1999), 85–107. google scholar
15. Burak, Guy. The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Hanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. google scholar
16. Bursalı Mehmet Tahir, Osmanlı Müellifleri. ed. M. A. Yekta Saraç, 3 vols. Ankara: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, 2016. google scholar
17. Dadaş, Mustafa Bülent. Şeyh Bedreddin: Bir Osmanlı Fakihi. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2018. google scholar
18. de Pierrepont, Zacharie Mochtari. “Ibn Ḥajar Al-ʿAsqalānī’s Texts and Contexts: Producing a Sufi Environment in the Cairo Sultanate”. New Readings in Arabic Historiography from Late Medieval Egypt and Syria. eds. Jo van Steenbergen and Maya Termonia 291–318. Leiden: Brill, 2021. google scholar
19. el-Rouayheb. K. “Sunni Muslim Scholars on the Status of Logic, 1500–1800”, Islamic Law google scholar and Society 11 (2004): 213–232. google scholar
20. El-Rouayheb, Khaled. The Development of Arabic Logic (1200-1800). Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe Verlagsgruppe AG Schwabe Verlag, 2018. google scholar
21. El-Rouayheb, Khaled. “‘Mubārakshāh the Logician’: An Elusive Teacher in Mamluk Cairo”. Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 9/1–2 (December 19, 2019), 115–137. google scholar
22. Emīn, Muḥammad Muhạmmad. al-Awqāf wa al-ḥayāt al-ijtimāʿiyya fī Misr: 1250-1517/648-923. Cairo: Dār al-nahda al-ʿArabiyya, 1980. google scholar
23. Fazlıoğlu, İhsan. “İlk dönem Osmanlı ilim ve kültür hayatında İhvânu’s-safâ ve Abdurrahmân Bistâmî”. Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi 2 (01 June 1996), 229–240. google scholar
24. Fazlıoğlu, İhsan. “What Happened in Iznik? The Shaping of Ottoman Intellectual Life and Dāwūd al-Qayṣarī”. Nazariyat: Journal for the History of Islamic Philosophy and Sciences 4 (2017), 1–61. google scholar
25. Gardiner, Noah. “Ibn Khaldūn versus the occultists at Barqūq’s court: the critique of lettrism in al-Muqaddimah”. Ulrich Haarmann Memorial Lecture. ed. Stephan Conermann. 7–86. Berlin: Verlag, 2020. google scholar
26. Griffel, Frank. The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. google scholar
27. Haarmann, Ulrich. “Mamluk Endowment Deeds as a Source for the History of Education in Late Medieval Egypt”. Al-Abḥāth 28 (1980), 31–47. google scholar
28. Haarmann, Ulrich. “Rather the Injustice of the Turks Tha the Righteousness of the Arabs- Changing Ùlama Attitudes towards Mamluk Rulein the Late Fifteenth Century”. Studia Islamica 68 (1988), 61–77. google scholar
29. Hıra, Ayhan. Şeyh Bedreddin’in Fıkıhçılığı. İstanbul: Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, PhD. Dissertation, 2006. google scholar
30. Ibn al-Furāt, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Raḥim. Tārīkh Ibn al-Furāt. ed. Qusṭanṭīn Zurayk, Nejlā ʿIzz al-Dīn. 9/2 vols. Beirut: American University in Cairo Press, 1938. google scholar
31. Ibn al-ʿIrāqī, Walī al-Dīn Aḥmad. Dhayl Ibn al-ʿIrāqī ʿalā al-ʿibar. ed. Ṣāliḥ Mahdī ʿAbbās. 3 vols. Beirut: Muʾssasa al-risāla, 1989. google scholar
32. Ibn Iyās, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Badāʾiʿ al-zuhūr fī waqāʾiʿ al-duhūr. ed. Muḥammad Muṣtafā. 5 vols. Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-Misriyya al-ʿāmma lil-kitāb, 1984. google scholar
33. Ibn Khaldūn, Walī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Muqaddima Ibn Khaldūn. ed. ʿAbdullah Muḥammad al-Darwīsh. 2 vols. Damascus: Dār al-yaʿrūb, 2004. google scholar
34. Ibn Quṭlūbughā, Abū al-ʿAdl Zayn al-Dīn Qāsim. Tāj al-tarājim. ed. Muḥammad Khayr Ramaḍān. Damascus: Dār al-qalam, 1992. google scholar
35. Ibn Taghrībardī, Abū al-Maḥāsīn Yūsuf. al-Nujūm az-zāhira fī mulūk Misr wa al-Qāhira, ed. Khalīl al-Manṣūr. 16 vols. Cairo: Wizārat al-thaqāfa wa al-irshād, 1929. google scholar
36. Ibn Taghrībardī, Abū al-Maḥāsīn Yūsuf. al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa al-mustawfī baʿd al-wāfī, ed. Muḥammad Muḥammad Amīn. 13 vols. Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-Misriyya al-ʿāmma lil-kitāb, 1984. google scholar
37. Irwin, Robert. “Mamluk Literature”. Mamluk Studies Review, 7/1 (2003), 1–29. google scholar
38. Ismāʿīl Belīgh. Güldeste-i riyaḍ-i ʿirfān. Bursa: Hüdâvendigâr Vilâyet Matbaası,1302. google scholar
39. Kafawī, Maḥmūd b. Sulaymān. Katāʾib al-aʿlām al-akhyār. 4 vols. İstanbul: Maktaba al-irshād, 2017. google scholar
40. Karadağ, Bekir. “Memlûkler Dönemi Hanefî Fıkıh Düşüncesinin İlk Dönem Osmanlı Fıkıh Çalışmalarına Etkisi”. Cumhuriyet Ilahiyat Dergisi 23/2 (December 2019), 813–829. google scholar
41. Kaya, Veysel. “XV. Yüzyıl Ansiklopedisti Abdurrahman Bistâmî’nin Felsefe-Kelâm İlişkisine Bakışı”. Osmanlı’da İlm-i Kelâm: Âlimler, Eserler, Meseleler, ed. Osman Demir et al. 301–314. İstanbul, 2016. google scholar
42. Khalīl b. ʾİsmāʿil. Manāqib-i Shaykh Bedreddīn b. Qāḍī. İstanbul: İstanbul Büyük Şehir Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Yazma Eserler, 157, 1a–70b. google scholar
43. Knysh, Alexander D.. Ibn ’Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. google scholar
44. Majdī, Edirneli Mehmed. Ḥadāʾiq al-Shaqāʾiq. İstanbul: Tabkhāne-i Āmira, 1269. google scholar
45. Malaṭī, ʿAbd al-Bāsiṭ. Nayl al-ʾamal fī dhayl al-duwal. ed. ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām Tadmūrī. 9 vols. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿaṣriyya, 2002. google scholar
46. Maqrīẓī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad. al-Sulūk li-maʿarifet duwel al-mulūk. ed. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭāʾ. 8 vols. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiyya, 1997. google scholar
47. Maqrīẓī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad. Durar ʿuqūd al-farīda fī tarājim al-aʿyān al-mufīda, ed. Mahmud al-Jalīlī. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār al-gharb al-Islāmī, 2002. google scholar
48. Maqrīẓī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad. al-Mawāʿiẓ wa al-iʿtibār bi-dhiqr al-khiṭaṭ wa al-āthār, ed. Ayman Fuʾād Sayyid. 4–2 vols. London: Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 2013. google scholar
49. Melvin-Koushki, Matthew S.. The Quest for a Universal Science: The Occult Philosophy of Ṣāʼin Al -Dīn Turka Iṣfahānī (1369-1432) and Intellectual Millenarianism in Early Timurid Iran. Connecticut: Yale University PhD. Dissertation, 2012. google scholar
50. Muhyî-yi Gülşenî, Menakib-i İbrahim-i Gülşeni, ed. Mustafa Koç and Eyyüp Tanrıverdi, (İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı), 2014. google scholar
51. Nielsen, Jorgen S.. “Sultan Al-Ẓāhir Baybars and the Appointment of Four Chief Qāḍīs, 663/1265”. Studia Islamica 60 (1984), 167–176. google scholar
52. Onimus, Clément. “Al-ʿAynī and His Fellow Historians: Questioning the Discursive Position of a Historian in the Academic Field in the Cairo Sultanate”. New Readings in Arabic Historiography from Late Medieval Egypt and Syria: Proceedings of the themed day of the Fifth Conference of the School of Mamluk Studies, ed. Jo Van Steenbergen and Maya Termonia, 349–374. Leiden: Brill, 2021. google scholar
53. Ökten, Ertuğrul. “Scholars and Mobility: A Preliminary Assessment from the Perspective of al-Shaqayiq al-Nu’maniyya”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları 41 (2013), 55–70. google scholar
54. Özkan, Halit. Memlüklerin Son Asrında Hadis: Kahire 1392-1517. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2014. google scholar
55. Peters, R.. “What Does It Mean to Be an Official Madhhab? Hanafism and the Ottoman Empire”. The Islamic School of Law: Evolution, Devolution, and Progress. eds. P. Bearman, R. Peters, and F. E. Vogel. 147–168. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005. google scholar
56. Petry, Carl. The Civilian Elite of Cairo in the Later Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014. google scholar
57. Repp, R. C.. The Müfti of Istanbul: A Study in the Development of the Ottoman Learned Hierarchy. London: Ithaca Press, 1986. google scholar
58. Rizq, ʿĀṣim Muḥammad. Khānaqāwāt al-ṣufiyya fī Misr fī al-ʿaṣrayn al-Ayyūbī wa al-Mamlūkī (567-923/1171-1517). 2 vols. Cairo: Maktaba Madbūlī, 1997. google scholar
59. Saʿīd, Mujāhid Muḥammad. al-Ḥayāt al-ʿilmiyya fī Dawla al-Mamālīk al-Baḥriyya. Omdurman: Omdurman Islamic University, Faculty of Letters, PhD. Dissertation, 2011. google scholar
60. Sakhāwī, Ebū al-Khayr Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. al-Jawāhir wa al-durar fī tarjama Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Ḥajar, ed. Ibrāhīm Bājis ʿAbd al-Majīd. 3 vols. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 1999. google scholar
61. Sakhāwī, Ebū al-Khayr Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʿ li ahl al-qarn al- tāsiʿ. ed. ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Ḥasan ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. 12 vols. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ʿilmiyya, 2003. google scholar
62. Shawkānī, Abū ʿAbd Allah Muḥammad. al-Badr al-ṭāliʿ bi-maḥāsin man baʿd al-qarn al-sābiʿ. 2 vols. Cairo: Dār al-kutub al-Islāmī, n.d.. google scholar
63. Suleymān, Aḥmad ʿIzz al-ʿArab. “al-Vazīr Ghiyāth al-Dīn al-Muḥammad wa dawruhū al-thaqāfī fī al-Dawla al-Ilkhāniyya (H. 727-736/M. 1326-1335)”. Majalla al-Muʾarrikh al-Misrī 50 (2017), 101–135. google scholar
64. Suyūṭī, Abū al-Faḍl Jalāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Ḥusn al-muḥāḍara fī tārīkh Misr wa al-Qahira. 2 vols. Cairo: Dār ihyāʾ al-kutub al-ʿArabiyya, 1967. google scholar
65. Suyūṭī, Abū al-Faḍl Jalāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Bughya al-wuʿāt fī ṭabaqāt al-lughawiyyīn al-nuḥāt. ed. Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm, 2 vols. Ṣaydā: al-Maktaba al-ʿaṣriyya, 1979. google scholar
66. Tamīmī, Taqī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Qādir. al-Ṭabaqāt al-saniyya fī tarājim al-Ḥanafiyya. ed. ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad al-Ḥulw. 4 vols. Riyadh: Dār al-rifāʿī, 1983. google scholar
67. al-Tamīmī, al-Ṭabaqāt al-saniyya, (İstanbul: Köprülü Library, Fazıl Ahmet Paşa, 1113), 1a-409a. google scholar
68. Taşköprizāde, ʿIṣām al-Dīn Ebū al-Khayr Aḥmad Efendī. al-Shaqāʾiq al-Nuʿmāniyya fī ʿulamāʾ al-Dawla al-ʿUsmāniyya. ed. Ahmed Suphi Furat. Istanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Şarkiyat Araştırma Merkezi, 1985. google scholar
69. Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Osmanlı Devletinin İlmiye Teşkilatı. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1988. google scholar
70. van Ess, Josef. “Jorjānī, Zayn-Al-Dīn Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī”, Encyclopædia Iranica. Accessed on 06.07.2023. An updated version at jorjani-zayn-al-din-abul-hasan-ali. google scholar
71. Yazıcı, Tahsin. “Muhyî-yi Gülşenî”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. (Accessed on 20.07.2025). https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/muhyi-yi-gulseni. google scholar
72. Yıldız, Sara Nur. “From Cairo to Ayasuluk: Haci Paşa and the Transmission of Islamic Learning to Western Anatolia in the Late Fourteenth Century”. Journal of Islamic Studies 25/3 (September 1, 2014), 263–97. google scholar
73. Winter, Tim (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. google scholar