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Korunan Alanların Ziyaretçi Yönetiminde Normatif Yaklaşım

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 20, 18 - 29, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.16950/iujad.651422

Abstract

Korunan alanlarda ziyaretçi sayılarının sürekli artması ile birlikte
ziyaretçi faaliyetlerinin neden olduğu etkilerin tespit edilmesi ve yönetilmesi
giderek zorlaşmaktadır. Bu durum alan yöneticilerinin karar verme süreçlerini
de etkilemekte ve sürdürülebilir yönetimi karmaşık hale getirmektedir. Normatif
yaklaşım rekreasyonel faaliyetlerin gerçekleştiği bu alanlarda kaynak
değerlerini ve kullanıcı deneyim kalitesini arttırmak ve aynı zamanda alan
yönetimine yardımcı olmak amacıyla sosyal bilimler disiplinlerinden doğal
kaynak yönetime uyarlanmış bir yaklaşımdır. Normlar, insanların davranışlarını
veya davranışlarının sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan sonuçları kabul edilebilir veya
kabul edilemez olarak değerlendirmek için kullandıkları standartlardır. Normlar
bu nedenle hangi davranışın veya koşulların olması gerektiğini tanımlayarak yöneticilere
yönetim kararlarını düzenlemede yardımcı olur. Bu çalışmada, ziyaretçi yönetimi
çalışmalarında yer alan normatif yaklaşım ve bu bağlamda, norm kavramı,
normların nasıl ölçüldüğü ve ziyaretçi yönetiminde nasıl yer bulduğu incelenmiştir.

References

  • Akten, S., Gül, A., Akten, M., 2012. Korunan doğal alanlarda kullanılabilecek ziyaretçi yönetim modelleri ve karşılaştırılması. SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 13 (1): 57-65.
  • Akten, S., Gül, A. (2014). Korunan doğal alanlarda ziyaretçilerin olası etki düzeyleri önlem ve standartların belirlenmesi (Gölcük Tabiat Parkı örneği). SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi / SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal, 15: 130-139.
  • Akyol, A., Akbulut, E. (2017). Korunan alanların planlanması ve etkin yönetiminde ziyaretçi özellikleri ve algılarının önemi: Kurşunlu Şelalesi Tabiat Parkı örneği. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 18(3): 197-206.
  • Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888–918.
  • Ball-Rokeach, S. J., Rokeach, M, Grube, J. W. (1984). The great American values test: Infuencing behavior and belief through television. New York: Free Press.
  • Boyle, S. A., Samson, F. B. (1985). Effects of non-consumptive recreation on wildlife: A review. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 13, 110-116.
  • Cancian, F. (1975). What are norms? A study of beliefs and actions in a Maya community. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, R.N., Stankey, S. (1979). The recreation opportunity spectrum: a framework for planning, management and research. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-098. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 32 p.
  • Cialdini, M. P. Reno, R. R. Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 58, 1015-1026.
  • Coccossis, H., A. Mexa, (2002). Defining, measuring and evaluating carrying capacity in european tourism destinations material for a aocument. Environmental Planning Laboratory of the University of the Aegean Department of Environmental Studies, Athens, Greece, No. B4-3040/2000/294577/MAR/D2, 113.
  • Donnelly, M. P., Vaske, J. J., Shelby, B. (1992). Measuring backcountry standards in visitor surveys. In B. Shelby, G. Stankey, & B. Shindler (Eds.), Defining wilderness quality: The role of standards in wilderness management-A Workshop Proceedings (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-305, pp. 38-52). Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service.
  • Donnelly, M. P., Vaske, J. J., Whittaker, D., Shelby, B. (2000). Toward an understanding of norm prevalence: A comparative-analysis of 20 years of research. Environmental Management, 25, 403-414.
  • Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Freimund, W. A., Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., Miller, T. (2002). Using video surveys to access dispersed backcountry visitors’ norms. Leisure Sciences, 24, 349–362.
  • Fulton, D. C., Manfredo, M. J., Lipscomb. J. (1996). Wildlife value orientations: A conceptual and measurement approach. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 1:24­ 47.
  • Graefe, A.R., Kuss, F.R, Vaske, J.J. (1990). Visitor Impact Management:The Planning Framework. National Parks and Conservation Association, Washington, DC,156 p.
  • Graham, R., Nilsen, P., Payne, R. J. (1988). Visitor management in Canadian National Parks. Tourism Management, 9(1), 44-61.Gündüz, S., Akpınar, N. (2002). Koruma-kullanım ilkeleri çerçevesinde Beynam Muhafaza Ormanı’nın rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesinin saptanması üzerinde bir araştırma. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4), 344-351.
  • Güngör, E. (2011). Kültür Değismesi ve Milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınları.
  • Göktuğ, T. H., Arpa, N.Y. (2015). Ziyaretçi yönetimi bağlamında ılgaz dağı milli parkı’nda rekreasyon deneyim kalitesinin saptanması. Kastamonu Üni. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (1) 146-161.
  • Göktuğ, T. H., Kurkut, G. (2016). Korunan alanlarda sürdürülebilir ziyaretçi yönetimi stratejiler ve araçların incelenmesi. Bartın Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18: 1, 118–131.
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, New Series, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (Dec. 13, 1968), pp. 1243-1248.
  • Hall, T.E., Shelby, B., Rolloff, D. (1996). Effect of varied question format on boaters’ norms. Leisure Sciences, 18, 193–204.
  • Hall, T. E., Roggenbuck, J.W. (2002). Response format effects in questions about norms: Implications for the reliability and validity of the normative approach. Leisure Sciences, 24, 325–337.
  • Hammitt, W. E., Cole, D. N. (1987). Wildland recreation: Ecology and management. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hammitt, W. E., Rutlin, W. M. (1995). Use Encounter Standards and Curves for Achieved Privacy in Wilderness. Leisure Sciences Volume 17. pp. 245-262.
  • Heywood, J. (1996). Social regularities in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 18: 23–37.
  • Heberlein, T. A., J. J. Vaske. (1977). Crowding and visitor conflict on the Bois Brule River. Technical Report WIS WRC 77- 04. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Water Resources Center.
  • Heberlein, T. A., Dunwiddie, P. (1979). Systematic observations of use levels, campsites selection and visitor characteristics at High Mountain Lake. Journal of Leisure Research, 11, 307–316.
  • Homans, G.C. (1950). The human group. New York: Brace and World.
  • Homer, P. M., Kahle. L. R. (1988). A structural equation test of the value-attitude- behaveior hierarchy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54:638­ 646.
  • Jackson, J. M. (1965). Structural characteristics of norms. In I.D. Steiner & M. F. Fishbein (Eds.), Current studies in social psychology (pp. 301–309). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
  • Kneeshaw, K., Vaske, J. Bright A. D. Absher, J. D. (2004). Situational Influences of Acceptable Wildland Fire Management Actions, Society & Natural Resources, 17:6, 477-489.
  • Kuss, F. R., Graefe, A. R., Vaske, J. J. (1990). Recreation impacts and carrying capacity: A review and synthesis of ecological and social research. Washington, DC: National Parks and Conservation Association.
  • Knight, R. L., Gutzwiller, K. J. (Eds.). (1995). Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through management and research. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
  • Manfredo, M. J., Vaske, J. J., Decker, D. J. (1995). Human dimensions of wildlife management: Basic concepts (pp. 17-31). In R. Knight & K. Gutzwiller (Eds.), Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and Research. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  • Martin, S. R., McCool, S. F., Lucas, R. C. (1989). Wilderness Campsite Impacts: Do Managers and Visitors See Them the Same? Environmental Management Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 623-629.
  • Manning, R. E. (1986). Studies in outdoor recreation. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
  • Manning, R. E., Lime, D. W., Freimund, W. A., Pitt, D. G. (1996). Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences, 18, 39-59.
  • Manning, R., Lawson, S., Frymier, L. (1999). Navigating the confluence of two streams of social research: Contingent valuation and normative standards. Human Ecology Review, 6(1), 35–48.
  • Manning, R. E., (2001). Visitor experience and resource protection: a framework for managing the carrying capacity of national parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 19: 93–108.
  • Manning, R. E., Lawson, S., Newman, P., Laven, D., Valliere, W. (2002). Methodological issues in measuring crowding-related norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 24, 339–348.
  • Manning, R., W. Valliere, B. Wang, C. Jacobi. 1999. Crowding norms: Alternative measurement approaches. Leisure Sciences, 21, 97-115.
  • Manning, R. E. (2007). Parks and carrying capacity: Commons without tragedy. Washington,DC: Island Press.
  • Manning, R. E. (2011). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction (3rd ed.). Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
  • Manning, R.E. (2014). Research to guide management of outdoor recreation and tourism in parks and protected areas, Koedoe 56(2), 7.
  • Manning, R. E. (2018). Application of normative theory and methods in recreation and tourism. Book Chapter 25: Handbook of Research Methods for Tourism and Hospitality Management: Handbooks of Research Methods in Management series. Massachusetts, USA. Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
  • Martinson, K. S., Shelby, B. (1992). Encounter and proximity norms for salmon anglers in California and New Zealand. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 12, 559-567.
  • McDonald, C. (1996). Normative perspectives on outdoor recreation behavior: Introductory comments. Leisure Sciences, 18 (1): 1-6.
  • Pigram, J. J., Jenkins, J. M. (1999). Outdoor recreation management, Routledge, London.
  • Roggenbuck, J., Williams, D. R., Bange, S. P., Dean, D. J. (1991). River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 133-153.
  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York : Free Press.
  • Rokeach, M. (1979). Understanding human values. New York : Free Press.
  • Sayan, M.S., Ortaçeşme, V., Karagüzel, O., Atik, M., Şahin, T., Yıldırım, E., Avcı, Ü. (2005). Termessos (Güllükdağ) Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK Proje no: TOGTAG- 3197, 63s, Antalya.
  • Stankey, G., Cole, D., Lucas, R., Peterson, M., Frissell, S. (1985). The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) System for Wilderness Planning. USDA, GTR, INT-176 p.
  • Shelby, B. (1981). Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers. Journal of Leisure Research, 13, 129–138.
  • Shelby, B., Heberlein, T. (1984). A conceptual framework for carrying capacity cetermination. Leisure Sciences. 6: 433-451.
  • Shelby, B., Harris, R. (1985). Comparing methods for determining visitor evaluations of ecological impacts: site visits, photographs, and written descriptions. Journal of Leisure Research, 17:1, 57-67.
  • Shelby, B., Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Social carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. OR: Oregon State University Press.
  • Shelby, B., Shindler, B. (1992). Interest group standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites. Leisure Sciences, 14, 17-27.
  • Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., Harris, R. (1988). User standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites. Journal of Leisure Research, 20, 245-256.
  • Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J. (1991). Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 173-187.
  • Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P. (1996). Norms, standards, and natural resources. Leisure Sciences, 18, 103–123.
  • Vaske, J. J. (1977). The relationship between personal norms, social norms and reported contacts in Brule River visitors perception of crowding. Masters Thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison.
  • Vaske, J. J., Shelby, B., Graefe, A. R., Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 137–153.
  • Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., Shelby, B. (1992). Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach. Environmental Management, 17(5), 629–643.
  • Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P. (1999). A value–attitude–behavior model predicting wildland preservation voting intentions. Society & Natural Resources, 12: 523­ 537.
  • Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., Whittaker, D. (2000). Tourism, national parks and impact management. In R. Butler & S. Boyd (Eds.), Tourism and National Parks: Issues and Implications (pp. 203- 222). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P. (2002). Generalizing the encounter – norm – crowding relationship. Leisure Sciences, 24, 255–269.
  • Vaske, J., Whittaker, D. (2004). Normative approaches to natural resources. In M.Manfredo, J. Vaske, B. Bruyere, D. Field, & P. Brown (Eds.), Society and natural resources: A summary of knowledge (pp.283–294). Jefferson, MO: Modern Litho.
  • Wittmann, K., Vaske, J. J., Manfredo, M. J., Zinn,H. C. (1998). Standards for lethal response to probşem urban wildlife. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 3(4), 29-48.
  • Whittaker, D., Shelby, B. (1993). Kenai River carrying capacity study: Important conclusions and implications. Report to Alaska State Parks. Anchorage, AK: National Park Service, RTCA project report.
  • Whittaker, D. (1997). Capacity norms on bear viewing platforms. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2, 37-49.
  • Whittaker, D., Shelby, B. (2002). Evaluating instream flows for recreation: Applying the structural norm approach. Leisure Sciences, 24, 363–374.
  • Zinn,H. C., Manfredo, M. J., Vaske, J. J., Wittmann, K. (1998). Using normative beliefs to determine the acceptability of wildlife management actions. Society & Natural Resources, 11:649-662.
Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 20, 18 - 29, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.16950/iujad.651422

Abstract

References

  • Akten, S., Gül, A., Akten, M., 2012. Korunan doğal alanlarda kullanılabilecek ziyaretçi yönetim modelleri ve karşılaştırılması. SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 13 (1): 57-65.
  • Akten, S., Gül, A. (2014). Korunan doğal alanlarda ziyaretçilerin olası etki düzeyleri önlem ve standartların belirlenmesi (Gölcük Tabiat Parkı örneği). SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi / SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal, 15: 130-139.
  • Akyol, A., Akbulut, E. (2017). Korunan alanların planlanması ve etkin yönetiminde ziyaretçi özellikleri ve algılarının önemi: Kurşunlu Şelalesi Tabiat Parkı örneği. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 18(3): 197-206.
  • Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888–918.
  • Ball-Rokeach, S. J., Rokeach, M, Grube, J. W. (1984). The great American values test: Infuencing behavior and belief through television. New York: Free Press.
  • Boyle, S. A., Samson, F. B. (1985). Effects of non-consumptive recreation on wildlife: A review. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 13, 110-116.
  • Cancian, F. (1975). What are norms? A study of beliefs and actions in a Maya community. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, R.N., Stankey, S. (1979). The recreation opportunity spectrum: a framework for planning, management and research. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-098. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 32 p.
  • Cialdini, M. P. Reno, R. R. Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 58, 1015-1026.
  • Coccossis, H., A. Mexa, (2002). Defining, measuring and evaluating carrying capacity in european tourism destinations material for a aocument. Environmental Planning Laboratory of the University of the Aegean Department of Environmental Studies, Athens, Greece, No. B4-3040/2000/294577/MAR/D2, 113.
  • Donnelly, M. P., Vaske, J. J., Shelby, B. (1992). Measuring backcountry standards in visitor surveys. In B. Shelby, G. Stankey, & B. Shindler (Eds.), Defining wilderness quality: The role of standards in wilderness management-A Workshop Proceedings (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-305, pp. 38-52). Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service.
  • Donnelly, M. P., Vaske, J. J., Whittaker, D., Shelby, B. (2000). Toward an understanding of norm prevalence: A comparative-analysis of 20 years of research. Environmental Management, 25, 403-414.
  • Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Freimund, W. A., Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P., Miller, T. (2002). Using video surveys to access dispersed backcountry visitors’ norms. Leisure Sciences, 24, 349–362.
  • Fulton, D. C., Manfredo, M. J., Lipscomb. J. (1996). Wildlife value orientations: A conceptual and measurement approach. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 1:24­ 47.
  • Graefe, A.R., Kuss, F.R, Vaske, J.J. (1990). Visitor Impact Management:The Planning Framework. National Parks and Conservation Association, Washington, DC,156 p.
  • Graham, R., Nilsen, P., Payne, R. J. (1988). Visitor management in Canadian National Parks. Tourism Management, 9(1), 44-61.Gündüz, S., Akpınar, N. (2002). Koruma-kullanım ilkeleri çerçevesinde Beynam Muhafaza Ormanı’nın rekreasyonel taşıma kapasitesinin saptanması üzerinde bir araştırma. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4), 344-351.
  • Güngör, E. (2011). Kültür Değismesi ve Milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınları.
  • Göktuğ, T. H., Arpa, N.Y. (2015). Ziyaretçi yönetimi bağlamında ılgaz dağı milli parkı’nda rekreasyon deneyim kalitesinin saptanması. Kastamonu Üni. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (1) 146-161.
  • Göktuğ, T. H., Kurkut, G. (2016). Korunan alanlarda sürdürülebilir ziyaretçi yönetimi stratejiler ve araçların incelenmesi. Bartın Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18: 1, 118–131.
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, New Series, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (Dec. 13, 1968), pp. 1243-1248.
  • Hall, T.E., Shelby, B., Rolloff, D. (1996). Effect of varied question format on boaters’ norms. Leisure Sciences, 18, 193–204.
  • Hall, T. E., Roggenbuck, J.W. (2002). Response format effects in questions about norms: Implications for the reliability and validity of the normative approach. Leisure Sciences, 24, 325–337.
  • Hammitt, W. E., Cole, D. N. (1987). Wildland recreation: Ecology and management. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hammitt, W. E., Rutlin, W. M. (1995). Use Encounter Standards and Curves for Achieved Privacy in Wilderness. Leisure Sciences Volume 17. pp. 245-262.
  • Heywood, J. (1996). Social regularities in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 18: 23–37.
  • Heberlein, T. A., J. J. Vaske. (1977). Crowding and visitor conflict on the Bois Brule River. Technical Report WIS WRC 77- 04. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Water Resources Center.
  • Heberlein, T. A., Dunwiddie, P. (1979). Systematic observations of use levels, campsites selection and visitor characteristics at High Mountain Lake. Journal of Leisure Research, 11, 307–316.
  • Homans, G.C. (1950). The human group. New York: Brace and World.
  • Homer, P. M., Kahle. L. R. (1988). A structural equation test of the value-attitude- behaveior hierarchy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54:638­ 646.
  • Jackson, J. M. (1965). Structural characteristics of norms. In I.D. Steiner & M. F. Fishbein (Eds.), Current studies in social psychology (pp. 301–309). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
  • Kneeshaw, K., Vaske, J. Bright A. D. Absher, J. D. (2004). Situational Influences of Acceptable Wildland Fire Management Actions, Society & Natural Resources, 17:6, 477-489.
  • Kuss, F. R., Graefe, A. R., Vaske, J. J. (1990). Recreation impacts and carrying capacity: A review and synthesis of ecological and social research. Washington, DC: National Parks and Conservation Association.
  • Knight, R. L., Gutzwiller, K. J. (Eds.). (1995). Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through management and research. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
  • Manfredo, M. J., Vaske, J. J., Decker, D. J. (1995). Human dimensions of wildlife management: Basic concepts (pp. 17-31). In R. Knight & K. Gutzwiller (Eds.), Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence Through Management and Research. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  • Martin, S. R., McCool, S. F., Lucas, R. C. (1989). Wilderness Campsite Impacts: Do Managers and Visitors See Them the Same? Environmental Management Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 623-629.
  • Manning, R. E. (1986). Studies in outdoor recreation. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
  • Manning, R. E., Lime, D. W., Freimund, W. A., Pitt, D. G. (1996). Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences, 18, 39-59.
  • Manning, R., Lawson, S., Frymier, L. (1999). Navigating the confluence of two streams of social research: Contingent valuation and normative standards. Human Ecology Review, 6(1), 35–48.
  • Manning, R. E., (2001). Visitor experience and resource protection: a framework for managing the carrying capacity of national parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 19: 93–108.
  • Manning, R. E., Lawson, S., Newman, P., Laven, D., Valliere, W. (2002). Methodological issues in measuring crowding-related norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 24, 339–348.
  • Manning, R., W. Valliere, B. Wang, C. Jacobi. 1999. Crowding norms: Alternative measurement approaches. Leisure Sciences, 21, 97-115.
  • Manning, R. E. (2007). Parks and carrying capacity: Commons without tragedy. Washington,DC: Island Press.
  • Manning, R. E. (2011). Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction (3rd ed.). Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
  • Manning, R.E. (2014). Research to guide management of outdoor recreation and tourism in parks and protected areas, Koedoe 56(2), 7.
  • Manning, R. E. (2018). Application of normative theory and methods in recreation and tourism. Book Chapter 25: Handbook of Research Methods for Tourism and Hospitality Management: Handbooks of Research Methods in Management series. Massachusetts, USA. Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
  • Martinson, K. S., Shelby, B. (1992). Encounter and proximity norms for salmon anglers in California and New Zealand. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 12, 559-567.
  • McDonald, C. (1996). Normative perspectives on outdoor recreation behavior: Introductory comments. Leisure Sciences, 18 (1): 1-6.
  • Pigram, J. J., Jenkins, J. M. (1999). Outdoor recreation management, Routledge, London.
  • Roggenbuck, J., Williams, D. R., Bange, S. P., Dean, D. J. (1991). River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 133-153.
  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York : Free Press.
  • Rokeach, M. (1979). Understanding human values. New York : Free Press.
  • Sayan, M.S., Ortaçeşme, V., Karagüzel, O., Atik, M., Şahin, T., Yıldırım, E., Avcı, Ü. (2005). Termessos (Güllükdağ) Milli Parkı’nda Rekreasyonel Taşıma Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK Proje no: TOGTAG- 3197, 63s, Antalya.
  • Stankey, G., Cole, D., Lucas, R., Peterson, M., Frissell, S. (1985). The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) System for Wilderness Planning. USDA, GTR, INT-176 p.
  • Shelby, B. (1981). Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers. Journal of Leisure Research, 13, 129–138.
  • Shelby, B., Heberlein, T. (1984). A conceptual framework for carrying capacity cetermination. Leisure Sciences. 6: 433-451.
  • Shelby, B., Harris, R. (1985). Comparing methods for determining visitor evaluations of ecological impacts: site visits, photographs, and written descriptions. Journal of Leisure Research, 17:1, 57-67.
  • Shelby, B., Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Social carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. OR: Oregon State University Press.
  • Shelby, B., Shindler, B. (1992). Interest group standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites. Leisure Sciences, 14, 17-27.
  • Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., Harris, R. (1988). User standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites. Journal of Leisure Research, 20, 245-256.
  • Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J. (1991). Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 173-187.
  • Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., Donnelly, M. P. (1996). Norms, standards, and natural resources. Leisure Sciences, 18, 103–123.
  • Vaske, J. J. (1977). The relationship between personal norms, social norms and reported contacts in Brule River visitors perception of crowding. Masters Thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison.
  • Vaske, J. J., Shelby, B., Graefe, A. R., Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 137–153.
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There are 74 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Peyzaj Planlama ve Tasarım / Landscape Planning and Design
Authors

M. Bihter Bingül 0000-0003-4496-8198

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Submission Date July 1, 2018
Acceptance Date December 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 9 Issue: 20

Cite

APA Bingül, M. B. (2019). Korunan Alanların Ziyaretçi Yönetiminde Normatif Yaklaşım. İnönü Üniversitesi Sanat Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 9(20), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.16950/iujad.651422