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Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer

Yıl 2023, , 101 - 124, 02.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006

Öz

The Roma culture has always been a marginalised community within Spain yet revered for its performance artistry. This article explores flamenco and female flamenco dancers under the Francisco Franco dictatorship, 1939-1975. I discuss censorship under the political leader and its influence on flamenco as well as investigating the dynamics of women onstage within the flamenco sphere as seen through the documentary series Rito y Geografía (Rite and Geography) (1971-1974). Gender roles are examined through analysis of popular culture during Franco’s Spain and the manner in which he portrayed and romanticised the female flamenco dancer. I argue that he used the flamenco series as the vessel to manipulate discourse. Franco exploited flamenco to promote tourism and capitalised on the female flamenco dancer and used the series to promote a national identity.

Kaynakça

  • Aoyama, Y. (2009). Artists, tourists, and the state: Cultural tourism and the flamenco industry in Andalusia, Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(1), 80-104.
  • Bennahum, N. (2013). Carmen, a Gypsy Geography. Wesleyan University Press. Bizet, G. (1875). Carmen. (Music for the opera).
  • Brandes, S. (1980). Metaphors of masculinity: Sex and status in Andalusion Folklore. Philadelphia, PA: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Carmona, S. (2018). Decolonizing the Arts: A Genealogy of Romani Stereotypes in the Louvre and Prado Collections. Critical Romani Studies, 1(2), 144-167.
  • Casajus, D. (2000). Caterina Pasqualino, Dire Le chant. Les Gitans Flamencos d’Andalousie L’Homme, (156), 301-302.
  • Cañadas Ortega, A. (n.d.). Flamenco. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.romarchive.eu/ en/flamenco/antigypsy-legislation-spain/]
  • Chinoy, C., & Lagunas Arias, D. (2022). One Route to Respectability: An Historical View of Socio- Cultural and Economic Reproduction Among the Gitanos of Lebrija. Journal of Gypsy Studies, 4(1), 3-26.
  • Christoforidis, M. (2007). Manuel de Falla, flamenco and Spanish identity. In J. Brown (Ed.). Western music and Race, pp. 230-243. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chuse, L. (2003). The CANTAORAS: Music, gender, and identity in Flamenco Song. New York: Routledge.
  • 10 Café Cantantes were singing cafés that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century, as private premises open to the public for their leisure and entertainment, in which singing, guitar playing and flamenco dancing shows were performed.
  • Cisneros, R. (2018). Spain: Daniel Baker and Rosamaria Cisneros Collection. Retrieved January 12, 2023, from https://www.romarchive.eu/en/dance/baker-and-cisneros-collection/
  • Cisneros, R. (2021). Orientalismo e Decolonialidad na. Dança: Da pesquisa à práctica docente, (J. Silva & T. Conceição, Eds.). In A. Moraes (Ed.), Narrativas Diversas nas. Artes Cênicas ,Vol. 2, pp. 80-92. Porto Alegre, Brazil: PPGAC. [Retrieved from https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/ portalfiles/portal/58161069/NARRATIVAS_DIVERSAS_NAS_ARTES_CE_NICAS_Volume_ II_CISNEROS.pdf]
  • Cisneros, R. K. (2010). Flamenco and Its Gitanos. An Investigation of the Paradox of Andalusia: History, Politics and Dance Art (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico- Albuquerque, 2010) (pp. 1-300). Albuquerque, NM. [Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https:// digitalrepository.unm.edu/thea_etds/3.]
  • Cruces Roldán, C. (2002). Historia del Flamenco: Siglo XXI. Sevilla, Spain: Tartessos.
  • Cruces Roldán, C. (2014). El Flamenco Como constructo patrimonial. Representaciones Sociales y Aproximaciones Metodológicas. PASOS Revista De Turismo Y Patrimonio Cultural, 12(4), 819-835.
  • Cruces Roldán, C., & Sabuco i Cantó,, A. (2005). Mujeres flamencas, etnicidad, educación y empleo ante los nuevos retos profesionales. (Instituto de la Mujer., pp. 1-345, Rep.). Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales.
  • Cruces, C., & Agudo Torrico, J. (2012). El Flamenco. In I. Moreno Navarro (Ed.), Expresiones culturales andaluzas (pp. 219-281). Sevilla, Spain: Aconcagua Libros.
  • Cuellar-Moreno, M. (2016). Flamenco dance. characteristics, resources and reflections on its evolution.
  • Cogent Arts & Humanities, 3(1), 1260825.
  • ENAR. (2022, March 17). Antigypsyism. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.enar-eu.org/ about/antigypsyism/]
  • Glossary-. (n.d.). [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.romarchive.eu/en/terms/gitano-gitana/]
  • Goldbach, T. (2014). Fascism, Flamenco, and Ballet Español: Nacional flamenquismo (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico- Albuquerque, 2014) (pp. 1-117). New Mexico, NM: University of New Mexico- Albquerque. [Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://digitalrepository. unm.edu/thea_etds/9/.]
  • Goldberg, K. M. (2019). Sonidos Negros: On the blackness of flamenco. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Goldberg, M. K. (1995). Border trespasses: The gypsy mask and Carmen Amaya’s flamenco dance.
  • Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • González de Garay Domínguez, B., & Alfeo, J. (2017). Portraying homosexuality in Spanish cinema and television during the Franco regime. L’Atalante. Revista De Estudios Cinematográficos, 73, 63-79.
  • Grellmann, H. M. (1807). Dissertation on the Gipseys: Representing Their Manner of Life, Family Economy, Occupations and Trades, Marriages and Education, Sickness, Death and Bural, Religion, Language, Sciences and Arts (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, With an Historical Enquiry Concerning Their Origin and First Appearance in Europe) (M. Raper, Trans.). London:
  • W. Ballintine. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ gutbook/lookup?num=62745.]
  • Halwachs, D. W. (2003). The Changing Status of Romani in Europe. In G. Hogan-Brun & S. Wolff (Eds.), Minority languages in Europe: Frameworks, status, prospects (pp. 192-207). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hancock, I. F. (2007). We are the Romani People. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
  • Hancock, I. F., & Mulcahy, F. D. (1979). Romani sociolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton.
  • Hasdeu, I. (2015). The Gypsy Woman: Between imaginary figure and reality. In F. Andreescu & M.J. Shapiro (Eds.), Genre and the (post- ) Communist woman: Analyzing transformations of the central and Eastern European female ideal. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Holguín, S. (2019). Flamenco nation: The construction of Spanish national identity. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Holguín, S. (2019,). Smithsonian Magazine: The complicated history of flamenco in Spain. [Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/ complicated-history-flamenco-spain-180973398/]
  • Home. (2022, December 15). [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://antigypsyism.eu/] Ivanova, A. (1970). The dance in Spain. New York, New York: Praeger.
  • Jordan, B. (Ed.). (2000). How Spanish is it? Spanish cinema and national identity. In B. Jordan (Author) & R. Morgan-Tamosunas (Ed.), Contemporary Spanish Cultural Studies (pp. 68-77). London: Edward Arnold.
  • Kenrick, D. (2007). The Romani World: A historical dictionary of the Gypsies. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
  • Koch, S. C., Wirtz, G., Harter, C., Weisbrod, M., Winkler, F., Pröger, A., & Herpertz, S. C. (2019). Embodied self in trauma and self-harm: A pilot study of effects of flamenco therapy on traumatized inpatients. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 24(5-6), 441-459. doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1507472
  • Leicester, H. M. (1994). Discourse and the film text: Four readings of Carmen. Cambridge Opera Journal, 6(3), 245-282. doi:10.1017/s0954586700004328
  • Leyva, M. O. (2018). Graham Greene’s The Living Room: An Uncomfortable Catholic Play in Franco’s Spain. Atlantis, 40(1), 77-96. [Retrieved April 08, 2023, from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/26453058]
  • Lopera-Auñón, J., Medina-Orcera, L., & Rodríguez-Jiménez, R. (2021). Emotions and flamenco dance: Introducing the duende in dance movement therapy. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 17(4), 247-265.
  • Magazine, S. (2019, October 24). The complicated history of flamenco in Spain. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/complicated-history-flamenco-spain-180973398/]
  • Malefyt, T. (1997). Gendered authenticity: The invention of flamenco tradition in Seville, Spain. Ann Arbor: UMI.
  • Matras, Y. (2005). The future of Romani: Toward a policy of linguistic pluralism. Roma Rights, 1, 31-44. Maya, B. (2022). La Muñeca Subersiva (The Subversive Doll). In K. M. Goldberg & A. Piza (Eds.),
  • Celebrating flamenco’s tangled roots: The body questions (pp. 72-100). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Merino, R., & Rabadán, R. (2004). Censored translations in Franco’s Spain: The trace project theatre and fiction (English-spanish). TTR : Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction, 15(2), 125-152.
  • Merino, Á R. (1994). Traducción, Tradicíon Y Manipulación: Teatro Inglés En España 1950-1990.
  • León: Universidad de León.
  • Miles, J. (2019). The Modern Synthesis of Josephine Baker and Carmen Amaya (Doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico- Albuquerque, 2019) (pp. 1-105). UNM. [Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=thea_etds.]
  • Millán Vázquez de la Torre, M. G., Millán Lara, S., & Arjona-Fuentes, J. M. (2019). Flamenco tourism from the viewpoint of its protagonists: A sustainable vision using Lean Startup methodology. Sustainability, 11(21), 6047. doi:10.3390/su11216047
  • Moradiellos, E. (2018). Franco: Anatomy of a dictator. London, UK: I.B. Tauris.
  • Moreda Rodríguez, E. (2020). What did Franco’s Spain do to Spanish music? - JSTOR DAILY. [Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://daily.jstor.org/what-did-francos-spain-do-to-spanish-music/]
  • Ossona, P. (1984). La Educación por la danza: Enfoque metodológico. Barcelona: Paidós. Pohren, D. E. (1990). The Art of Flamenco. Madrid: Society of Spanish Studies.
  • Preston, P. (1994). General Franco as military leader. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4, 21-41.
  • Puche-Ruiz, M. C. (2021). How ‘Carmen’ became a flamenco doll. Andalusian women and Spanish folklore in films featuring tourists (1905–1975). Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 20(4), 475-498.
  • Pusca, A. (2010). The Roma Problem in the EU: Nomadisim. Borderlands, 9(20), 1-17. Pushkin, A. (1824). The Gypsies. (Music for opera).
  • Reeser, V. (2019). Exploring Female Identity in Francoist Spain. Penn History Review: Journal of Undergraduate Historians, 26(1), 73-101.
  • Rothéa, X. (2014). Construcción y uso social de la representación de los gitanos por el poder franquista 1936-1975. Revista Andaluza De Antropología, (7), 7-22.
  • Rtve. (n.d.). Rito y geografía del cante: Tus Programas Favoritos de Tve, EN RTVE play. [Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.rtve.es/play/videos/rito-y-geografia-del-cante/]
  • Stewart, M. (1989). ‘True Speech’: Song and the moral order of a Hungarian Vlach Gypsy community. Man, 24(1), 79.
  • Stewart, M. (1997). The time of the Gypsies. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Swoboda, H., Flašíková-Beňová, M., & Wiersma, J. M. (2011). Roma: A European minority: The Challenge of Diversity. Brussels: European Parliament.
  • Thimm, T. (2014). The flamenco factor in destination marketing: Interdependencies of Creative Industries and tourism —the case of Seville. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(5), 576-588.
  • Thomas, K. (2002). Flamenco and Spanish dance. Dance Research Journal, 34(1), 98. Thède, N. (2000). Gitans et flamenco. Les rhythmes de l’ídentité. Paris: L’Harmattan.
  • Totton, R. (2003). Song of the Outcasts an introduction to flamenco. Portland, Or: Amadeus Press.
  • Townson, N. (2010). Spain transformed: The late Franco dictatorship, 1959-1975. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Tusell, J. (2007). Spain: From dictatorship to democracy: 1939 to the present. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Vandaele, J. (2015). Estados de gracia: Billy Wilder y la censura Franquista (1946–1975). Leiden: Brill Rodopi.
  • Vargas Rubio, M. (2020). Lecture presented at “Urban Memories and Countryside Mirrors: A History of Romani Performing Arts”. Webinar of European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture - ERIAC. Nov. 3.
  • Vidal González, M. (2008). Intangible Heritage Tourism and Identity. Tourism Management, 29(4), 807-810.
  • Washabaugh, W. (1994). The flamenco body. Popular Music, 13(1), 75-90.
  • Washabaugh, W. (1996). Flamenco: Passion, politics and popular culture. West Sussex: Berg.
  • Washabaugh, W. (1997). Flamenco music and documentary. Ethnomusicology, 41(1), 51. Washabaugh, W. (1998). The passion of music and dance: Body, gender, and sexuality. Oxford: Berg. Wieczorek, M. (2018). Flamenco: Współczesne Dylematy Badawcze. Łódzkie Studia Etnograficzne, 57, 75.
Yıl 2023, , 101 - 124, 02.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aoyama, Y. (2009). Artists, tourists, and the state: Cultural tourism and the flamenco industry in Andalusia, Spain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(1), 80-104.
  • Bennahum, N. (2013). Carmen, a Gypsy Geography. Wesleyan University Press. Bizet, G. (1875). Carmen. (Music for the opera).
  • Brandes, S. (1980). Metaphors of masculinity: Sex and status in Andalusion Folklore. Philadelphia, PA: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Carmona, S. (2018). Decolonizing the Arts: A Genealogy of Romani Stereotypes in the Louvre and Prado Collections. Critical Romani Studies, 1(2), 144-167.
  • Casajus, D. (2000). Caterina Pasqualino, Dire Le chant. Les Gitans Flamencos d’Andalousie L’Homme, (156), 301-302.
  • Cañadas Ortega, A. (n.d.). Flamenco. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.romarchive.eu/ en/flamenco/antigypsy-legislation-spain/]
  • Chinoy, C., & Lagunas Arias, D. (2022). One Route to Respectability: An Historical View of Socio- Cultural and Economic Reproduction Among the Gitanos of Lebrija. Journal of Gypsy Studies, 4(1), 3-26.
  • Christoforidis, M. (2007). Manuel de Falla, flamenco and Spanish identity. In J. Brown (Ed.). Western music and Race, pp. 230-243. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chuse, L. (2003). The CANTAORAS: Music, gender, and identity in Flamenco Song. New York: Routledge.
  • 10 Café Cantantes were singing cafés that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century, as private premises open to the public for their leisure and entertainment, in which singing, guitar playing and flamenco dancing shows were performed.
  • Cisneros, R. (2018). Spain: Daniel Baker and Rosamaria Cisneros Collection. Retrieved January 12, 2023, from https://www.romarchive.eu/en/dance/baker-and-cisneros-collection/
  • Cisneros, R. (2021). Orientalismo e Decolonialidad na. Dança: Da pesquisa à práctica docente, (J. Silva & T. Conceição, Eds.). In A. Moraes (Ed.), Narrativas Diversas nas. Artes Cênicas ,Vol. 2, pp. 80-92. Porto Alegre, Brazil: PPGAC. [Retrieved from https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/ portalfiles/portal/58161069/NARRATIVAS_DIVERSAS_NAS_ARTES_CE_NICAS_Volume_ II_CISNEROS.pdf]
  • Cisneros, R. K. (2010). Flamenco and Its Gitanos. An Investigation of the Paradox of Andalusia: History, Politics and Dance Art (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico- Albuquerque, 2010) (pp. 1-300). Albuquerque, NM. [Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https:// digitalrepository.unm.edu/thea_etds/3.]
  • Cruces Roldán, C. (2002). Historia del Flamenco: Siglo XXI. Sevilla, Spain: Tartessos.
  • Cruces Roldán, C. (2014). El Flamenco Como constructo patrimonial. Representaciones Sociales y Aproximaciones Metodológicas. PASOS Revista De Turismo Y Patrimonio Cultural, 12(4), 819-835.
  • Cruces Roldán, C., & Sabuco i Cantó,, A. (2005). Mujeres flamencas, etnicidad, educación y empleo ante los nuevos retos profesionales. (Instituto de la Mujer., pp. 1-345, Rep.). Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales.
  • Cruces, C., & Agudo Torrico, J. (2012). El Flamenco. In I. Moreno Navarro (Ed.), Expresiones culturales andaluzas (pp. 219-281). Sevilla, Spain: Aconcagua Libros.
  • Cuellar-Moreno, M. (2016). Flamenco dance. characteristics, resources and reflections on its evolution.
  • Cogent Arts & Humanities, 3(1), 1260825.
  • ENAR. (2022, March 17). Antigypsyism. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.enar-eu.org/ about/antigypsyism/]
  • Glossary-. (n.d.). [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.romarchive.eu/en/terms/gitano-gitana/]
  • Goldbach, T. (2014). Fascism, Flamenco, and Ballet Español: Nacional flamenquismo (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico- Albuquerque, 2014) (pp. 1-117). New Mexico, NM: University of New Mexico- Albquerque. [Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://digitalrepository. unm.edu/thea_etds/9/.]
  • Goldberg, K. M. (2019). Sonidos Negros: On the blackness of flamenco. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Goldberg, M. K. (1995). Border trespasses: The gypsy mask and Carmen Amaya’s flamenco dance.
  • Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • González de Garay Domínguez, B., & Alfeo, J. (2017). Portraying homosexuality in Spanish cinema and television during the Franco regime. L’Atalante. Revista De Estudios Cinematográficos, 73, 63-79.
  • Grellmann, H. M. (1807). Dissertation on the Gipseys: Representing Their Manner of Life, Family Economy, Occupations and Trades, Marriages and Education, Sickness, Death and Bural, Religion, Language, Sciences and Arts (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, With an Historical Enquiry Concerning Their Origin and First Appearance in Europe) (M. Raper, Trans.). London:
  • W. Ballintine. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ gutbook/lookup?num=62745.]
  • Halwachs, D. W. (2003). The Changing Status of Romani in Europe. In G. Hogan-Brun & S. Wolff (Eds.), Minority languages in Europe: Frameworks, status, prospects (pp. 192-207). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hancock, I. F. (2007). We are the Romani People. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
  • Hancock, I. F., & Mulcahy, F. D. (1979). Romani sociolinguistics. The Hague: Mouton.
  • Hasdeu, I. (2015). The Gypsy Woman: Between imaginary figure and reality. In F. Andreescu & M.J. Shapiro (Eds.), Genre and the (post- ) Communist woman: Analyzing transformations of the central and Eastern European female ideal. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Holguín, S. (2019). Flamenco nation: The construction of Spanish national identity. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Holguín, S. (2019,). Smithsonian Magazine: The complicated history of flamenco in Spain. [Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/ complicated-history-flamenco-spain-180973398/]
  • Home. (2022, December 15). [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://antigypsyism.eu/] Ivanova, A. (1970). The dance in Spain. New York, New York: Praeger.
  • Jordan, B. (Ed.). (2000). How Spanish is it? Spanish cinema and national identity. In B. Jordan (Author) & R. Morgan-Tamosunas (Ed.), Contemporary Spanish Cultural Studies (pp. 68-77). London: Edward Arnold.
  • Kenrick, D. (2007). The Romani World: A historical dictionary of the Gypsies. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
  • Koch, S. C., Wirtz, G., Harter, C., Weisbrod, M., Winkler, F., Pröger, A., & Herpertz, S. C. (2019). Embodied self in trauma and self-harm: A pilot study of effects of flamenco therapy on traumatized inpatients. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 24(5-6), 441-459. doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1507472
  • Leicester, H. M. (1994). Discourse and the film text: Four readings of Carmen. Cambridge Opera Journal, 6(3), 245-282. doi:10.1017/s0954586700004328
  • Leyva, M. O. (2018). Graham Greene’s The Living Room: An Uncomfortable Catholic Play in Franco’s Spain. Atlantis, 40(1), 77-96. [Retrieved April 08, 2023, from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/26453058]
  • Lopera-Auñón, J., Medina-Orcera, L., & Rodríguez-Jiménez, R. (2021). Emotions and flamenco dance: Introducing the duende in dance movement therapy. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 17(4), 247-265.
  • Magazine, S. (2019, October 24). The complicated history of flamenco in Spain. [Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/complicated-history-flamenco-spain-180973398/]
  • Malefyt, T. (1997). Gendered authenticity: The invention of flamenco tradition in Seville, Spain. Ann Arbor: UMI.
  • Matras, Y. (2005). The future of Romani: Toward a policy of linguistic pluralism. Roma Rights, 1, 31-44. Maya, B. (2022). La Muñeca Subersiva (The Subversive Doll). In K. M. Goldberg & A. Piza (Eds.),
  • Celebrating flamenco’s tangled roots: The body questions (pp. 72-100). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Merino, R., & Rabadán, R. (2004). Censored translations in Franco’s Spain: The trace project theatre and fiction (English-spanish). TTR : Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction, 15(2), 125-152.
  • Merino, Á R. (1994). Traducción, Tradicíon Y Manipulación: Teatro Inglés En España 1950-1990.
  • León: Universidad de León.
  • Miles, J. (2019). The Modern Synthesis of Josephine Baker and Carmen Amaya (Doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico- Albuquerque, 2019) (pp. 1-105). UNM. [Retrieved April 8, 2023, from https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=thea_etds.]
  • Millán Vázquez de la Torre, M. G., Millán Lara, S., & Arjona-Fuentes, J. M. (2019). Flamenco tourism from the viewpoint of its protagonists: A sustainable vision using Lean Startup methodology. Sustainability, 11(21), 6047. doi:10.3390/su11216047
  • Moradiellos, E. (2018). Franco: Anatomy of a dictator. London, UK: I.B. Tauris.
  • Moreda Rodríguez, E. (2020). What did Franco’s Spain do to Spanish music? - JSTOR DAILY. [Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://daily.jstor.org/what-did-francos-spain-do-to-spanish-music/]
  • Ossona, P. (1984). La Educación por la danza: Enfoque metodológico. Barcelona: Paidós. Pohren, D. E. (1990). The Art of Flamenco. Madrid: Society of Spanish Studies.
  • Preston, P. (1994). General Franco as military leader. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4, 21-41.
  • Puche-Ruiz, M. C. (2021). How ‘Carmen’ became a flamenco doll. Andalusian women and Spanish folklore in films featuring tourists (1905–1975). Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 20(4), 475-498.
  • Pusca, A. (2010). The Roma Problem in the EU: Nomadisim. Borderlands, 9(20), 1-17. Pushkin, A. (1824). The Gypsies. (Music for opera).
  • Reeser, V. (2019). Exploring Female Identity in Francoist Spain. Penn History Review: Journal of Undergraduate Historians, 26(1), 73-101.
  • Rothéa, X. (2014). Construcción y uso social de la representación de los gitanos por el poder franquista 1936-1975. Revista Andaluza De Antropología, (7), 7-22.
  • Rtve. (n.d.). Rito y geografía del cante: Tus Programas Favoritos de Tve, EN RTVE play. [Retrieved April 12, 2023, from https://www.rtve.es/play/videos/rito-y-geografia-del-cante/]
  • Stewart, M. (1989). ‘True Speech’: Song and the moral order of a Hungarian Vlach Gypsy community. Man, 24(1), 79.
  • Stewart, M. (1997). The time of the Gypsies. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Swoboda, H., Flašíková-Beňová, M., & Wiersma, J. M. (2011). Roma: A European minority: The Challenge of Diversity. Brussels: European Parliament.
  • Thimm, T. (2014). The flamenco factor in destination marketing: Interdependencies of Creative Industries and tourism —the case of Seville. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(5), 576-588.
  • Thomas, K. (2002). Flamenco and Spanish dance. Dance Research Journal, 34(1), 98. Thède, N. (2000). Gitans et flamenco. Les rhythmes de l’ídentité. Paris: L’Harmattan.
  • Totton, R. (2003). Song of the Outcasts an introduction to flamenco. Portland, Or: Amadeus Press.
  • Townson, N. (2010). Spain transformed: The late Franco dictatorship, 1959-1975. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Tusell, J. (2007). Spain: From dictatorship to democracy: 1939 to the present. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Vandaele, J. (2015). Estados de gracia: Billy Wilder y la censura Franquista (1946–1975). Leiden: Brill Rodopi.
  • Vargas Rubio, M. (2020). Lecture presented at “Urban Memories and Countryside Mirrors: A History of Romani Performing Arts”. Webinar of European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture - ERIAC. Nov. 3.
  • Vidal González, M. (2008). Intangible Heritage Tourism and Identity. Tourism Management, 29(4), 807-810.
  • Washabaugh, W. (1994). The flamenco body. Popular Music, 13(1), 75-90.
  • Washabaugh, W. (1996). Flamenco: Passion, politics and popular culture. West Sussex: Berg.
  • Washabaugh, W. (1997). Flamenco music and documentary. Ethnomusicology, 41(1), 51. Washabaugh, W. (1998). The passion of music and dance: Body, gender, and sexuality. Oxford: Berg. Wieczorek, M. (2018). Flamenco: Współczesne Dylematy Badawcze. Łódzkie Studia Etnograficzne, 57, 75.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kadın Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Rosemary Cısneros Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-8169-0642

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Cısneros, R. (2023). Moving Past Franco’s Art and Censorship: The Case of The Female Flamenco Dancer. İstanbul Üniversitesi Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi(26), 101-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2023.qe00006