Developmental Hints of Fairness Sensitivity: Current Investigations on Inequity Avoidance Inequity Avoidance

Abstract

Fairness-based decision-making is considered one of the most crucial topics in the literature on moral psychology. Previous findings have demonstrated that people make costly irrational decisions according to their level of fairness sensitivity. Moreover, individuals display inequity avoidance behavior by rejecting inequity favoring others (disadvantageous inequity) or themselves (advantageous inequity). According to developmental investigations, different mechanisms may underlie the display of advantageous or disadvantageous inequity avoidance. Previous studies have indicated that in various cultures, disadvantageous inequity avoidance follows a similar path, whereas advantageous inequity avoidance emerges at different ages. These findings have pointed out that socialization practices and cultural factors may be dominant in terms of the age of onset of advantageous inequity avoidance. In parallel, this review first presents the pioneer approaches to fairness in the recent literature on moral psychology and provides a summary of developmental studies that investigated inequity avoidance behavior by considering cultural differences. In summary, the literature has proposed that social context and reputational concerns may encourage children to adopt better strategies for displaying inequity avoidance with the increasing age. From this perspective, this notion was considered to lead to cross-cultural differences in the developmental spectrum of behaviors particularly linked to advantageous inequity avoidance. This finding may be attributed to different social practices across cultures that are considered to play a functional role in reducing reputational concerns. Moreover, explanations based on collectivistic versus individualistic dual perspective are unable to explicate various specific dynamics for understanding the age of onset of the display of inequity avoidance behavior. Therefore, further studies are required to reveal the roles of specific socialization dynamics in the community, parental expectations, and widely accepted social interaction practices with relatives, which would largely contribute to the relevant literature.

Keywords

• Moral psychology
• fairness
• inequity avoidance
• moral development

Adalete İlişkin Hassasiyetlerin Gelişimsel İzleri: Haksızlıktan Kaçınma Davranışına İlişkin Güncel İncelemeler

Abstract

Adalete ilişkin karar alma ahlak psikolojisi alan yazınında en önemli konulardan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bulgular, kişilerin diğerlerinden daha azına (dezavantajlı haksızlık) veya daha fazlasına sahip oldukları durumlarda (avantajlı haksızlık) adalete ilişkin hassasiyetlerinden ötürü bedel ödeyerek haksızlığı reddettiklerini göstermektedir. Gelişimsel psikoloji alanındaki incelemelere göre haksızlıktan kaçınma olarak adlandırılan bu davranışın ortaya çıkmasının altında farklı mekanizmalar rol oynayabilir. Haksızlıktan kaçınma davranışının ortaya çıktığı yaşa ilişkin kültürel farklılıkları inceleyen çalışmalar, farklı kültürlerde dezavantajlı haksızlıktan kaçınma davranışının benzer bir gelişimsel seyre sahip iken; avantajlı haksızlıktan kaçınmanın farklı yaşlarda ortaya çıktığını göstermektedir. Bu durum, avantajlı haksızlıktan kaçınma davranışının ortaya çıktığı yaşa ilişkin sosyalleşme pratiklerinin ve kültürel faktörlerin rolünün daha baskın olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Buna paralel olarak, bu derleme çalışmasında öncelikle, güncel ahlak psikolojisi alan yazınındaki adalete ilişkin hakim yaklaşımlara değinilmiş, ardından haksızlıktan kaçınma davranışını gelişimsel boyutta ele alan çalışmalar kültürel farklar gözetilerek özetlenmiştir. Birlikte ele alındığında, önceki çalışmalar haksızlıktan kaçınma davranışına ilişkin stratejilerin zenginleşmesini yaşla beraber sosyal bağlamın ve itibar kaygısının rolünün artmasıyla açıklamaktadır. Buradan hareketle, farklı kültürlerde farklı sosyal pratiklerin itibar kaygısını azaltmada işlevsel bir rolü olduğu ve bu durumun özellikle avantajlı haksızlıktan kaçınma davranışına ilişkin davranışların gelişimsel seyrinde kültürlerarası farklara yol açtığı düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, güncel çalışmaların sonuçları ele alındığında, bu dinamiklerin anlaşılması için bireyci ve toplulukçu ikili sınıflandırması üzerinden yapılan açıklamaların yetersiz kaldığı görülmektedir. Gelecek çalışmalarda bireyci ve toplulukçu ikili sınıflandırması üzerinden yapılan açıklamaların ötesine geçebilmek için, toplumdaki belirli sosyalleşme dinamiklerinin rollerini, ailedeki ebeveyn beklentilerini ve akrabalarla yaygın olarak kabul gören sosyal etkileşim uygulamalarının rollerini daha detaylı incelemenin ilgili alana önemli ölçüde katkı sunması beklenmektedir.

Keywords

• Ahlak psikolojisi
• adalet
• haksızlıktan kaçınma davranışı
• ahlaki gelişim

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