Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları

Olgu Karan

Research Article

Opportunities for Understanding Syrian Refugees’ Entrepreneurship in Turkey Using the Bourdieusian Approach

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 249 - 276, 31.12.2019

Olgu Karan

Abstract

his study shows that existing theoretical approaches in understanding migrant small-business ownership do not provide a composite, multi-layered framework. The dynamics of hardship faced by Syrian refugees and Syrian survival strategies are asserted to be unable to be fully understood through existing theoretical approaches. The existing literature on refugee-owned small businesses is discussed under three groupings: agency-oriented theories, structuralism, and the mixed approaches of embeddedness. This paper adopts a Bourdieusian approach to exploring the opportunities provided by Bourdieusian sociology in understanding the multi-layered dynamics of Syrian entrepreneurship. The main research questions of the paper are as follows: What are the possible opportunities in Bourdieu’s concepts for shedding light on Syrian small-business ownership? Does Bourdieusian field theory provide a composite, relational approach in understanding Syrian refugee small-business ownership? In so doing, the multi-layered and relational concepts of Bourdieusian sociology are operationalized in order to fill in the gaps within the existing literature on migrant/refugee entrepreneurship. This paper provides researchers with a toolkit for working on migrant/refugee smallbusiness ownership and contains five sections. The first section sets the aim and methodology of the study. The second section discusses the analytical models for understanding migrant entrepreneurship. The third section elaborates on the theoretical approaches that shed light on migrant entrepreneurship. These last two sections critically engage with these models and theoretical approaches by showing the gaps within them. The fourth section sets out the Bourdieusian approach and operationalizes his concepts into the research area of Syrian small-business ownership in Turkey. The paper concludes with key research findings and implications for researchers and practitioners.

Keywords

Syrian refugee entrepreneurship, Middleman minorities, Sojourner mentality, Enclave economies, Culturalism, Transnationalism, Structuralism, Social embeddedness, Pierre Bourdieu

References

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Bonacich, E. (1987). ‘Making it’ in America: A social evolution of the ethics of ımmigrant entrepreneurship. Social Perspectives, 30, 446–466
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Karatas-Ozkan, M., & Chell, E. (2015). Gender ınequalities in academic ınnovation and enterprise: A Bourdieuian analysis. British Journal of Management, 26, 109–125.
Kayalar, M., & Yıldız, S. (2017). Uluslararası göç sonrası ortaya çıkan girişimcilik türleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültei Dergisi, 22, 55–62
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Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları

Year 2019, Volume: 39 Issue: 2, 249 - 276, 31.12.2019

Olgu Karan

Abstract

Bu çalışmada mültecilerin esnaflaşmasında karşılaştıkları sorunları anlamak için kullanılan kuramsal çerçevelerin, bütüncül bir bakış açısı sağlayamadığı, karşılaştıkları zorluklardaki dinamikleri ve baş etme stratejilerini anlamakta yetersiz kaldığı iddia edilip, bu bağlamda Bourdieu sosyolojisinin kavramlarının sosyal araştırmacılara ne gibi olanaklar sağladığı araştırılmaktadır. Mülteci esnaflaşmasında karşılaşılan dinamiklerin aydınlatılmasında daha bütüncül, ilişkisel bir bakış açısı Bourdieucu yaklaşımın alan kuramıyla sağlanabilir mi sorusunu tartışmaya açmak çalışmanın temel amacını oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’de yaşayan mültecilerin esnaflaşmasının dinamiklerini anlamak için Bourdieu sosyolojisinin kavramları işlemselleştirilerek varolan göçmen/mülteci girişimcilik yazınındaki boşlukların Bourdieu’nun çok katmanlı ilişkisel kavramları ile kapatılması hedeflemektedir. Dolayısıyla sosyal araştırmacılara mülteci esnafların yaşadıkları sorunları anlamada kullanabilecekleri kuramsal bir alet çantası sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Göçmen girişimcilik literatürü üç ana başlık etrafında değerlendirilecektir. Bunlar, fail merkezli teoriler kültürelcilik ve ulusüstücülük, yapısalcı teori ve sosyal gömülme teorileri olarak gruplandırılacaktır. Farklı analitik araçların ve teorilerin odaklandığı temalar değerlendirilip teorilerdeki boşluklar vurgulanacaktır. Bourdieucu yaklaşımın ilişkisel kavramları tartışılacaktır. Son olarak, bahsi geçen kavramlar işlemselleştirilerek mülteci esnafların yaşadıkları sorunları anlamada kullanılabilecek kavramsal çerçeve sunulacaktır.

Keywords

Aracı göçmen azınlıklar, Suriyeli mülteci esnaflaşması, Geçici göçmen zihniyeti, Etnik kümelenme ekonomileri, Kültürelcilik, Ulusüstücülük, Yapısalcı teori, Sosyal gömülme teorileri, Pierre Bourdieu

References

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Altinay, L., & Altinay, E. (2006). Determinants of ethnic minority entrepreneurial growth in the catering sector. The Service Industries Journal, 6, 203–221.
Aldrich, H., Cater, J., & Jones, T. (1981). Business development and self-segregation: Asian enterprise in three British cities. In C. Robinson, V. Smith, & S. Peach (Eds.), Ethnic segregation in cities (pp. 170–190). London, UK: Croom Helm.
Ataş, Ö. (2017). Suriyeli sığınmacıların iş kurma süreci: Laleli Beyazıt çevresi (Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, İstanbul). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
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Basu, A., & Altınay, E. (2002). The ınteraction between culture and entrepreneurship in London’s ımmigrant business. International Small Business Journal, 20, 371–394.
Bonacich, E. (1973). A theory of middleman minorities. American Sociological Review, 38, 583–594.
Bonacich, E. (1987). ‘Making it’ in America: A social evolution of the ethics of ımmigrant entrepreneurship. Social Perspectives, 30, 446–466
Bonacich, E., & Modell, J. (1980). The economic basis of ethnic solidarity: Small business in the Japanese American community. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.) Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 46–58). New York, NY: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (1987). What makes a social class? On the theoretical and practical existence of groups. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 32, 1–17.
Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological Theory, 7, 14–25.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to reflective sociology. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press. Cassarino, J.-P. (1997). The theories of ethnic entrepreneurship, and alternative arguments of social action and network analysis. Florence, Italy: EUISPS Working Papers.
Collins, J. (2000). Ethnicity, gender and Australian entrepreneurs: Rethinking Marxist views on small business. Journal of Social Change and Critical Inquiry, 2, 137–149.
Deniz, D. (2017). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli mülteci girişimcilerin oluşum süreci ve özellikleri (Yüksek lisans tezi, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı, Hatay).
Drori, I., & Lerner, M. (2002). The dynamics of limited breaking out: The case of the Arab manufacturing businesses in Israel. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 14, 135– 154.
Emirbayer, M., & Johnson, V. (2008). Bourdieu and organizational analysis. Theory and Society, 37, 1–44.
Engelen, E. (2001). Breaking-in and breaking-out: A Weberian approach to entrepreneurial opportunities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27, 203–223.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social foundations of postindustrial economies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Gaziantep27. (2017, January 17). 138 korsan Suriyeli berber var. https://www.gaziantep27.net/138korsan-suriyeli-berber-var-500569h.htm adresinden edinilmiştir.
Gold, S. J. (2010). The store in the hood: A century of ethnic business and conflict. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Henry, L. (2004). Citizenship, morality and participatory development: The case of Sebat Bet Gurage. In G. Mohan & S. Hickey (Eds.), Participation from tyranny to transformation (pp. 140–156). London, UK: Zed.
Hürriyet. (2016, 16 Mart). Suriyeli sığınmacılara “seyahat izin belgesi” uygulaması. http://www. hurriyet.com.tr/suriyeli-siginmacilara-seyahat-izin-belgesi-uygulamasi-37259266 adresinden edinilmiştir.
Hürriyet. (2018, 7 Ağustos). İstanbul’da yarı fiyatına Suriyeli berber. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ istanbulda-yari-fiyatina-suriyeli-berber-40920900 adresinden edinilmiştir.
ILO Türkiye Ofisi. (2016). Suriyeli işçi, işveren ve girişimcileirn işgücü piyasasında karşılaştıkları sornlar ve çözüm önerileri çalıştayı genel değerlendirme. Ankara, Turkey: ILO Türkiye Ofisi Çalıştay Raporu.
Karan, O. (2017). Economic survival strategies of Turkish migrants in London. London, UK: Transnational Press London.
Karatas-Ozkan, M., & Chell, E. (2015). Gender ınequalities in academic ınnovation and enterprise: A Bourdieuian analysis. British Journal of Management, 26, 109–125.
Kayalar, M., & Yıldız, S. (2017). Uluslararası göç sonrası ortaya çıkan girişimcilik türleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültei Dergisi, 22, 55–62
Kloosterman, R., & Rath, J. (2001). Immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies: Mixed embeddedness further explored. Special issue on immigrant entrepreneurship. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27, 189–202
Kloosterman, R., & Rath, J. (2003). Immigrant entrepreneurs: Venturing abroad in the age of globalization. Oxford/New York: Berg.
Kloosterman, R., van der Leun, J., & Rath, J. (1999). Mixed embeddedness, migrant entrepreneurship and informal economic activities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23, 253–267.
Landolt, P. (2001). Salvadoran economic transnationalism: Embedded strategies for household maintenance, ımmigrant ıncorporation and entrepreneurial expansion [Special Issue]. New Research and Theory on Immigrant Transnationalism, 1, 217–242.
Light, I. (1972). Ethnic enterprise in America: Business and welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Light, I., & Bonacich, E. (1988). Immigrant entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA. University of California Press.
Light, I., & Gold, S. J. (2000). Ethnic economies. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
MAKRO Yönetim Geliştirme Danışmanlık Şirketi. (2018). Türkiye’deki göçmen girişimciliği üzerine bir araştırma (Avrupa’daki Vasıflı Göçmenlerin Girişimcilik ve Kurumsal Girişimcilik üzerine Becerilerinin Geliştirilmesi Projesi, Ankara, Turkey).
McEvoy, D., & Hafeez, K. (2009). Ethnic enclaves or middleman minority? Regional patterns of ethnic minority entrepreneurship in Britain. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 3, 94–110.
Min, P. G. (2008). Ethnic solidarity for economic survival: Korean greengrocers in New York City. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Mülteci Derneği. (2019, October 17). Türkiyedeki Suriyeli sayısı Ekim 2019. Retrieved from https:// multeciler.org.tr/turkiyedeki-suriyeli-sayisi/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
Özatalay, C. (2012). Ekonomi teorisi ile ilişki içinde Bourdieu: Bir komprodor mu, bir eleştirmen mi? Sosyoloji Dergisi, 25, 57–83.
Özbilgin, M., & Tatlı, A. (2005). Book review essay: Understanding Bourdieu’s contribution to organisation and management studies. Academy of Management Review, 30, 855–877.
Özservet, Y. Ç. (2017). İstanbul’da girişimci göçmenler, 2017. İstanbul, Turkey: Marmara Üniversitesi Kent Sorunları ve Yerel Yönetimler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/ RG.2.2.34018.43201
Pang, C. L., & Rath J. (2006). The force of regulation in the land of the free: The persistence of Chinatown, Washington D.C. as a symbolic ethnic enclave. In M. Lounsbury & M. Ruef (eds.), 2006 Volume of research in the sociology of organizations (pp. 195–220). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Pécoud, A. (2004). Do immigrants have a business culture? The political epistemology of fieldwork in Berlin’s Turkish economy. Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Europe, 4, 19–25.
Portes, A. (2001) Introduction: The debates and significance of ımmigrant transnationalism. Global Networks, 1, 181–194.
Portes, A., & Bach, R. L.. (1985). Latin journey: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the United States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
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Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Sociology
Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Olgu Karan This is me 0000-0002-1581-1987
Publication Date	December 31, 2019
Published in Issue	Year 2019 Volume: 39 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Karan, O. (2019). Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 39(2), 249-276.
AMA	Karan O. Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology. December 2019;39(2):249-276.
Chicago	Karan, Olgu. “Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları”. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology 39, no. 2 (December 2019): 249-76.
EndNote	Karan O (December 1, 2019) Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology 39 2 249–276.
IEEE	O. Karan, “Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları”, İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 249–276, 2019.
ISNAD	Karan, Olgu. “Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları”. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology 39/2 (December 2019), 249-276.
JAMA	Karan O. Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology. 2019;39:249–276.
MLA	Karan, Olgu. “Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları”. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2019, pp. 249-76.
Vancouver	Karan O. Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflaşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology. 2019;39(2):249-76.

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