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The Civil-Military Gap Debates in Military Sociology

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 91 - 127, 29.03.2022

Mustafa Yücehan Akal , Adem Başpınar

Öz

This article draws attention to the dimensions of gap alongside the sources upon which the issue of civil-military gap is based, the theorizing dynamics following World War II, and the discussions that have come to the agenda within the scope of the subject. Civil-military gap emerged as a subject of civil-military relations in the United States during the Cold War, with the idea that a large and permanent standing army poses a threat to social values. This issue emerged in the search for the most appropriate military control model in favor of democracy and has been the focus of academic attention due to the changes in military service and the increase in tensions in civil-military relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Military Sociology Civil-Military Relations Civil-Military Gap Armed Forces and Society Cultural Gap

Kaynakça

  • Abrahamsson, B. (1972). Military professionalization and political power. SAGE Publications.
  • Akşit, B., Kalaycıoğlu, S., Varoğlu, K., & Çakar, M. (2007). A comparison of civil–military attitudes: The case of Turkey. In G. Caforio (Ed.). Cultural differences between the military and parent society in democratic countries (Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development) (pp. 319–325). https://doi.org/10.1016/s1572-8323(2007)4
  • Akyürek, S., Serap, K. F., Atalay, E., & Bıçaksız, A. (2014). Sivil-asker ilişkileri ve ordu-toplum mesafesi. Bilgesam.
  • Astiz, C. A. (1969). Pressure groups and power elites in Peruvian politics. Cornell University Press.
  • Avant, D. (1998). Conflicting indicators of “crisis” in American civil-military relations. Armed Forces & Society, 24(3), 381.
  • Bacevich, A. J. (1997). The paradox of professionalism: Eisenhower, ridgway, and the challenge to civilian control, 1953-1955. The Journal of Military History, 61(2), 17.
  • Bacevich, A. J., & Kohn, R. H. (1997). Grand army of the republicans: Has the us military become a partisan force? The New Republic, 217(23–8), 22–25
  • Baskir, L. M., & Strauss, W. A. (1978). Chance and circumstance: The draft. The war and the Vietnam generation. Vintage.
  • Başpınar, A. (2012a). Sosyolojinin konusu olarak ordu ve asker: Askeri sosyoloji. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 3(24), 279–314.
  • Başpınar, A. (2012b). Askeri sosyoloji: Tarih ve kaynaklar (Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul).
  • Başpınar, A. (2018). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde sivil-asker ilişkileri (Doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul).
  • Bateman, R. L. (2008). The army and academic culture. Academic Questions, 21(1), 62–78.
  • Betros, L. (2001). Political partisanship and the military ethic in America. Armed Forces & Society, 27(4), 501–523.
  • Bianco W., & Markham, J. (2001). “Vanishing Veterans: The Decline of Military Experience in the U.S. Congress”. In P. D. Feaver & R. H. Kohn (Eds.), Soldiers and civilians: The civil-military gap and American national security (pp. 275–289). MIT Press.
  • Binkin, M. (1993). Who will fight the next war? Brookings Institution.
  • Bland, D. L. (1999). A unified theory of civil-military relations. Armed Forces & Society, 26(1), 7–25.
  • Bland, D. L. (2001). Patterns in liberal democratic civil-military relations. Armed Forces & Society, 27(4), 525–540.
  • Boëne, B. (1990). How “unique” should the military be? A review of representative literature and outline of a synthetic formulation. European Journal of Sociology, 31(1), 3–59.
  • Born, H. (2003). Democratic control of armed forces: Relevance, issues, and research agenda. G. Caforio (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of the military (pp. 151–165). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
  • Brooks, R. A., & Brooks, R. (2008). Shaping strategy: The civil-military politics of strategic assessment. Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press.
  • Brotz, H., & Wilson, E. (1946). Characteristics of military society. American Journal of Sociology, 51(5), 371–375.
  • Burk, J. (2001). The Military’s presence in American society, 1950-2000. In P. D. Feaver & R. H. Kohn (Eds.), Soldiers and civilians: The civil-military gap and American national security (pp. 247–275). MIT Press.
  • Caforio, G., & Chatterji, M. (Eds.). (2007). Cultural differences between the military and parent society in democratic countries (Vol. 4). Elsevier.
  • Christopher Gelpi, C., & Feaver, P. D. (2002). Speak softly and carry a big stick? Veterans in the political elite and the American use of force. American Political Science Review, 96, 779–793.
  • Cohen, E. A. (2002). Supreme command: Soldiers, statesmen and leadership in wartime. Free Press.
  • Cohn, L. (1999). The evolution of the civil-military ‘gap’ debate” (Paper, Triangle Institute for security studies project on the gap between the military and civilian society, 1999). http://tiss-nc.org/
  • Collins, J. J. (1998). The complex context of American military culture: A practitioner’s view. Washington Quarterly, 21(4), 213-228.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1998). On democracy. Yale University Press. Dandeker, C. (2000). The military in democratic societies: New times and new patterns of civilmilitary relations. In J. Kuhlmann & J. Callaghan (Eds.), Military and society in 21st century Europe: A comparative analysis (pp. 27–44). Lit Verlag and Transaction.
  • Dandeker, C. (2001). On the need to be different: Military uniqueness and civil-military relations in modern society. RUSI Journal, 146(3), 4–9.
  • de Tocqueville, A. (2016). Amerika’da demokrasi (S. Sertdemir Özdemir, Çev.). İletişim Yayınevi.
  • Desch, M. C. (1999). Civilian, control of the military: The changing security environment. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Desch, M.C. (1996). “Threat Environments and Military Missions” In Diamond, L., & Plattner, M. F. (Eds.), Civil-military relations and democracy (pp. 12–29). Johns Hopkins University Press
  • Dowd, J. J. (2001). Connected to society: The political beliefs of U.S. army generals. Armed Forces & Society, 27(3), 343–372.
  • Dunlap Jr, C. J. (1994). Welcome to the junta: the erosion of civilian control of the US military. Wake Forest Law Review., 29(2), 341–392
  • Eisman, A. (2003). The media of manipulation: Patriotism and propaganda—mainstream News in the United States in the weeks following September 11. Critical Quarterly, 45(1–2), 55–72.
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Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 91 - 127, 29.03.2022

Mustafa Yücehan Akal , Adem Başpınar

Öz

Bu makalede sivil-asker mesafesi konusunun dayandığı kaynaklar, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nı müteakip kuramsallaşma dinamikleri ve konu kapsamında gündeme gelen tartışmalarla birlikte mesafe boyutlarına dikkat çekilmiştir. Sivil-asker mesafesi, Soğuk Savaş döneminde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde daimî ve büyük bir ordunun toplum değerlerine tehdit oluşturduğu düşüncesiyle birlikte, sivil-asker ilişkilerinin bir konusu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Demokrasi lehine en uygun ordu denetim modeli arayışlarında ortaya çıkan bu konu, askerlik hizmetindeki değişimler ve sivil-asker ilişkilerindeki gerilimlerin artmasına bağlı olarak akademik ilginin odağında olmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Askeri Sosyoloji Sivil-Asker İlişkileri Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Silahlı Kuvvetler ve Toplum Kültürel Mesafe

Kaynakça

  • Abrahamsson, B. (1972). Military professionalization and political power. SAGE Publications.
  • Akşit, B., Kalaycıoğlu, S., Varoğlu, K., & Çakar, M. (2007). A comparison of civil–military attitudes: The case of Turkey. In G. Caforio (Ed.). Cultural differences between the military and parent society in democratic countries (Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development) (pp. 319–325). https://doi.org/10.1016/s1572-8323(2007)4
  • Akyürek, S., Serap, K. F., Atalay, E., & Bıçaksız, A. (2014). Sivil-asker ilişkileri ve ordu-toplum mesafesi. Bilgesam.
  • Astiz, C. A. (1969). Pressure groups and power elites in Peruvian politics. Cornell University Press.
  • Avant, D. (1998). Conflicting indicators of “crisis” in American civil-military relations. Armed Forces & Society, 24(3), 381.
  • Bacevich, A. J. (1997). The paradox of professionalism: Eisenhower, ridgway, and the challenge to civilian control, 1953-1955. The Journal of Military History, 61(2), 17.
  • Bacevich, A. J., & Kohn, R. H. (1997). Grand army of the republicans: Has the us military become a partisan force? The New Republic, 217(23–8), 22–25
  • Baskir, L. M., & Strauss, W. A. (1978). Chance and circumstance: The draft. The war and the Vietnam generation. Vintage.
  • Başpınar, A. (2012a). Sosyolojinin konusu olarak ordu ve asker: Askeri sosyoloji. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 3(24), 279–314.
  • Başpınar, A. (2012b). Askeri sosyoloji: Tarih ve kaynaklar (Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul).
  • Başpınar, A. (2018). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde sivil-asker ilişkileri (Doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul).
  • Bateman, R. L. (2008). The army and academic culture. Academic Questions, 21(1), 62–78.
  • Betros, L. (2001). Political partisanship and the military ethic in America. Armed Forces & Society, 27(4), 501–523.
  • Bianco W., & Markham, J. (2001). “Vanishing Veterans: The Decline of Military Experience in the U.S. Congress”. In P. D. Feaver & R. H. Kohn (Eds.), Soldiers and civilians: The civil-military gap and American national security (pp. 275–289). MIT Press.
  • Binkin, M. (1993). Who will fight the next war? Brookings Institution.
  • Bland, D. L. (1999). A unified theory of civil-military relations. Armed Forces & Society, 26(1), 7–25.
  • Bland, D. L. (2001). Patterns in liberal democratic civil-military relations. Armed Forces & Society, 27(4), 525–540.
  • Boëne, B. (1990). How “unique” should the military be? A review of representative literature and outline of a synthetic formulation. European Journal of Sociology, 31(1), 3–59.
  • Born, H. (2003). Democratic control of armed forces: Relevance, issues, and research agenda. G. Caforio (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of the military (pp. 151–165). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
  • Brooks, R. A., & Brooks, R. (2008). Shaping strategy: The civil-military politics of strategic assessment. Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press.
  • Brotz, H., & Wilson, E. (1946). Characteristics of military society. American Journal of Sociology, 51(5), 371–375.
  • Burk, J. (2001). The Military’s presence in American society, 1950-2000. In P. D. Feaver & R. H. Kohn (Eds.), Soldiers and civilians: The civil-military gap and American national security (pp. 247–275). MIT Press.
  • Caforio, G., & Chatterji, M. (Eds.). (2007). Cultural differences between the military and parent society in democratic countries (Vol. 4). Elsevier.
  • Christopher Gelpi, C., & Feaver, P. D. (2002). Speak softly and carry a big stick? Veterans in the political elite and the American use of force. American Political Science Review, 96, 779–793.
  • Cohen, E. A. (2002). Supreme command: Soldiers, statesmen and leadership in wartime. Free Press.
  • Cohn, L. (1999). The evolution of the civil-military ‘gap’ debate” (Paper, Triangle Institute for security studies project on the gap between the military and civilian society, 1999). http://tiss-nc.org/
  • Collins, J. J. (1998). The complex context of American military culture: A practitioner’s view. Washington Quarterly, 21(4), 213-228.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1998). On democracy. Yale University Press. Dandeker, C. (2000). The military in democratic societies: New times and new patterns of civilmilitary relations. In J. Kuhlmann & J. Callaghan (Eds.), Military and society in 21st century Europe: A comparative analysis (pp. 27–44). Lit Verlag and Transaction.
  • Dandeker, C. (2001). On the need to be different: Military uniqueness and civil-military relations in modern society. RUSI Journal, 146(3), 4–9.
  • de Tocqueville, A. (2016). Amerika’da demokrasi (S. Sertdemir Özdemir, Çev.). İletişim Yayınevi.
  • Desch, M. C. (1999). Civilian, control of the military: The changing security environment. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Desch, M.C. (1996). “Threat Environments and Military Missions” In Diamond, L., & Plattner, M. F. (Eds.), Civil-military relations and democracy (pp. 12–29). Johns Hopkins University Press
  • Dowd, J. J. (2001). Connected to society: The political beliefs of U.S. army generals. Armed Forces & Society, 27(3), 343–372.
  • Dunlap Jr, C. J. (1994). Welcome to the junta: the erosion of civilian control of the US military. Wake Forest Law Review., 29(2), 341–392
  • Eisman, A. (2003). The media of manipulation: Patriotism and propaganda—mainstream News in the United States in the weeks following September 11. Critical Quarterly, 45(1–2), 55–72.
  • Ekirch, A. A. (1956). Civilian and the military: A history of the American anti-militarist tradition. Oxford University Press.
  • Eliot A. Cohen, E. A. (2000). Why the gap matters. The National Interest, 61, 38–48.
  • Feaver, P. D. (1996a). An American crisis in civilian control and civil-military relations? The Tocqueville Review, 17(1), 159–182.
  • Feaver, P. D. (1996b). The civil-military problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the question of civilian control. Armed Forces & Society, 23(2), 149–178.
  • Feaver P. D. (2003a). Armed servants: Agency, oversight, and civil–military relations. Harvard University Press.
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  • Maynes, C. W. (1998). The perils of (and for) an ımperial America. Foreign Policy, 111(Summer), 36–48.
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  • Perlmutter, A. (1977). The military and politics in modern times: on professionals, praetorians, and revolutionary soldiers. Yale University Press.
  • Pion-Berlin, D. (1992). Military autonomy and emerging democracies in South America. Comparative Politics, 25(1), 85–87.
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  • Ricks, T. E. (1997). The widening gap between the military and society. Atlantic Monthly, 280(1), 67–78.
  • Roman, P. J., & Tarr, D. W. (1998). The joint chiefs of staff: From service parochialism to jointness. Political Science Quarterly, 113(1), 91–111.
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  • Schiff, R. L. (2008). The military and domestic politics: A concordance theory of civil-military relations. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Schiff, R. L. (2012). Concordance theory, targeted partnership, and counterinsurgency strategy. Armed Forces & Society, 38(2), 318–339.
  • Segal, D. R. (1975a). Civil-military relations in the mass public. Armed Forces & Society, 1(2), 215–229.
  • Segal, D. R. (1975b). Communication about the military: People and media in the flow of information. Communication Research, 2(1), 68–78.
  • Segal, D. R., Senter, M. S., & Segal, M. W. (1978). The Civil-Military İnterface in a Metropolitan Community. Armed Forces & Society, 4(3), 423–448.
  • Snider, D. M., & Carlton-Carew, M. A. (Eds.). (1995). US Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition? (Vol. 27). CSIS.
  • Snider, D. M., Priest, R. F., & Lewis, F. (2001). The civilian-military gap and professional education at the precommissioning level. Armed Forces & Society, 27(2), 249–272.
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  • Stepan A. (1988). Rethinking military politics: Brazil and the southern cone. Princeton University Press.
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  • Stiehm, J. H. (2001). Civil-military relations in war college Curricula. Armed Forces & Society, 27(2), 273–294.
  • Strachan, H. (2003). The civil-military ‘gap’in Britain. Journal of Strategic Studies, 26(2), 43–63.
  • Szayna, T. S., McCarthy, K. F., Marquis, J. P., Sollinger, J. M., & Demaine, L. J. (2007). The civilmilitary gap in the United States: Does it exist, why, and does it matter? (Vol. 379). Rand Corporation.
  • Szayna, T. S., McCarthy, K. F., Sollinger, J. M., Demaine, L. J., Marquis, J. P., & Steel, B. (2007). The civil military gap in the United States. The RAND Corporation
  • Turner, B. S. (1999). Classical sociology. Sage. Uluçakar, M. (2018). Türkiye’de sivil-asker ilişkileri: Eleştirel bir değerlendirme. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 14(28), 187–227.
  • Vagts, A. A. (1967). History of militarism: Civilian and military. Free Press. Vennesson, P. (2003). Civil–military relations in France: is there a gap? Journal of Strategic Studies, 26(2), 29–42.
  • Vogt, W. R. (1986). Militär als Gegenkultur. Streitkräfte im Wandel der Gesellschaft (I). Opladen.
  • Vogt, W. R. (1988). Militär als Lebenswelt. Streitkräfte im Wandel der Gesellschaft (II). Opladen.
  • Vogt, W. R. (Ed.). (1983). Sicherheitspolitik und Streitkräfte in der Legitimitätskrise: Analysen zum Prozess der Delegitimierung des Militärischen im Kernwaffenzeitalter (Vol. 21). Nomos.
  • Von Bredow, W., & Kümmel, G. (2000). New roles for the armed forces and the concept of democratic control. In Kümmel G. & von Bredow W, (Eds.), Civil-military relations in an age of turbulence: Armed forces and the problem of democratic control (No. 21, pp. 109–131). SOWI.
  • Weber, M. (2006). Meslek olarak siyaset (A. Timuçin & M. Sert, Çev.). Çivi Yazıları.
  • Weigley, R. F. (1993). The American military and the principle of civilian control from McClellan to Powell. The Journal of Military History, 57(5), 27–58.
  • Welch, C. E. (1993). Changing civil-military relations. Global Transformation and the Third World, 71–90.
Toplam 121 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Mustafa Yücehan Akal 0000-0001-7853-4684

Adem Başpınar Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2125-1832

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akal, M. Y., & Başpınar, A. (2022). Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 42(1), 91-127.
AMA Akal MY, Başpınar A. Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi. Mart 2022;42(1):91-127.
Chicago Akal, Mustafa Yücehan, ve Adem Başpınar. “Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 42, sy. 1 (Mart 2022): 91-127.
EndNote Akal MY, Başpınar A (01 Mart 2022) Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 42 1 91–127.
IEEE M. Y. Akal ve A. Başpınar, “Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, c. 42, sy. 1, ss. 91–127, 2022.
ISNAD Akal, Mustafa Yücehan - Başpınar, Adem. “Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 42/1 (Mart 2022), 91-127.
JAMA Akal MY, Başpınar A. Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi. 2022;42:91–127.
MLA Akal, Mustafa Yücehan ve Adem Başpınar. “Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, c. 42, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 91-127.
Vancouver Akal MY, Başpınar A. Askerî Sosyolojide Sivil-Asker Mesafesi Tartışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi. 2022;42(1):91-127.
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