İş-Yaşam Dengesi Arayışında Japonya: İş, Aile ve Yaşam Alanlarına Dair Bir Değerlendirme

Abstract

İş-yaşam dengesi kavramı, günümüzün hızlı ve rekabetçi yaşam koşullarında insani bir ihtiyaç olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Günümüzde kapitalist sistemin işleyişi, iş hayatında olduğu gibi aile hayatında ve genel olarak yaşam üzerinde de etkilere sahiptir. Bu etki, kültürel farklılıklara açıktır. Kendine has çalışma kültürü ile farklılaşan Japonya da kapitalist işleyiş mekanizmasının kültürel etkilere açık bir örneğini teşkil etmektedir. Japon hükümeti, iş ve yaşam alanlarına yönelik denge ihtiyacını yasal düzenlemeler ile aşmaya çalışsa da, yerleşik çalışma kültürü ilgili düzenlemelerin etkisini ciddi anlamda sınırlandırmaktadır. Nitekim iş ve yaşam alanlarında başarılı bir denge sağlanamadığından, söz konusu uyumsuzluğun sonuçları birey, toplum ve aile düzeyinde bir bütün olarak ülke nüfusunu etkilemektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın kapsamına iş-yaşam dengesi, Japon çalışma kültürü ve Japonya’nın iş, aile ve yaşam ile ilgili öne çıkan göstergeleri dâhil edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, iş-yaşam dengesi bağlamında kendine has çalışma kültürü ile özel bir örnek teşkil eden Japonya’da iş-yaşam dengesine yönelik arayışları, güncel veriler sunan iş, aile ve yaşam göstergeleri üzerinden incelemektir. Yöntem olarak konuya ilişkin literatür taraması yapılmış, son yıllara ait mevcut ikincil verilerin analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Buna göre, Japonya’da iş-yaşam dengesi bağlamında uzun çalışma saatlerinin bir yandan karoshi ve karojisatsu vakalarına neden olduğu, diğer yandan ise aile ve yaşam alanları üzerinde son derece kuvvetli ve olumsuz etkileri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte cinsiyete dayalı eşitsizlik ve cinsiyet rolleri bağlamında Japon kadınlar açısından düzenli ve düzenli olmayan istihdamın kanıksanmış Japon çalışma kültürü içinde bir ihtiyaç olmakla birlikte, gelir bağlamında önemli bir dezavantaj oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Yaşam ile ilgili göstergelerde istihdamdan bağımsız olarak Japon kadınlarının erkeklere nazaran daha fazla yük altında olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Nitekim Japonya’da çalışma hayatı yayılma (taşma) teorisinin; aile ve özel yaşam alanı ise çatışma teorisinin argümanlarına uygun bir yapı sergilemektedir.

Keywords

• Çalışma kültürü
• Japonya
• iş-yaşam dengesi
• aile
• kadın

Seeking Work–Life Balance in Japan: An Assessment on the Areas of Work, Family, and Life

Abstract

Achieving a work–life balance has become essential in modern society, primarily because the capitalist system has significantly affected family life and working life. However, these effects vary across cultures. For example, Japan has a unique capitalist working culture. Although the Japanese government has tried to regulate work–life balance, the established work culture has severely limited the regulatory effectiveness. Because this balance cannot be achieved, individuals, families, and society, in general, are affected. Therefore, using up-to-date data and prominent indicators on work, family, and life, this study examined work–life balance and Japanese work culture to determine how work–life balance in Japan could be achieved. First, a detailed literature review was conducted, after which recent secondary data were analyzed. It was confirmed that the long working hours in Japan have resulted in karoshi and karojisatsu and have had extremely strong, negative effects on family life. To overcome the traditional gender-based inequality and gender roles in Japan, regular and non-regular employment for Japanese women is vital; however, there remain significant disadvantages in terms of income. The life indicators revealed that regardless of employment, Japanese women were more burdened than men. While the Japanese working life can be aligned with spillover (overflow) theory, family and private life are more aligned with conflict theory.

Keywords

• Work culture
• Japan
• work–life balance
• family
• women

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