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Eski Uygurcada Budizm’e Ait Bir Ritüel: Bakçan Olur-

Year 2022, Volume: 62 Issue: 2, 325 - 352, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2022-1119114

Abstract

Dinî pratikler içerisinde önemli bir yer işgal eden ritüeller, pek çok inanış sisteminde bulunmaktadır. Bu inanış sistemlerinden biri olan Budizm’de de ritüellerin kapsamı geniş olmakla birlikte çoğunlukla manastır etrafında gerçekleştirilen pratik uygulamalardan söz edilmektedir. Manastırda gerçekleştirilen uygulamalardan biri olan ve Eski Uygurcada bakçan sözü ile karşılanan ritüel, genellikle “yaz yağmurlarının üç ayı boyunca ikamet; inziva” gibi belli bir dönem boyunca bir yerde ikameti salık veren bir uygulamadır. Bunun yanında bakçan sözünün Çin Budizmi’nin bir yansıması olarak Eski Uygurca metinlerde “yaz inzivası”nın yanında “kış inzivası”nı da karşılar şekilde kullanılıyor olması dikkat çekicidir. Buna göre, bu çalışmada kelimenin kavram alanı Eski Uygurca metinlere ait örnekler ışığında tespit edilecektir. Bunun yanında Eski Uygurca biçime kaynaklık eden ara ve ana dil/diller ve bu kaynaklığın şekil ve anlam boyutları üzerinde durulacaktır. Ayrıca Eski Uygurca sözcüğün farklı metinlere göre farklı imlaları hakkında açıklama yapılıp imladaki farklılaşma üzerinde etkili olan faktörlere ait yorumlarda bulunulacaktır. Eski Uygurca sözcüğün yardımcı fiillerle birlikte kurduğu birleşik fiil yapıları değerlendirilip bunların kullanımları hakkında açıklamalar yapılacaktır. Bununla birlikte genelde tüm Hint inanışlarında özelde ise Budizm’de görülen “öldürmeme” ve “zarar vermeme” ilkesinin başlangıçta ritüelin ortaya çıkışındaki etkisi ve katkısı işlenecektir. Budizm’de ritüelin gezginlik ve yerleşik düzen arasında oluşturduğu köprü ve özellikle Budist cemaat ve manastır düzenine olan katkısı bakımından ritüelin önemi Eski Uygurca metinler ışığında değerlendirilecektir.

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References

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  • Shimin, G., Klimkeit, H. J. ve Laut, J. P. (1998). Eine Buddhistische apokalypse die höllenkapitel (20-25) und die schlußkapitel (26-27) der Hami-handschrift der alttürkischen Maitrisimit: Unter einbeziehung von manuskriptteilen des textes aus Säyim und Murtuk. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag. google scholar
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A Ritual of Buddhism in Old Uyghur: Bakçan Olur-

Year 2022, Volume: 62 Issue: 2, 325 - 352, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2022-1119114

Abstract

Buddhism has a wide range of rituals, most of which are mentioned with regard to practices carried out around monasteries. The term bakchan is used in Old Uyghur for one of these practices and mostly recommends dwelling in one place for a period of time, such as a residence or place of retreat during the three months of the summer rains. Accordingly, this article will attempt to identify the conceptual area of the term in light of examples from Old Uyghur texts and furthermore determine the protolanguage and the lexical cognates that are the source of the Old Uyghur form, emphasizing these sources’ dimensions of shape and meaning. In addition, this article will detail the different spellings of the Old Uyghur term according to different texts and interpret the factors that have affected the different spellings, as well as evaluate the compound verb structures formed by the Old Uyghur word using auxiliary verbs. The ritual appears to have emerged as a result of social pressure, and at its heart lies the principle of do not kill/do no harm, which is seen in all Indian beliefs and Buddhism. The article will separately discuss the effect and contribution of this principle regarding the development of the ritual in particular, as well as the bridge the ritual has created in Buddhism between migratory and permanent settlements. The article will seek out the importance of ritual, especially in terms of its contribution to the Buddhist community and monasticism.

Project Number

Yok.

References

  • Ağca, F. (2021). Dillik ölçütlere göre Eski Uygurca metinlerin tarihlendirilmesi. Ankara: TDK Yayınları. google scholar
  • Adams, D. Q. (2013). A dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and greatly enlarged (2.bs). Amsterdam-New York: Editions Rodopi B.V. google scholar
  • Aydemir, H. (2010). Die alttürkische xuanzang-biographie IX nach der handschrift von Paris, Peking und St. Petersburg sowie nach dem transkript von Annemarie v. Gabain ediert, übersetzt und kommentiert in Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Doctoral dissertation, University of Göttingen). Retrieved from: https://ediss.uni- goettingen.de/handle/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-EF93-4?locale-attribute=en google scholar
  • Barua, D. (2017). The Theraväda Buddhist observance of rains retreat: A comparison with Christian lent. Dialogue, Vol. XLIV, 215-256. Retrieved from: http://www.academia.edu google scholar
  • Buswell, R. E. Jr. (2004). Encyclopedia of Buddhism volume one A-L. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. google scholar
  • Buswell, R. E. Jr. & Lopez, D. S. Jr. (2014). The princeton dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton-Oxford: Princeton University Press. google scholar
  • Clauson, S. G. (1972). An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press. google scholar
  • Csongor, D. (1952). Chinese in the Uyghur script of the T’ang-period. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2(1), 73-121. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org google scholar
  • DeGraff, G. (2013). The Buddhist monastic code II. California. google scholar
  • Dietz, S., Ölmez, M. ve Röhrborn, K. (2015). Die alttürkische xuanzang-biographie V nach der handschrift von Paris und St. Petersburg sowie nach dem transkript von Annemarie v. Gabain ediert, übersetzt und kommentiert. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. google scholar
  • Dutt, S. (1962). Buddhist monks and monasteries of India their history & contribution to Indian culture. London: Allen&Unwin Book Publishers. google scholar
  • Edgerton, F. (1993). Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit grammar and dictionary volume II: Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. google scholar
  • Elmalı, M. (2016). Dasakarmapathävadänamälä giriş-metin-çeviri-notlar-dizin-tiphbaskı. Ankara: TDK Yayınları. google scholar
  • Eliade, M. (2003). Dinsel inançlar ve düşünceler tarihi: Gotama Budha’dan Hıristiyanlığın doğuşuna. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Erdal, M. (1991). Old Turkic word formation a functional approach to the lexicon I-II. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. google scholar
  • Giles, H. A. (1912). A Chinese-English dictionary second edition revised & enlarged. Shanghai-London. google scholar
  • Guanghua, W. (2002). ^^^if¥^i$^ Chinese characters dictionary with English annotations. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press. google scholar
  • Güzeldal, Y. (2019). Hint kökenli dinlerde manastır yaşamı ve tekke hayatı. Tasavvuf İlmi ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 22(43), 55-84. google scholar
  • Irons, E. A. (2008). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. New York: Infobase Publishing. google scholar
  • Jhonston, W. M. & Kleinhenz C. (2000). Encyclopedia of monasticism volume 1&2. London-New York: Routledge. google scholar
  • Kasai, Y. (2008). Die Uigurischen Buddhistischen kolophone. Turnhout: Brepols. google scholar
  • Kasai, Y. (2015). Sanskrit word forms written in Bhrâmî script in the Old Uyghur Buddhist texts. Journal ofthe International Association of Buddhist Studies, 38, 401-422.
  • https://doi.org/ 10.2143/JIABS.38.0.3134550 google scholar
  • Kasai, Y. & Ogihara H. (2017). Die Altuigurischen fragmente mit Brähmi-elementen. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. google scholar
  • Lewis, T. (2016). A history of Buddhist ritual. In J. Powers (Ed.), The Buddhist world (pp. 318-337). London-New York: Routledge. google scholar
  • Lopez, D. S. Jr. (2017). Hyecho’s journey: The world of Buddhism. Chicago-London: The University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Maue, D. (1996). Alttürkische handschriften teil 1 dokumente in Bhrämi und Tibetischer schrift. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. google scholar
  • Maue, D. (2015). Alttürkische handschriften teil 19 dokumente in Bhrämi und Tibetischer schrift teil 2. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. google scholar
  • Matsui, D. (2017). fö^^ Ä'ET EE'7-(7.^),'; ^ >ijJmS&%^^$ [Uyhgur and Mongol inscriptions of the Dunhuang grottoes]. In D. Matsui & S. Arakawa (Eds.), ^SHS^HmÄSÄ^ [multilingual source materials of the Dunhuang grottoes] (pp. 1-162). Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Culture of Asia and Africa. google scholar
  • Monier-Williams, M. (1889). Buddhism: In its connexion with Brahmanism and Hinduism and in its contrast with Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Moriyasu, T. (2004). Die geschichte des uigurischen Manichäismus an der Seidenstraße: Forschungen zu manichäischen quellen und ihrem geschichtlichen hintergrund. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. google scholar
  • Müller, F.W.K. (1922). Uigurica III: Uigurische Avadäna-bruchstücke (I- VIII). Berlin. google scholar
  • Ohnuma, R. (2007). Mother-love and mother-grief: South Asian Buddhist variations on a theme. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, (23)1, 95-116. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org google scholar
  • Özbay, B. (2019). Huastuanift Manihaist Uygurların tövbe duası. Ankara: TDK Yayınları. google scholar
  • Prebish, C. S. (2002). Buddhist monastic discipline: The Sanskrit Prätimoksa Sutras of the Mahäsämghikas and Mulasarvästivädins. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. google scholar
  • Ruji, N. & Zieme, P. (1996). The Buddhist refuge formula. An Uigur manuscript from Dunhuang. Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları, 6, 41-56. Retrieved from: http://www.turkdilleri.org google scholar
  • Sadakata, A. (1997). Buddhist cosmology philosophy and origins (G. Sekimori, Çev.). Tokyo: Kösei Publishing. google scholar
  • Shimin, G., Klimkeit, H. J. ve Laut, J. P. (1998). Eine Buddhistische apokalypse die höllenkapitel (20-25) und die schlußkapitel (26-27) der Hami-handschrift der alttürkischen Maitrisimit: Unter einbeziehung von manuskriptteilen des textes aus Säyim und Murtuk. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag. google scholar
  • Shögaito, M. (1978). W^g-WSW^ W®Äm©«ÄÄföt^VT [On the routes of the loan words of Indic origin in the Old Uigur language]. T 'f7 • TE Vf MmXftW [Journal of Asian and African Studies], 15, 79-110. Retrieved from: http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/21664/1/ jaas015004.pdf google scholar
  • Soothill, W. E. & Hodous, L. (1975). A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms. Taipei: Ch’eng Wen Publishing Company. google scholar
  • Strong, J. S. (2009). The Buddha: A beginner’s guide. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. google scholar
  • Şirin User, H. (2008). Köktürk ve Ötüken-Uygur yazıtlarında ‘imar etmek’, ‘yapı kurmak’, ‘inşa etmek’ kavramları. Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 125-148. google scholar
  • Şirin, H. (2016). Eski Türk yazıtları söz varlığı incelemesi. Ankara: TDK Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tekin, Ş. (1980). Maitrisimit nom bitig die uigurische übersetzung eines werkes der buddhistischen Vaibhaşika-schule 2. Teil: Analytischer und rückläufiger index. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. google scholar
  • Tekin, Ş. (2019). Uygurca metinler II Maytrısimit Burkancıların mehdîsi Maitreya ile buluşma Uygurca iptidaî bir dram. Ankara: TDK Yayınları. google scholar
  • Tezcan, S. (1974). Das uigurischeInsadi-Sütra: Mit 69faksimiles auf 69 tafeln. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. google scholar
  • Tieshan, Z. (2015). 古代维吾尔语诗体故事、忏悔文 及碑铭硏究 Studies of the Old Uigur verse stories, ksanti texts and inscriptions. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House. google scholar
  • Tilakaratne, A. (2012). Theravada Buddhism: The view of the elders. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. google scholar
  • Tokyürek, H. (2019). Eski Uygur Türkçesinde Budizm ve Manihaizm terimleri. Ankara: TDK Yayınları. google scholar
  • Ubeysekara, A. (2020, August 12). Significance of rains retreat (Vassa) in Theravada Buddhism [Web log post]. Retrieved from: https://drarisworld.wordpress.com/2020/08/12/significance-of-rains-retreat-vassa-in-theravada-buddhism/ google scholar
  • Wijayaratna, M. (1990). Buddhist monastic life: According to the text ofthe Theravada tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Wilkens, J. (2007). Das buch von der sündentilgung edition des alttürkisch-buddhistischen Ksanti Kılguluk Nom Bitig teil I-II. Turnhout: Brepols. google scholar
  • Wilkens, J. (2016). Buddhistische erzählungen aus dem alten Zentralasien edition der altuigurischen Dasakarmapathävadänamälä teil I-II-III. Turnhout: Brepols. google scholar
  • Wilkens, J. (2021a). Uigurisches wörterbuch sprachmaterial der vorislamischen türkischen texte aus Zentralasien III. Fremdelemente band 1: ec - bodis(a)v(a)tv. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. google scholar
  • Wilkens, J. (2021b). Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen Altuigurisch-Deutsch-Türkisch Eski Uygurcanın el sözlüğü Eski Uygurca-Almanca-Türkçe. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen. google scholar
  • Wogihara, U. (1979). 梵漢大辭典 Sanskirt-Chinese-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo. google scholar
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There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Burak Can Deveci 0000-0002-7404-6832

Project Number Yok.
Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date May 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 62 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Deveci, B. C. (2022). Eski Uygurcada Budizm’e Ait Bir Ritüel: Bakçan Olur-. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 62(2), 325-352. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2022-1119114
AMA Deveci BC. Eski Uygurcada Budizm’e Ait Bir Ritüel: Bakçan Olur-. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature. December 2022;62(2):325-352. doi:10.26650/TUDED2022-1119114
Chicago Deveci, Burak Can. “Eski Uygurcada Budizm’e Ait Bir Ritüel: Bakçan Olur-”. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature 62, no. 2 (December 2022): 325-52. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2022-1119114.
EndNote Deveci BC (December 1, 2022) Eski Uygurcada Budizm’e Ait Bir Ritüel: Bakçan Olur-. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature 62 2 325–352.
IEEE B. C. Deveci, “Eski Uygurcada Budizm’e Ait Bir Ritüel: Bakçan Olur-”, Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 325–352, 2022, doi: 10.26650/TUDED2022-1119114.
ISNAD Deveci, Burak Can. “Eski Uygurcada Budizm’e Ait Bir Ritüel: Bakçan Olur-”. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature 62/2 (December 2022), 325-352. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2022-1119114.
JAMA Deveci BC. Eski Uygurcada Budizm’e Ait Bir Ritüel: Bakçan Olur-. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature. 2022;62:325–352.
MLA Deveci, Burak Can. “Eski Uygurcada Budizm’e Ait Bir Ritüel: Bakçan Olur-”. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, vol. 62, no. 2, 2022, pp. 325-52, doi:10.26650/TUDED2022-1119114.
Vancouver Deveci BC. Eski Uygurcada Budizm’e Ait Bir Ritüel: Bakçan Olur-. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature. 2022;62(2):325-52.