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AMERİKAN ARŞİV VESİKALARINDA BÜYÜK TAARRUZ

Year 2017, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 207 - 238, 22.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068

Abstract

I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında galipler
tarafından oluşturulan sömürü düzenine dayalı emperyalizmin kendi içindeki
tutarsızlıklar nedeniyle uzun süre ayakta kalamayacağı belliydi. Yeni düzene ilk
başkaldırı Milli Mücadele’dir. Milli Mücadele’nin başarısı Büyük Taarruz,
ismiyle müsemma bir dikkat ve özenle hazırlanmıştır. İngiltere’nin askeri,
istihbarat ve siyasi desteğine sahip Yunan Ordusu, 1921 yılı sonunda Afyonkarahisar-Eskişehir-Bilecik-Mudanya
cephe hattında durdurulabildi. Yunan Ordusu, işgal ettiği cephe hattında güçlü
savunma sistemleri kurarak durumunu sağlamlaştırmaya çalıştı. Hemen bütün
gücünü son yıllardaki savaşlarda tüketmiş olan Türk Ordusu’nun işgalcileri Türk
topraklarından atmak için tek hamlelik şansı vardı. Büyük Taarruz adı verilen
bu hamle işgalcileri üç haftadan daha kısa sürede Anadolu’dan söküp atmıştır.
Büyük Taarruz ile ilgili çok sayıda Türkçe kaynak ve Genelkurmay Başkanlığı
tarafından yayınlanan Harp Cerideleri mevcuttur. Buna karşın bu kadar önemli
bir askeri harekatın farklı kaynaklardan değerlendirilmesi ilmi metodoloji
açısından esaslı bir gerekliliktir. İşgalcilerin planlarını, beklentilerini,
taarruz esnasındaki durumu ve Türk Ordusu’nun ilerleyişini detaylı bir şekilde
nakleden Amerikan Askeri Arşiv Vesikaları bu çalışmanın ana konusunu
oluşturmaktadır. Amerikan vesikaları her ne kadar olayları Yunan bakış açısına
göre ele almış olsa da tarihe ışık tutacak, birinci elden bilgilere ulaşmasını sağladığı
için incelenmeye değer görülmüştür.
 

References

  • NARA, G-2 Report, T-452 Box No. 3056. American Military Attache, Athens, Greece, War Detp. G-2 Reports, Covering the Greco-Turkish War during the Years 1921-22. NARA, Records of the War Department General and Special Staff, Military Inteligence Division “Regional File”, 1922-1944. Box No. 3056. NARA, Report on Greek-Turk Military Operations, Box No. 3056. LCMD, The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-II, Reports of Operation for Week Ending June 6, 1920. Part Four, June 7, 1920. LCMD, The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-IV, US Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters, USS Scorpion, Confidential, Constantinople, August 24, 1922. LCMD, The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-IV, Report of Operations for Week Ending 6 August 1922. Confidential, July 30, 1922. LCMD-IV, Report of Operations for Week Ending 30 July 1922. Confidential, July 30, 1922. LCMD, The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-IV, US Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters, USS Scorpion, Confidential, Constantinople, August 24, 1922. LCMD, The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-VII, War Diary, Confidential, October 17, 1926. The Consul General at Smyrna (Horton) to the Acting Secretary of State, Smyrna, September 4, 1922. The Consul General at Smyrna (Horton) to the Acting Secretary of State, Smyrna, September 2, 1922. Türk İstiklal Harbi Batı Cephesi, Büyük Taarruz, c. II, K. 6, Kitap 2, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1968. Türk İstiklal Harbi Batı Cephesi, Büyük Taarruz, c. II, K. 6, Kitap 3, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1969. Türk İstiklal Harbi Batı Cephesi, Büyük Taarruza Hazırlık ve Büyük Taarruz, c. II, K. 6, Kitap 1, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1967. ADIVAR, Halide Edip, The Turkish Ordeal, The Century Company, New York, 1928. Akşam, “General Trikupis Nasıl Esir Edildiğini Anlatıyor”, 12 Nisan 1952. No. 12041. Akşam, “Trikupis Anadolu Savaşını Anlatıyor”, 11 Nisan 1952. No. 12040. American Military Attache, Athens, Greece, War Detp. G-2 Reports, Covering the Greco-Turkish War during the Years 1921-22. Armenian Military Attache, Constantinople, Turkey, War Detp. G-2 Reports, Covering the Greco-Turkish War during the Years 1921-22. YAVUZ, Bige, Kurtuluş Savaşı Döneminde Türk-Fransız İlişkileri, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1994. CHIROL, Sir Valentine, The Turkish Empire, 1914-1922. CHURCHİLL, Winston, The Aftermmath, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1929. EARLE, Edward M., Turkey, The Great Powers and the Bagdad Railway, The MacMillian Co., July 1923. GÖRGÜLÜ, İsmet, Büyük Taarruz, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara, 1992. HORTON, George, United States Congress Reports, Senate, Report No. 1230, February 26, 1922. 235 KÖSE, İsmail, Hicaz İsyanı, Selis Yayınları, İstanbul, 2014. New York Times Nutuk, Yay. haz. Zeynep KORKMAZ, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, Ankara, 2005. ŞIMŞIR, Bilal, Lozan Telgrafları-I, (1922-1923), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1990. TAMKIN, Nicholas, Britain, Turkey and the Soviet Union 1940-45, Palgrave, Macmillan, Great Britain, 2009. ÜÇÜNCÜ, Uğur, Türk Kamuoyunda Büyük Taarruz, Altınpost Yayınları, Ankara, 2012. War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, c. IV, Ivor Nicholson & Watson, London, 1934. Washington Post WILSON, Grace, Turkey, To-Day, Hutchinson & Co., London, 1928. WILSON, Grace, Turkey, To-Day, Hutchinson & Co., London, 1928.

THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS

Year 2017, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 207 - 238, 22.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068

Abstract

Turkish national struggle after
World War I represented a major resistance movement against the colonial
imperialism of the victors. The Turkish “Great Offensive” marked the closing
chapter of this national struggle, and its activities were characterized by
special attention and secrecy. Thus, the Turkish Great Offensive is known as a
significant event in the post-WWI era. The Greek Army, which had British
military, intelligence, and political support, could have occupied a line
between the Turkish cities of Afyonkarahisar, Eskişehir, Bilecik, and Mudanya
at the end of 1921. The Greek front at this line was powerful enough to block a
strong army. The Turkish Army had lost almost of its all power during the wars
of the previous decade, and it had only one opportunity to drive the enemy out
of the heartland. That opportunity was called the Great Offensive, which was
intended to expel from Anatolia all invaders in a period of less than three
weeks. In addition to Turkish General Staff who had published battle reports,
numerous Turkish sources have documented the events of the Great Offensive.
Nevertheless, such an important historical event should be methodically
analyzed by using various sources. United States archival documents provide
information on the invaders’ plans, expectations, and conditions during the
offensive staged by the Turkish Army. Although the US archival documents
evaluate the events by focusing on the Greek perspective, the reports bear
first-hand information on the Turkish Great Offensive. Therefore, the American
archival documents are used in this study. 

References

  • NARA, G-2 Report, T-452 Box No. 3056. American Military Attache, Athens, Greece, War Detp. G-2 Reports, Covering the Greco-Turkish War during the Years 1921-22. NARA, Records of the War Department General and Special Staff, Military Inteligence Division “Regional File”, 1922-1944. Box No. 3056. NARA, Report on Greek-Turk Military Operations, Box No. 3056. LCMD, The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-II, Reports of Operation for Week Ending June 6, 1920. Part Four, June 7, 1920. LCMD, The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-IV, US Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters, USS Scorpion, Confidential, Constantinople, August 24, 1922. LCMD, The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-IV, Report of Operations for Week Ending 6 August 1922. Confidential, July 30, 1922. LCMD-IV, Report of Operations for Week Ending 30 July 1922. Confidential, July 30, 1922. LCMD, The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-IV, US Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters, USS Scorpion, Confidential, Constantinople, August 24, 1922. LCMD, The Papers of Mark L. Bristol-VII, War Diary, Confidential, October 17, 1926. The Consul General at Smyrna (Horton) to the Acting Secretary of State, Smyrna, September 4, 1922. The Consul General at Smyrna (Horton) to the Acting Secretary of State, Smyrna, September 2, 1922. Türk İstiklal Harbi Batı Cephesi, Büyük Taarruz, c. II, K. 6, Kitap 2, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1968. Türk İstiklal Harbi Batı Cephesi, Büyük Taarruz, c. II, K. 6, Kitap 3, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1969. Türk İstiklal Harbi Batı Cephesi, Büyük Taarruza Hazırlık ve Büyük Taarruz, c. II, K. 6, Kitap 1, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1967. ADIVAR, Halide Edip, The Turkish Ordeal, The Century Company, New York, 1928. Akşam, “General Trikupis Nasıl Esir Edildiğini Anlatıyor”, 12 Nisan 1952. No. 12041. Akşam, “Trikupis Anadolu Savaşını Anlatıyor”, 11 Nisan 1952. No. 12040. American Military Attache, Athens, Greece, War Detp. G-2 Reports, Covering the Greco-Turkish War during the Years 1921-22. Armenian Military Attache, Constantinople, Turkey, War Detp. G-2 Reports, Covering the Greco-Turkish War during the Years 1921-22. YAVUZ, Bige, Kurtuluş Savaşı Döneminde Türk-Fransız İlişkileri, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1994. CHIROL, Sir Valentine, The Turkish Empire, 1914-1922. CHURCHİLL, Winston, The Aftermmath, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1929. EARLE, Edward M., Turkey, The Great Powers and the Bagdad Railway, The MacMillian Co., July 1923. GÖRGÜLÜ, İsmet, Büyük Taarruz, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara, 1992. HORTON, George, United States Congress Reports, Senate, Report No. 1230, February 26, 1922. 235 KÖSE, İsmail, Hicaz İsyanı, Selis Yayınları, İstanbul, 2014. New York Times Nutuk, Yay. haz. Zeynep KORKMAZ, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, Ankara, 2005. ŞIMŞIR, Bilal, Lozan Telgrafları-I, (1922-1923), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1990. TAMKIN, Nicholas, Britain, Turkey and the Soviet Union 1940-45, Palgrave, Macmillan, Great Britain, 2009. ÜÇÜNCÜ, Uğur, Türk Kamuoyunda Büyük Taarruz, Altınpost Yayınları, Ankara, 2012. War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, c. IV, Ivor Nicholson & Watson, London, 1934. Washington Post WILSON, Grace, Turkey, To-Day, Hutchinson & Co., London, 1928. WILSON, Grace, Turkey, To-Day, Hutchinson & Co., London, 1928.
There are 1 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section ARTICLES
Authors

Hikmet Öksüz

İsmail Köse

Publication Date December 22, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 27 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Öksüz, H., & Köse, İ. (2017). THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS. Journal of Turkology, 27(2), 207-238. https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068
AMA Öksüz H, Köse İ. THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS. Journal of Turkology. December 2017;27(2):207-238. doi:10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068
Chicago Öksüz, Hikmet, and İsmail Köse. “THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS”. Journal of Turkology 27, no. 2 (December 2017): 207-38. https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068.
EndNote Öksüz H, Köse İ (December 1, 2017) THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS. Journal of Turkology 27 2 207–238.
IEEE H. Öksüz and İ. Köse, “THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS”, Journal of Turkology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 207–238, 2017, doi: 10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068.
ISNAD Öksüz, Hikmet - Köse, İsmail. “THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS”. Journal of Turkology 27/2 (December 2017), 207-238. https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068.
JAMA Öksüz H, Köse İ. THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS. Journal of Turkology. 2017;27:207–238.
MLA Öksüz, Hikmet and İsmail Köse. “THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS”. Journal of Turkology, vol. 27, no. 2, 2017, pp. 207-38, doi:10.18345/iuturkiyat.370068.
Vancouver Öksüz H, Köse İ. THE TURKISH GREAT OFFENSIVE AS REPORTED IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS. Journal of Turkology. 2017;27(2):207-38.