Müslümanların Seyahat Motivasyonları: Pozitif Psikoloji Perspektifinden Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2020, , 166 - 195, 15.12.2020

Çiğdem Gülmez

https://doi.org/10.46595/jad.771648

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Turizm olgusu, farklı ekonomik sınıflara, kültürlere, inanç biçimlerine, yaşam tercihlerine sahip kitleri ilgilendiren çok boyutlu bir faaliyettir. Bu nedenle, turizm interdisipliner bir araştırma konusudur ve psikoloji bilimi bakımından da oldukça önemlidir. Özellikle pozitif psikoloji insanların turizm deneyimleriyle yakından ilgilenmekte, insanların psikolojik iyi oluşları ve turizm deneyimleri arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Pozitif psikolojinin turizm motivasyonlarına ilişkin ulaştığı sonuçlar Müslüman turistler açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Müslüman turistlerin seyahat motivasyonlarını pozitif psikoloji perspektifinden değerlendirmektir. Çalışma daha önce yapılmış araştırmalar, geliştirilmiş teoriler çerçevesinde mantıksal çözümlemeler yapan kuramsal bir çalışmadır. Çalışmada öncelikle pozitif psikoloji ve turizm ilişki üzerinde durulmuş, ardından tarihsel olarak Müslümanların seyahatleri ve günümüz Müslümanlarının turizm motivasyonları hedonik ve eudaimonik motivasyonlar temelinde değerlendirilmiştir. Pozitif psikolojiye göre temelinde hedonik turizmin mutluluk üzerine etkisi kısa süreli, eudaimonik turizmin ise daha uzun sürelidir. Pozitif psikolojinin turizm araştırmalarındaki çıktılar ve Kur’an’ın Müslümanları bilgilenmeye, tefekkür etmeye, öğüt almaya, ders çıkarmaya, başkalarıyla ilişki kurmaya, Allah’ın yarattığı düzeni görüp takdir etmeye teşvik eden seyahatle ilgili ayetleri göz önüne alındığında Müslüman turistlerin seyahatlerinin altındaki itici gücün daha çok eudaimonik olması gerektiği söylenebilir.

Keywords

Din psikolojisi, Pozitif Psikoloji, Turizm, Hedonik motivasyon, Eudaimonik Motivasyon

Muslims’ Travel Motivations: An Assessment From a Positive Psychology Perspective

Abstract

The phenomenon of tourism is a multi-dimensional activity that concerns masses that have different economic classes, cultures, beliefs, and life preferences. For this reason, tourism is an interdisciplinary research subject and it is very important in terms of science of psychology. Especially positive psychology is closely related to people's tourism experiences and focusees on the relationship between people's psychological well-being and tourism experiences. Positive psychology's conclusions on tourism motivations are also very important for Muslim tourists. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the travel motivations of Muslim tourists from a positive psychology perspective. The study is a theoretical study that makes logical analysis within them frame of previous researches and developed theories. In the study, first of all, positive psychology and tourism relationship was discussed. Then historically muslims' travels and muslims' travel motivastions was evaluated on the basis hedonic and eudaimonic motivations. According to the positive psychology hedonic motivations are the driving force of mass tourism. and such experiences bring short-term happiness. Alternative tourism activities directed by Eudaimonic motivations bring more permanent happiness. When considered the results of positive psychology researchs and the verses of the Quran that encourage Muslims to inform, contemplate, learn lessons, engage with others, it can be said that the driving force under the travels of Muslim tourists should be more eudaimonic. 

Keywords

Psychology of religion, Positive psychology, Tourism, Hedonic motivation, Eudaimonic motivation

References

• Akarsu, Bedia. Mutluluk ahlakı. Ankara: İnkılap Yayınları, 1995.
• Altunöz Sürücü, Özlem vd. “Evaluating Halal Tourism And Islamic Sensitives: Halal Hotels". Journal of Turkish Tourism Research 1/2 (2017), 64-77.
• Arasteh, Mohammad - Eilami, Rahim Mohammadi. ”The Role of Religion and Islam in The Tourism Industry of Iran”. SSRN SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1773827 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1773827.
• Aristoteles. Nikomakhos’a Etik. çev. Furkan Akderin. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2014.
• Avrupa' da Sosyal Turizm (Barcelona Bildirgesi). Erişim 14 Nisan 2020. http://www.festtravel.com/avrupada-sosyal-turizm-barcelona-bildirgesi, E
• Aykut, A. Said.“İbn Battûta”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Ansiklopedisi. 19/361-368. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1999.
• Azamat, Nihat. “Nâsır-ı Hüsrev”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Ansiklopedisi. 32/395-397. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2009.
• Bilim, Yasin - Özer, Özgür. Halal Tourism: The Case of Turkey. ed. Razaq. Raj - Kevin Griffin Conflicts, Religion and Culture in Tourism. 130-143, UK: CABI, 2017.
• Brickman, Philip - Campbell, Donald. T. “Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society. Ed. Mortimer Herber Appley”. Adaptation Level Theory: A Symposium. 287-304. New York: Academic Press, 1971.
• COMCEC. Standing Comittee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. “Muslim Friendly Tourism: Understanding the Demand and Supply Sides In the OIC Member Countries”. Erişim 13 Nisan 2020. http://www.comcec.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/7-TUR-AN.pdf
• Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly - Coffey, John. “Why Do We Travel? A Positive Psychological Model for Travel Motivation”. ed. Sebastian. Filep vd. Positive Tourism. 122-132. New York: Routledge, 2017.
• Çağrıcı, Mustafa. “Seyahat”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Ansiklopedisi. 37/7-9. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2009.
• de Bloom, Jesscia vd. “Holiday Travel, Staycations, and Subjective Well-Being”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25/4(2017), 573- 588. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1229323
• de Bloom, Jesssica vd. “Effects of Vacation from Work on Health and Well-Being: Lots of Fun, Quickly Gone”. Work and Stress 24/2 (2010), 196-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2010.493385
• Dinçer-İstanbullu, Füsun - Bayram-Erkol, Gül. “İslami Bakış Açısıyla Helâl Turizm”. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 2/1(2017), 26-42.
• Filep, Sebastian - Laing, Jennifer. “Trends and Directions in Tourism and Positive Psychology”. Journal of Travel Research 21(2018), 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518759227
• Filep, Sebastian - Pearce, Philip. Tourist Experience And Fulfilment: Insights From Positive Psychology. New York: Routledge, 2014a.
• Filep, Sebastian. Tourists' Happiness Through The Lens of Positive Psychology. James Cook University. Doktora Tezi, 2009. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/10842.
• Filep, Sebastian. “Moving Beyond Subjective Well-Being: A Tourism Critique”. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38/2 (2014b), 266-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012436609
• Filep, Sebastian. “Tourism and Positive Psychology Critique: Too Emotional?”. Annals of Tourism Research 59(2016), 113-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.04.004
• Garcês, Soraia vd. “Positive Psychology and Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review”. Tourism & Management Studies, 14/3(2018), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2018.14304
• Gilbert, David - Abdullah, Junaida. “Holidaytaking and The Sense of Well-Being”. Annals of Tourism Research, 31/1(2004),103–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.06.001
• Gnoth, Juergen. “Tourism Motivation and Expectation Formation”. Annals of Tourism Research 24(1997), 283-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)80002-3
• Güçlü, A. Bâki vd. Felsefe Sözlüğü. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, 2002.
• Güzel, Berrin - Güzel, Özlem. “Evaluating The Resort Hotel Attributes Via Online Guest Reviews”, International Academic Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities in Prague, 30-31 December 2016, Erişim 17 Nisan 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312914821_Evaluating_the_Resort_Hotel_Attributes_via_Online_Guest_Reviews
• Güzel, Berrin - Güzel Özlem. “Müşteri İslamî Otellerden Ne Bekler?” 1. International Halal Tourism Congress / 07-09 April 2017 Alanya / Turkey. ed. Kutay Oktay – Hüseyin Pamukçu, 244-258, 2017. Erişim 17 Şubat 2020, https://www.halaltourismcongress.com/1IHTC/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1.-IHTC-Bildiri-Kitab%C4%B1.pdf.
• Harrison, Julia. Being A Tourist: Finding Meaning in Pleasure Travel. Vancouver: UBC Press. 2003.
• İlgürel, Mücteba. “Evliya Çelebi”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Ansiklopedisi. 11/529-533. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları. 1999.
• Jafari, Jafar - Scott, Noel. “Muslim World and its Tourisms”. Annals of Tourism Research, 44/0 (2014), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.08.011
• Karaarslan, Nasuhi Ünal.“İbn Cübeyr”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Ansiklopedisi. 19/400-402. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1999.
• Kozak, Nazmi vd. Genel turizm: İlkeler-kavramlar. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 7. Baskı, 2008.
• Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Meâli. çev. H. Altuntaş & Muzaffer Şahin. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 12. Baskı, 2011.
• MasterCard & CrescentRating. MasterCard-crescentRating global Muslim travel index 2015. Erişim 21 Mayıs 2020, https://newsroom.mastercard.com/mea/files/2015/03/GMTI_report_FINAL1.pdf
• MasterCard-CrescentRating. MasterCard-crescentRating global Muslim travel index 2017. Erişim 21 Mayıs 2020, https://newsroom.mastercard.com/asia-pacific/files/2017/05/Report-Mastercard-CrescentRating-GMTI-2017-20mb.pdf
• McCabe, Scott - Johnson, Sarah. “The Happiness Factor in Tourism: Subjectıve Well-Being And Social Tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research 41(2013), 42–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.12.001
• Milman Ady. “The Impact of Tourism and Travel Experience On Senior Travelers’ Psychological Well-Being”. Journal of Travel Research 37/2 (1998), 166–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759803700208
• Hassani, Ali - Moghavvemi, Sedigheh. “Muslims’ Travel Motivations and Travel Preferences: The Impact of Motivational Factors on Islamic Service, Hedonic and Product Preferences”. Journal of Islamic Marketing 11/2 (2019), 344-367. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0215
• Muslim Millennial Travel Report 2017. Erişim 18 Mayıs 2020. https://www.halaltrip.com/halal-travel/muslim-millennial-travel-report//
• Nawijn, Jeroen - Veenhoven, Ruut. “The Effect of Leisure Activities on Life Satisfaction: The Importance of Holiday Trips”. ed. Ingrid Brdar. The Human Pursuit of Well-Being: A Cultural Approach. 39-53, Dordrecht: Springer, 2011.
• Nawijn, Jeroen. “The Holiday Happiness Curve: A Preliminary Investigation into Mood During A Holiday Abroad”. International Journal of Tourism Research 12/3 (2010), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.756
• Nawijn, Jeroen. “Determinants of Daily Happiness on Vacation”. Journal of Travel Research 50/5(2011a), 559–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510379164
• Nawijn, Jeroen. “Happiness Through Vacationing: Just a Temporary Boost or Long-Term Benefits?”. Journal of Happiness Studies 12/4(2011b), 651–665. 65 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9221-y
• Nawijn, Jeroen - Filep, Sebastian. “Two Directions for Future Tourism Well-Being Research”. Annals of Tourism Research 61(2016), 221–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.07.007
• Nawijn, Jeroen vd. “Vacationers Happier, But Most Not Happier After A Holiday”. Applied Research in Quality of Life 5(2010), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-009-9091-9
• Nawijn, Jeroen vd. “How Do We Feel on Vacation? A Closer Look at How Emotions Change over the Course of a Trip”. Journal of Travel Research 52(2013) 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512465961.
• Pearce, Philip. L. “The Relationship Between Positive Psychology and Tourist Behavior Studies”. Tourism Analysis 14/1(2009), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354209788970153
• Pearce, Philip L. “The relationship between Positive Psychology and Tourist Behaviour Studies”. The International Academy for the Study of Tourism Conference, Mugla, Turkey. 2007.
• Ryan, Richard M - Deci, Edward L. “On Hapiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research On Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-being”. Annual Review Psychology, 52 (2001), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141 ·
• Ryff, Carol D. “Happiness is Everything, or is It? Explorations on The Meaning of Psychological Well‐Being”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
• Ryff, Carol D. “Psychological Well‐Being Revisited: Advances in The Science and Practice of Eudaimonia”. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 83 (2014), 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
• Sarı-Çallı, Didem. “Uluslararası Seyahatlerin Tarihi Gelişimi ve Son Seyahat Trendleri Doğrultusunda Türkiye’nin Konumu”. Turizm ve Araştırma Dergisi 4/1 (2015), 4-28.
• Seligman, Martin E. P. “Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being”. New York: Free Press, 2011.
• Sirgy, M. Joseph - Uysal, Muzaffer. “Developing a Eudaimonia Research Agenda in Travel and Tourism”. ed. Joar Vitterso. Handbook of Eudaimonic Well-Being. 485–495, New York: Springer, 2016.
• Sirgy, M. Joseph. “Toward a Quality-of-Life Theory of Leisure Travel Satisfaction”. Journal of Travel Research 49/2 (2010) 246–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509337416
• Sirgy, M. Joseph. Leisure Well-Being. The Psychology of Quality of Life. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012.
• Smith, Melanie Kay - Diekmann, Anya. “Tourism and Wellbeing”. Annals of Tourism Research 66 (2017), 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.006.
• Süt, Abdurruahman. “İslam ve Turizm Ilişkisi”. Turkish Studies - International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic 9/11 (2014), 479-497.
• Timothy, Dallen - Iverson, T. “Tourism and Islam: Considerations of Culture and Duty”. ed. Dallen J. Timothy - Daniel H. Olsen. Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys. 186–205, London, New York: Routledge, 2006.
• Tontuş, Ömer. Tüm Yönleriyle Sağlık Turizmi. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, 2015.
• UNWTO, The World Tourism Organization. Glossary of Tourism Terms. Erişim 22 Mayıs, 2020. https://www.unwto.org/glossary-tourism-terms.
• Uysal, Muzaffer vd. “Progress in Tourism Management: Quality of Life (QOL) And Well-Being Research in Tourism”. Tourism Management 53(2016) 244-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.013
• Voigt, Cornelia. “Employing Hedonia and Eudaimonia to Explore Differences Between Three Groups of Wellness Tourists on The Experiential, The Motivational and The Global Level”. ed.Sebastion Filep vd. Positive Tourism. 105–21, Lonon, New York: Routledge. 2017.
• Voigt, Cornelia vd. “Hedonic and Eudaimonic Experiences among Wellness Tourists: An Exploratory Enquiry”. Annals of Leisure Research 13/3 (2010), 541-562. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2010.9686862
• Yazır, Elmalı Hamdi. Hak Dinî Kur’an Dili. Sad. İ. Karaçam vd. (2. Cilt). İstanbul: Azim Dağıtım, 2000.
• Yeoman, Ian. Tomorrows Tourists: Scenarios & Trends. Oxford: Elsevier, 2008.
• Zamani-Farahani, Hamira - Henderson, Joan. “Islamic Tourism and Managing Tourism Development in Islamic Societies: The Cases of Iran and Saudi Arabia”. International Journal of Tourism Research 12 (2009), 79- 89. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.741.