Climatic and Tectonic-controlled terraces of the Kirmir Stream, Central Anatolia - Turkiye

Year 2023, Issue: 11, 114 - 136, 15.10.2023

Suzan Altıparmak , Uğur Doğan , Ali Koçyiğit , Serdar Yeşilyurt

https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1332862

Abstract

Kirmir Stream is a tributary of the Sakarya River, which drains the waters of the western part of the orogenic Central Anatolia Plateau. Kirmir Stream, which takes its source from the vicinity of Kızılcahamam, joins the Sakarya River to the southwest of Beypazarı. The Kirmir valley, which extends approximately E-W direction in the north of the Kırbaşı Plateau, is mainly controlled by faults. These faults have an important role in the asymmetry of the valley and on the some of terrace staircases. During our research in the Kirmir Stream Valley, 23 terrace staircases that preserved alluvial (channel, floodplain and alluvial fan) deposits were found. These terraces are distributed on the valley slopes at levels ranging from 5 m (T1) to 187 m (T23) above the current river level. Although the terrace staircases have not been dated yet, it can be said that these terraces are of middle-late Pleistocene age, considering that incising the valley of the Kirmir Stream concurrently with the Sakarya River for about 700 m in the last 4 Ma. This data also shows that the study area is affected by a rapid regional uplift compared to the central and southern parts of the Central Anatolia Plateau.

Keywords

Kirmir Stream, fluvial geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology

Kirmir Çayı’nın İklim ve Tektonik Kontrollü Sekileri, İç Anadolu - Türkiye

Abstract

Kirmir Çayı orojenik İç Anadolu Platosu’nun batı kısmının sularını toplayan Sakarya Nehri’nin bir koludur. Kaynağını Kızılcahamam yakınlarından alan Kirmir Çayı, Beypazarı’nın güneybatısında Sakarya Nehri’ne dahil olur. Kırbaşı Platosunun kuzeyinde yaklaşık olarak D-B uzanışlı olan Kirmir vadisi faylar tarafından kontrol edilmektedir. Bu faylar vadinin asimetrik olmasında ve bazı seki basamaklarının morfolojisi üzerinde önemli bir pay sahibidir. Kirmir Çayı vadisinde yaptığımız araştırmada eski alüvyon deposu korunmuş olan 23 seki basamağı saptanmıştır. Bu sekiler vadi yamaçlarında güncel nehir seviyesinden 5 m (T1) ile 187 m (T23) arasında değişen seviyelerde dağılış gösterir. Sekiler henüz tarihlendirilmemiş olmakla birlikte Kirmir Çayı’nın, Sakarya Nehri ile eş zamanlı olarak vadisini son 4 My’da yaklaşık 700 m kazdığı ve bu sekilerin orta-geç Pleyistosen yaşında oldukları söylenebilir. Bu veri aynı zamanda çalışma alanının İç Anadolu Platosunun orta ve güney kesimlerine göre hızlı bir bölgesel yükselmenin etkisinde kaldığını gösterir.

Keywords

Kirmir Çayı, flüvyal jeomorfoloji, tektonik jeomorfoloji, seki

References

• Antoine, P., Lozouet N. L., Chausse, C., Lauthridou, J., Pastre, J., Auguste, P., Bahain, J. (2007) Pleistocene fluvial terraces from northern Farnce (Seine, Yonne, Somme: synthesis, and new results from interglacial deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 2701-2723.
• Avşin, N. (2011) Kızılırmak sekilerinin oluşumunda iklim ve tektoniğin rolü, Avanos. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi 9, 221-238.
• Avşin, N., Erturaç, M. K., Şahiner, E., Demir, T. (2021) The Quaternary Climatic and Tectonic Development of the Murat River Valley (Mus Basin, Eastern Turkey) as Recorded by Fluvial Deposits Dated by Optically Stimulated Luminescence. Quaternary 4(29), 10.3390/quat4030029
• Aydar, E., Çubukçu, H. E., Erdal, Ş., Lütfiye, A. (2013) Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey: incision and paleoaltimetry recorded from volcanic rocks. Turkish Journal of Earth 22, 739-746.
• Bayer-Altın, T., Altın, B.N, Öztürk, M.Z. (2017) Climatic and tectonıc effects on terrace formation during the late quaternary ın the upper Yeşilırmak valley, northern Turkey. Geogr. Fis. Dinam. Quat. 40, 12-136.
• Berndt, C., Yıldırım, C., Çiner, A., Strecker, M., Ertunç, G., Sarıkaya, M., A., Özcan, O., Kıyak, N.G., Öztürk, T. (2018) Quaternary uplift of the northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau: new OSL dates of fluvial and delta-terrace deposits of the Kızılırmak River, Black Sea coast, Turkey. Quat Sci Rev. 201, 446-469.
• Bilgin, T. (1990) Orta Sakarya Vadisinin Jeomorfolojisi, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Coğrafya Bilim ve Uygulama Kolu, Coğrafya Araştırmaları, C.1, S.2.
• Bridgland, D.R. (2000) River terrace systems in Northwest Europe: an archive of environmental change, uplift and early human occupation. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 1293–1303.
• Bridgland, D., Westaway, R. (2008) Climatically controlled river terrace staircases: a worldwide Quaternary phenomenon. Geomorphology 98, 285–315.
• Burbank, D.W. and Anderson, R.S. (2001) Tectonic geomorphology. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 247. Çiçek, İ. (2001) İlhan –Kirmir Kavşağı Çevresinin Jeomorfolojisi. A.Ü. Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi. Sayı:8.Ankara.
• Çiçek, İ. (2001) İlhan –Kirmir Kavşağı Çevresinin Jeomorfolojisi. A.Ü. Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi. Sayı:8.Ankara.
• Çiner, A., Doğan, U., Yıldırım, C., Akçar, N., Ivy-Ochs, S., Alfimov, V., Kubik, P.W., Schlüchter, C. (2015) Quaternary uplift rates of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey: insights from cosmogenic isochron-burial nuclide dating of the Kızılırmak River terraces. Quat. Sci. Rev. 107, 81–97.
• Demir, T., Yeşilçınar, İ., Westaway, R. (2004) River terraces sequences in Turkey: sources of evidence for lateral variations in ragional uplift Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 115, 289-311.
• Demir, T., Seyrek, A., Guillou, H., Scaillet, S., Westaway, R., Bridgland, D. (2009) Preservation by basalt of a staircase of latest Pliocene terraces of the River Murat in eastern Turkey: evidence for rapid uplift of the eastern Anatolian Plateau. Global and Planetary Changes, 68, 254-269.
• Doğan, U. (2011) Climate-controlled River terrace formation in the Kızılırmak Valley, Cappadocia section, Turkey: Inferred from Ar–Ar dating of Quaternary basalts and terraces stratigraphy. Geomorphology 126, 66–81.
• Doğan, U., Koçyiğit, A., Yılmaz, E. (2019) Geomorphological evolutionary history ofthe Melendiz River Valley, Cappadocia, Turkey, Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews 1 (2), 203–222.
• Doğan, U., Şenkul, Ç. (2020) When did the drainage system of the Kızılırmak River form in Cappadocia (Anatolia, Turkey)? A revised geological and geomorphological stratigraphy. Turkish J Earth Sci 29, 1100-1113.
• Doğan, U., Şenkul, Ç., Altıparmak, S. (2020) Kızılırmak Nehrinin denizel izotop katı 6 sırasındaki iklim değişimlerine tepkisi. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi 5, 48.63.
• Doğan, U., Yeşilyurt, S., Koçyiğit, A., Mutlu, G. (2022) Base-level poljes in the sivas gypsum karst, Türkiye. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi 9, 19-37.
• Erol, O. (1958) Kirmir Çayı boyunda çeltik tarlalarının yeri ile vadi morfolojisi arasındaki münasebet. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi 18-19, 55-69.
• Erol, O. (1961) Beypazarı güneyinde bir fosil vadi ve jeomorfolojik önemi. Dil ve Tarih- Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 19 (1-2), 105-107.
• Erturaç, M.K., Kıyak, N.G. (2017) Yeşilırmak taraçalarında (Orta Kuzey Anadolu) geç Pleyistosen iklim değişiklikleri ve düşey yönlü deformasyona akarsu cevabının araştırılması. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 60, 615–663. Ankara. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.370625
• Erturaç, M. K., Şahiner, E., Zabcı, C., Okur, H., Polymeris, G. S., Meriç, N., İkiel, C. (2019) Fluvial response to rising levels of the Black Sea and to climate changes during the Holocene, Luminescence geochronology of the Sakarya terraces. The Holocene, 1–12. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0959683619831428
• Esat, K. (2011) Ankara çevresinde Orta Anadolu’nun neotektoniği ve depremselliği. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara (yayımlanmamış).
• Esat, K., Seyitoğlu, G., Ecevitoğlu, B., Kaypak, B. (2017) Abdüsselam Kıstırılmış Tektonik Kaması: KB Orta Anadolu’da daralma rejimiyle ilişkili bir Geç Senozoyik yapısı. Yerbilimleri, 2017, 38 (1), 33-56.
• Esat, K., Seyitoğlu, G., Aktuğ, B., Kaypak, B., Ecevitoğlu, B. (2021) The Northwest Central Anatolian Contractional Area: A neotectonic deformation zone bounded by major strike-slip fault zones in the Anatolian Plate. Tectonophysics 805, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2021.228776
• Gibbard, P.L., Lewin, J. (2009) River incision and terrace formation in the Late Cenozoic of Europe. Tectonophysics 474, 41– 55.
• Gökten, E., Kazancı, N. ve Acar, Ş. (1988) Ankara kuzeybatısında (Bağlum-Kazan arası) Geç Kretase-Pliyosen serilerinin stratigrafisi ve tektoniği. MTA Dergisi 108, 69-81.
• Gökten, E., Özaksoy, V., Karakuş, K. (1996) Tertiary volcanic and tectonic evolution of the Ayas-Güdül-Çeltikçi region, Turkey. International Geology Review 38, 926-934.
• Gürgen, G. (1991) Çağlayık Boğazı. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 3, 59-172.
• Helvacı, C., Bozkurt, S. (1994) Beypazarı (Ankara) granitinin jeolojisi, mineralojisi ve petrojenezi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 37, 31-42.
• Helvacı, C. (2010) Geology of the Beypazarı trona field, Ankara, Turkey. Tectonic Crossroads: Evolving Orogens of Eurasia-Africa-Arabia, Ankara, Turkey. Mid-congress field exursions guide book, 1-33.
• Helvacı, C., Öztürk, Y.Y, Satır, M., Shang, C.K. (2014) U-Pb zircon and K-Ar geochronology ve reveal the emplacement and cooling history of the Late Cretaceous Beypazarı granitoid, central Anatolia, Turkey. International Geology Review 56:9, 1138– 1155.
• Hetzel, R., Niedermann, S., Tao, M., P. W., Kubik, Strecker, M. R. (2006) Climatic versus tectonic control on river incision at the margin of NE Tibet: 10Be exposure dating of river terraces at the mountain front of the Qilian Shan. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, doi:10.1029/2005JF000352
• Kadıoğlu, YK., Zoroğlu, O. (2008) Nature of Beypazari Granitoid: Geology and geochemistry, Northwest Anatolia, Turkey. Earth and Environmental Science 2 doi:10.1088/1755-1307/2/1/012014
• Kaplan, T. (2004) Neotectonics and seismicity of the Ankara region: a case study in the Uruş area. Ortadoğu Teknik üniversitesi Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Karadenizli, L. (1995) Beypazarı havzası (Ankara Batısı) Üst Miyosen-PIiyosen jipsli serilerinin sedimantolojisi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, Cilt 38, Sayı 1, 63-74.
• Karakoca, E., Uncu, L. (2020) Orta Sakarya Vadisi Akarsu Seki Sistemlerinin Morfometrik ve Sedimantolojik Özellikleri (İnhisar-Gemiciköy Arası, Bilecik). Coğrafya Dergisi 41, 165-177.
• Kavuşan, G. (1993) Beypazarı-Çayırhan kömür havzası linyitlerinin yataklanmasında tektonizmanın önemi. Doğa-Türk Yerbilimleri Dergisi / Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2, 135-145.
• Kaymakçı, N., Özçelik, Y., White, H.S., Van Dijk, P.M. (2001) Neogene tectonic development of the Çankırı basin (Central Anatolia, Türkiye). TPJD Bülteni 13, 27-56.
• Koçyiğit, A. (1991) Changing stress orientation in progressive intracontinental deformation as indicated by the neotectonics of the Ankara region (NW central Anatolia). TPJD Bülteni 3, 43-55.
• Koçyiğit, A. (1992) Southward-vergent imbricate thrust zone in Yuvaköy: a record of the latest compressional event related to the collisional tectonic regime in Ankara-Erzincan suture zone. TPJD Bülteni 4, 111-118.
• Koçyiğit, A., Türkmenoğlu, A., Beyhan, A., Kaymakçı, N., Akyol, E. (1995) Post-collisional tectonics of Eskisehir-Ankara-Çankiri segment of Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone (IAESZ): Ankara orogenic phase. TPJD Bülteni 6, 69-86.
• Kurtuluş, C., Bozkurt, A. (2009) Çayırhan İlçesi’nin, Ankara, Zemin Özelliklerinin Jeofizik ve Geoteknik Yöntemlerle Araştırılması. Uygulamalı Yerbilimleri Sayı:2, 15-27.
• Leopold, L.B., Wolman, L.G., Miller, J., 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. Lewin, J., Gibbard, P.L. (2010) Quaternary river terraces in England: forms, sediments and processes. Geomorphology 120, 293-311.
• Lewin, J., Gibbard, P.L. (2010) Quaternary river terraces in England: forms, sediments and processes. Geomorphology 120, 293-311.
• Liu, X., Sun, Y., Vandenberghe, J., Cheng, P., Zhang, X., Gowan, EJ., Lohmann, G., An, Z. (2020) Centennial- to millennial-scale monsoon changes since the last deglaciation linked to solar activities and North Atlantic cooling. Clim. Past 16, 315–324.
• Lu, H.Y., Vandenberghe, J., Miao, X.D., Tan, H.B., Ma, H.Z. (2006) Evidence for an abrupt climatic reversal during the Last Interglacial on the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary International 154-155, 136-140.
• Lu, H.Y., Wang, X., Wang, X., Sun, X.F., Yi, S.W., Zhou, Y.L., Liu, Q.Y., Swinehart, J., Vandenberghe, J. (2012) Palaeoclimatic changes in northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau revealed by magnetostratigraphy and magnetic susceptibility analysis of thick loess deposits. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 91, 189 – 198.
• Ma, Z., Peng, T., Fen, Z., Li, X, Song, C., Wang, Q., Tian, W., Zhao., X. (2023) Tectonic and climate controls on river terrace formation on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau: evidence from a terrace record of the Huangshui River. Qyaternary International 656, 16-25.
• Maddy, D., Bridgland, D., Westaway, R. (2001) Uplift driven valley incision and climate- controlled river terrace development in the Thames Valley, UK. Quaternary International 79, 23–36.
• Maddy, D., Demir, T., Bridgland, D., Veldkamp, A., Stemerdink, C., Schriek T., Westaway, R. (2005) An obliquity-controlled Early Pleistocene river terraces record from western Turkey? Quaternary Research, 63, 339-346.
• Maddy, D., Demir, T., Bridgland, D., Veldkamp, A., Stemerdink, C., Schriek T., Westaway, R. (2008) The Early Pleistocene development of the Gediz River, Western Turkey: An uplift-driven, climate-controlled system? Quaternary International, 189, 115-128.
• Maddy, D., Veldkamp, A., Demir, T., van Gorp, W., Wijbrans, JR., van Hinsbergen, DJJ, Dekkers, MJ., Schreve, D., Schoorl, JM., Scaife, R., Stemerdink, C., vanderSchriek, T., Bridgland, DR., Aytaç, A.S. (2017) The Gediz River fluvial archive: A benchmark for Quaternary research in Western Anatolia. Quaternary Science Reviews 166, 289- 306.
• Maddy, D., Veldkamp, A., Demir, T., Aytaç, A.S., Schoorl, J. M., Scaife, R., Boomer, I., Stemerdink, C., Schriek, T., Aksay, S., & Lievens, C. (2020) Early Pleistocene river terraces of the Gediz River, Turkey: The role of faulting, fracturing, volcanism and travertinesin their genesis. Geomorphology358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107102
• Meijers, M.J.M., Brocard, G.Y., Cosca, M.A., Lüdecke, T., Teyssier, C., Whitney, D.L., Mulch, A. (2018) Rapid late 412 Miocene surface uplift of the Central Anatolian Plateau margin. Earth and Planetary 413 Science Letters 497, 29–41.
• Meijers, M.J.M., Brocard, G.Y., Whitney, D.L., Mulch, A. (2020) Paleoenvironmental conditions and drainage evolution of the central Anatolian lake system (Turkey) during late Miocene to Pliocene surface uplift. Geosphere 16, 1–20.
• Okay, A., Zattın, M., Özcan, E., Sunal, G. (2021) Uplift of Anatolia. Turkish J Earth Sci 29, 696-713. Rojay, B. and Karaca, A. (2008) Post-Miocene deformation in the south of the Galatean Volcanic Province, NW of central Anatolia (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 653- 672.
• Rojay, B. and Karaca, A. (2008) Post-Miocene deformation in the south of the Galatean Volcanic Province, NW of central Anatolia (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 653- 672.
• Schumm, S. (1979) Geomorphic Thresholds: The Concept and its Applications. Transcations Institute British Geographers 4, 485–515.
• Schumm S. A., Dumont J., Holbrook J. M. (2000) Active Tectonics and Alluvial Rivers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Kazancı, N., Karakuş, K., Fodor, L., Araz, H., Karadenizli, L. (1997) Does continuous compressive tectonic regime exist during Late Paleogene to Late Neogene in NW central Anatolia, Turkey? Preliminary observations. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 6, 77-83.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Aktuğ, B., Karadenizli, L., Kaypak, B., Şen, Ş., Kazancı, N., Işık, V., Esat, K., Parlak, O., Varol, B., Saraç, G., İleri, İ. (2009) A late Pliocene - Quaternary pinched crustal wedge in NW central Anatolia, Turkey: a neotectonic structure accommodating the internal deformation of the Anatolian plate. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 52, 121-154.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Esat, K., Kaypak, B. (2017) One of the Main Neotectonic Structures in the NW Central Anatolia: Beypazarı Blind Thrust Zone And Related Fault-Propagation Folds. Bull. Min. Res. Exp. 154, 1-14.
• Specialea P.A., Catlosa, E.J., Yıldız, G.O., Shina, T.A., Black, K.N. (2014) Zircon ages from the Beypazarı granitoid pluton (north central Turkey): tectonic implications. Geodinamica Acta 25:3-4, 162-182.
• Starkel, L. (2003) Climatically controlled terraces in uplifting mountain areas. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2189–2198.
• Şahin, M., Yaltırak, C., Karacık, Z. (2019) A case study of compression to escape tectonic transition: Tectonic evolution of the Nallıhan Wedge and comparison with the Tercan Wedge (Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 174, 311-331.
• Şentürk, M, Tagliasacchi, E., Yağmurlu, F. (2019) Depositional features and coal potential of the Gölbaşı- Bahçeköy Neogene Basin, Ankara (Central Turkey). Arabian Journal of Geosciences 12: 519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4660-1
• Tekin, E., Varol, B., Ayyıldız, T. (2008) A rare natural gypsum ooıde (gypsolıtes) in an evaporitic playa lake of late Miocene (?) to Pliocene age in Central Anatolıa, Turkey. Carbonates and Evaporites 23, 50-59.
• Vandenberghe J. (2002) The relation between climate and river processes, landforms and deposits during the Quaternary. Quaternary International 91, 17-23.
• Vandenberghe, J. (2008) The fluvial cycle and cold-warm-cold transition in lowland regions: a refinement of theory. Geomorphology, 98, 275-284.
• Vandenberhge, J. (2015) River terraces as a response to climatic forcing: Formation processes, sedimentary characteristics and sites for human occupation. Quaternary International 370, 3-11.
• Wang, X., Vandenberghe, D., Yi, S., Vandenberghe, J., Lu, H., Balen, R.V., Haute, P.V.D. (2013) Late Quaternary paleoclimatic and geomorphological evolution at the interface between the Menyuan basin and the Qilian Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Research 80, 534- 544.
• Wang, X., Vandenberghe, J., Yi, S., Van Balen, R., Lu, H. (2015) Climate-dependent fluvial architecture and processes on a suborbital timescale in areas of rapid tectonic uplift: An example from the NE Tibetan Plateau. Globaland Planetary Change133, 318–329.
• Wang, X., Vandenberghe, F., Huayu, L., Van Balen, R. (2017) Climatic and tectonic controls on the fluvial morphology of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau (China). Geogr. Sci. 27, 1325-1340.
• Westaway, R., Pringle, M., Yurtmen, S., Demir, T., Bridgland, D., Rowbotham, G., Maddy, D. (2003) Pliocene and Quaternary surface uplift of western Turkey revealed by long- term river terrace sequences. Current Science 84, 1090–1101.
• Westaway, R., Pringle, M., Yurtmen, S., Demir, T., Bridgland, D., Rowbotham, G., Maddy, D. (2004) Pliocene and Quaternary surface uplift of western Turkey: the Gediz River terrace staircase and the volcanism at Kula. Tectonophysics 391, 121–1.
• Yağmurlu, F., Helvacı, C., İnci, U. (1988) Depositional setting and geometric structure of the Beypazarı lignite deposits, Central Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 10 337-360.
• Yağmurlu, F., Helvacı, C. (1994) Sedimentological characteristics and facies of the evaporite- bearing Kirmir Formation (Neogene), Beypazari Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey. Sedimentology 41, 847-860.
• Yürür, M.T., Temel, A., Köse, O. (2002) Evidences of extensional tectonics at the southern boundary of the Galatean Volcanic Province, NW central Anatolia. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 45, 85-98.
• Zoroğlu O, Kadıoğlu Y, K. (2004) Amphiboles as a petrogenetic indicator of granitoid enclaves: Oymamağaç¸, Turkey. Goldschimidt 2004 Copenhagen, 5.5.55, A674