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Ulukışla 1 Soğuk Su Gayzeri (Aksaray) ve Hidroekolojik Özellikleri

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 15, 150 - 169, 15.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1773234

Öz

Bu çalışmada Tuz Gölü’nün güneydoğusunda Aksaray iline bağlı Ulukışla köyünün kuzeyinde petrol aramak için açılan sondaj kuyusuna bağlı oluşan Ulukışla 1 soğuk su gayzerinin fiziksel ve hidroekolojik ön incelemesi yapılmıştır. Gayzer, aralıklı olarak su püskürten kaynakların ortak adıdır. Gayzerlerin çoğu jeotermal sahalarda görülür ve su buharı basıncıyla çalışır. Ancak farklı mekanizmalarla çalışan gayzerler de vardır. Bunlardan biri de CO2 tahriki ile çalışan soğuk su gayzerleridir. Bunlara soda gayzeri de denilmektedir. Soğuk su gayzerleri genellikle karbonatlı kayaçların yayılış gösterdiği alanlarda ve yapay sondajlarla ortaya çıkarlar. Yeraltı suyu temas ettiği karbonatlı kayaçları çözmekte ve açığa çıkan CO2 gazı yüksek basınç altındaki yeraltı suyu içinde birikmektedir. Çeşitli amaçlarla açılan sondaj kuyuları CO2 gazı ile yüklü yeraltı suyuna ulaşınca basınç rahatlamasına sebep olmaktadır. Bu nedenle CO2 gazı kabarcıklanmaya başlamakta ve yeraltı suyuyla birlikte kuyu ağzından havaya püskürmektedir Çalışma sahasında soğuk su gayzerleri Ulukışla köyü çevresiyle sınırlı olmayıp, Yeşilova ve Yapılcan köyleri çevresinde de benzer oluşumlar bulunduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ulukışla 1 gayzeri fiziksel olarak iç içe geçmiş 3 koni ve çıkan fazla suların taşmasıyla oluşan dışa doğru eğimli yaklaşık 100 m çapındaki koni (taşma alanı) olmak üzere 4 kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Gayzer suları oluşan göl yüzeyinden 70-80 cm, gayzerin çıkış ağzından ise 2,8 m püskürmektedir. Yapılan laboratuvar analizlerinde gayzer suyunun içme suyu olarak kullanılamayacağı ve tarımsal sulama için uygun olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, ekolojik yaşam açısından da olumsuz koşullar barındırmaktadır. Gayzerden alınan fitobentoz örneklerinde ise Bacillariophyta divizyosuna ait bazı takson örneklerine rastlandı. Bu ilk incelemede Cymbella, Gomphonema, Tabellaria, Navicula ve Amphora türleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma Ulukışla köyü çevresindeki soğuk su gayzerleriyle ilgili ilk gözlem ve bulguları sunmaktadır. Bu bulgulardan hareketle yöredeki soğuk su gayzerlerinin başta turizm ve eğitim olmak üzere, çok farklı kullanım alanlarının olabileceği değerlendirilmiştir.

Teşekkür

Yazarlar arazi çalışmaları sırasında proje ekibine yardım ve rehberlik eden Ulukışla köyü sakinlerinden Zeki KARAKUŞ ve Yaşar ÖZYÖN’e teşekkür ederler.

Kaynakça

  • Aksaray Ulukışla Köyü [@anadoluyayolculuk68]. (2025, Temmuz 25). Aksaray’ın Ulukışla köyünde, bileşenleri, neden ve nasıl ortaya çıktığı henüz bilinmeyen esrarengiz bir sıcak su kaynağı, iki saat boyunca akıp ardından geri çekiliyor ve iki saat sonra yeniden çıkıyor [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/reel/DKFc2Z3C9Q_/
  • Aktuğ, B., Parmaksız, E., Kurt, M., Lenk, O., Kılıçoğulu, A., Gürdal, M. A., & Özdemir, S. (2012). Deformation of Central Anatolia: GPS implications. Journal of Geodynamics, 67, 78-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.05.008
  • Anonim (2016). Yerüstü su kalitesi yönetmeliği. Resmî Gazete, Sayı: 29589.
  • Arıkan, Y. (1975). Tuz Gölü Havzasının jeolojisi ve petrol imkânları. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration, 85(85).
  • Atabey, E. (1989). 1:100000 Ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi Aksaray - H17 Paftası (J. E. Dairesi, ed.), pp. 14. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Bellerive. (Temmuz, 2025). Phénomène le plus curieux de la région thermale: l’unique geyser de la «source intermittente». https://www.ville-bellerive-sur-allier.fr/fiche/parc-de-la-source-intermittente/
  • Battarbee, R. W., Jones, V. J., Flower, R. J., Cameron, N. G., Bennion, H., Carvalho, L., & Juggins, S. (2001). Diatoms. In J. P. Smol, H. J. B. Birks, & W. M. Last (Eds.), Tracking environmental change using lake sediments: Volume 3: Terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators (pp. 155–202). Springer.
  • Bryan, S. T. (2018). Geysers of Yellowstone. Fifth Edition/Ed. University Press of Colorado, Louisville.
  • Casarosa, C., Latrofa, E., and Shelginski, A. (1983). The geyser effect in a two-phase thermosyphon. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 26, 933–941.
  • Cemen, I., Göncüoglu, M. C., & Dirik, K. (1999). Structural evolution of the Tuzgölü basin in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The Journal of geology 107, 693–706.
  • Cody, A., Keam, R., Lebe, J., Lynne, B. Y., & Luketina, K. (2021). "Sinter-forming springs and geysers of the Waikato Region," Waikato Regional Council= Te Kaunihera ā Rohe o Waikato.
  • Cohen, R. R. H. (2003). Use of microbes for cost reduction of metal removal from metals-contaminated waters. Journal of Cleaner Production, 11(4), 469–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00075-4
  • Dönmez, M., and Akçay, A. E. (2005). 1: 100 000 Ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Aksaray L-31 Paftası. (J. E. Dairesi, ed.), pp. 9. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Eifelsteig. (Haziran, 2025). A seemingly peaceful fountain awakens, begins to bubble. Suddenly a fountain of 9°C cold water shoots into the sky, bubbling upwards for six minutes. Then, just as in a flash, the spook is over, the "Brubbel" as the locals affectionately call their phenomenon, calms down. https://www.eifelsteig.de/en/a-wallender-born
  • Erinç, S. (1960). Konya Bölümünde ve İç Toros sıralarında karst şekilleri üzerine müşahedeler. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (20), 83-106. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.20729
  • Erol, O. (1969). Tuzgölü Havzasının jeolojisi ve jeomorfolojisi: Genç Tektonik Hareketler, Pluvial Göl Sekileri ve Potas-Tuz teşekkülü Şartları Yönünden bir Araştırma. pp. 252. TÜBİTAK.
  • Francis, L. (2012). Tracing the Source of Shallow-water Contamination near a Leaky Fault System, Green River, Utah, [Master's Thesis, University of Houston]. http://hdl.handle.net/10657/741
  • Glennon, J. A., & Pfaff, R. M. (2005). The operation and geography of carbon dioxide-driven, cold-water “geysers”. GOSA Trans 9, 184–192.
  • Guinness World Records Label. (Ağustos, 2025). The highest 'cold water' geyser is the Geysir Andernach, which typically blows water to heights of 30-60 m (98-196 ft), and is located in Andernach, Germany. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.de/world-records/highest-cold-water-geyser
  • Gürbüz, A., & Kazancı, N. (2014). Facies characteristics and control mechanisms of Quaternary deposits in the Tuz Gölü basin. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 149, 1–18.
  • Han, W. S., Lu, M., McPherson, B., Keating, E., Moore, J., Park, E., Watson, Z., & Jung, N. H. (2013). Characteristics of CO2‐driven cold‐water geyser, Crystal Geyser in Utah: experimental observation and mechanism analyses. Geofluids 13, 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfl.12018
  • Hurwitz, S., & Manga, M. (2017). The fascinating and complex dynamics of geyser eruptions. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 45, 31–59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-015605
  • Isherwood, W. F. (1981). Geophysical overview of the Geysers. Research in the Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area: Washington, DC, US Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 1141, 83–95.
  • Kamnavylet. (Ağustos, 2025). In the vicinity of Spišské Podhradie, there is a popular and sought after locality, dominated by a travertine hill called Sivá Brada (Grey Beard). This 25-meter-high hill is one of the few still living travertine piles in Slovakia. It is due to the still rising mineralized water, especially in the north and south of the hills. https://www.kamnavylet.sk/en/attraction/gray-chin
  • Kavurmacı, M. M., & Tekocak Yardımlı, B. B. (2020). Aksaray bölgesi yeraltı suyu kalitesinin konumsal dağılımının interpolasyon teknikleri kullanılarak belirlenmesi. Devlet Su İşleri Teknik Bülteni, 135, 1-17. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12451/8468
  • Kiryukhin, A., Polyakov, A., Zhuravlev, N., Tsuchiya, N., Rychkova, T., Usacheva, O., & Dubrovskaya, I. (2022). Dynamics of natural discharge of the hydrothermal system and geyser eruption regime in the Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka. Applied Geochemistry 136, 105166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.105166
  • Kiryukhin, A. V., & Karpov, G. (2020). A CO2-driven gas lift mechanism in geyser cycling (Uzon caldera, kamchatka). Geosciences 10(5), 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10050180
  • Koçyiğit, A., (2000). General neotectonic characteristics and seismicity of Central Anatolia, Haymana–Tuz Gölü–Ulukışla basenlerinin uygulamalı çalışması (workshop). Abstracts, pp. 1–26 (Aksaray).
  • Kürçer, A., & Gökten, Y. E. (2012). Paleoseismological three dimensional virtual photography method; a case study: Bağlarkayası-2010 trench, Tuz Gölü Fault Zone, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonics-Recent Advences, 201–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48194
  • Kürçer, A., & Gökten, Y. E. (2014). Neotectonic-period characteristics, seismicity, geometry and segmentation of the Tuz Gölü fault zone. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 149, 19–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19111/bmre.94099
  • Matamata-piako. (Haziran, 2025). This short walk leads you to the Mokena Geyser, a natural soda water geyser. It is named after the Māori chief- Mokena Te Hau who once owned the Domain land. There are two ways to access the geyser. https://www.mpdc.govt.nz/walking-a-cycling-tracks/71-our-community/walking-and-cycling-tracks/476-mokena-geyser-access
  • Öner, M. (2016, Nisan 5). Kuyudan Karbondioksit ve Su Fışkırdı. Haberler.com. https://www.haberler.com/kuyudan-karbondioksit-ve-su-fiskirdi-8326378-haberi/
  • Özsayın, E, Çiner, T. A, Rojay, F. B, Dirik, R. K, Melnıck, D, Fernández-Blanco, D, Bertottı, G, Schıldgen, T. F, Garcın, Y, Strecker, M. R, & Sudo, M (2013). Plio-Quaternary extensional tectonics of the Central Anatolian Plateau: a case study from the Tuz Gölü Basin, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 22 (5): 691-714. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1210-5
  • Özsayın, E. (2016). Relative tectonic activity assessment of the Çameli Basin, Western Anatolia, using geomorphic indices. Geodinamica Acta 28, 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2015.1128180
  • Palace Hotel. (Ağustos, 2025). Geiser Floriano de Lemos. https://palacehotel.com.br/caxambu/parque-das-aguas/geiser-floriano-de-lemos/
  • Pan, Y., Stevenson, R. J., Hill, B. H., Herlihy, A. T., & Collins, G. B. (1996). Using diatoms as indicators of ecological conditions in lotic systems: A regional assessment. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15(4), 481–495. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467816
  • Pathmasiri, E., & Fernando, S. (2022). An Exploration of Geotourism Characteristics: A Case Study of the Hummanaya Blowhole in Kudawella, Sri Lanka. The Faculty Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 11, 55–77.
  • Reynolds, C. S. (2006). Ecology of phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542145
  • Rinehart, J. S. (1974). Geysers. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 55, 1052–1062. https://doi.org/10.1029/EO055i012p01052
  • Round, F. E., Crawford, R. M., & Mann, D. G. (1990). The diatoms: Biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rudolph, M. L., & Sohn, R. A. (2017). A model for internal oscillations in geysers, with application to Old Faithful (Yellowstone, USA). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 343, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.04.023
  • Smol, J. P., & Stoermer, E. F. (Eds.). (2010). The diatoms: Applications for the environmental and earth sciences (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Stoermer, E. F., & Smol, J. P. (Eds.). (1999). The diatoms: Applications for the environmental and earth sciences. Cambridge University Press.
  • Štrba, Ľ. (2014). The Herľany geyser–a unique hydrogeological and geotouristic locality in Europe. Geotourism, 3-4(38-39), 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geotour.2014.38-39.41
  • Van Dam, H., Mertens, A., & Sinkeldam, J. (1994). A coded checklist and ecological indicator values of freshwater diatoms from the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 28(1), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02334251
  • Velasco Fuentes, O. (2012). The activity of La Bufadora, a natural marine spout in northwestern Mexico. In "Fluid Dynamics in Physics, Engineering and Environmental Applications", pp. 353–360. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27723-8_32
  • Yıldırım, C. (2014). Relative tectonic activity assessment of the Tuz Gölü Fault Zone; Central Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonophysics, 630, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.023
  • Watson, Z. (2014). An analysis of CO2-driven cold-water geysers in Green River, Utah and Chimayo, New Mexico, [Master's Thesis, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/93985
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Ulukışla 1 Cold Water Geyser (Aksaray, Türkiye) and Its Hydroecological Characteristics

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 15, 150 - 169, 15.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1773234

Öz

This study presents a preliminary physical and hydroecological investigation of the Ulukışla 1 cold water geyser, which formed in connection with a drilling well opened for oil exploration north of Ulukışla village, located in the southeastern part of Tuz Lake and affiliated with Aksaray province. Geyser is the common name for intermittent water-spouting springs. Most geysers are found in geothermal fields and operate with water vapor pressure. However, there are also geysers that operate with different mechanisms. One of these is cold water geysers that operate with CO2 propulsion. These are also called soda geysers. Cold water geysers usually occur in areas where carbonate rocks are prevalent and are discovered through artificial drilling. Groundwater dissolves the carbonated rocks it comes into contact with, and the CO2 gas released accumulates in the high-pressure groundwater. When drilling wells open for various purposes reach the CO2-laden groundwater, it causes a pressure release. As a result, the CO2 gas begins to bubble and is ejected into the air from the wellhead along with the groundwater. Cold water geysers in the study area are not limited to the vicinity of Ulukışla village; similar formations have also been found around Yeşilova and Yapılcan villages. The Ulukışla 1 geyser consists of four parts: three physically intertwined cones and an outwardly sloping cone (overflow area) with a diameter of approximately 100 m, formed by the overflow of excess water. The geyser water gushes 70-80 cm from the surface of the formed lake and 2,8 m from the outlet of the geyser. Laboratory analyses determined that the geyser water is not suitable for drinking or agricultural irrigation. It also presents unfavorable conditions for ecological life. Some taxon specimens belonging to the Bacillariophyta division were found in the phytobenthos samples taken from the geyser. This initial study identified the species Cymbella, Gomphonema, Tabellaria, Navicula, and Amphora. This study presents the first observations and findings regarding the cold-water geysers around the village of Ulukışla. Based on these findings, it has been assessed that the cold-water geysers in the region could have many different uses, primarily in tourism and education.

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank Zeki KARAKUŞ and Yaşar ÖZYÖN, residents of Ulukışla village, who assisted and guided the project team during fieldwork.

Kaynakça

  • Aksaray Ulukışla Köyü [@anadoluyayolculuk68]. (2025, Temmuz 25). Aksaray’ın Ulukışla köyünde, bileşenleri, neden ve nasıl ortaya çıktığı henüz bilinmeyen esrarengiz bir sıcak su kaynağı, iki saat boyunca akıp ardından geri çekiliyor ve iki saat sonra yeniden çıkıyor [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/reel/DKFc2Z3C9Q_/
  • Aktuğ, B., Parmaksız, E., Kurt, M., Lenk, O., Kılıçoğulu, A., Gürdal, M. A., & Özdemir, S. (2012). Deformation of Central Anatolia: GPS implications. Journal of Geodynamics, 67, 78-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.05.008
  • Anonim (2016). Yerüstü su kalitesi yönetmeliği. Resmî Gazete, Sayı: 29589.
  • Arıkan, Y. (1975). Tuz Gölü Havzasının jeolojisi ve petrol imkânları. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration, 85(85).
  • Atabey, E. (1989). 1:100000 Ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi Aksaray - H17 Paftası (J. E. Dairesi, ed.), pp. 14. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Bellerive. (Temmuz, 2025). Phénomène le plus curieux de la région thermale: l’unique geyser de la «source intermittente». https://www.ville-bellerive-sur-allier.fr/fiche/parc-de-la-source-intermittente/
  • Battarbee, R. W., Jones, V. J., Flower, R. J., Cameron, N. G., Bennion, H., Carvalho, L., & Juggins, S. (2001). Diatoms. In J. P. Smol, H. J. B. Birks, & W. M. Last (Eds.), Tracking environmental change using lake sediments: Volume 3: Terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators (pp. 155–202). Springer.
  • Bryan, S. T. (2018). Geysers of Yellowstone. Fifth Edition/Ed. University Press of Colorado, Louisville.
  • Casarosa, C., Latrofa, E., and Shelginski, A. (1983). The geyser effect in a two-phase thermosyphon. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 26, 933–941.
  • Cemen, I., Göncüoglu, M. C., & Dirik, K. (1999). Structural evolution of the Tuzgölü basin in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The Journal of geology 107, 693–706.
  • Cody, A., Keam, R., Lebe, J., Lynne, B. Y., & Luketina, K. (2021). "Sinter-forming springs and geysers of the Waikato Region," Waikato Regional Council= Te Kaunihera ā Rohe o Waikato.
  • Cohen, R. R. H. (2003). Use of microbes for cost reduction of metal removal from metals-contaminated waters. Journal of Cleaner Production, 11(4), 469–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00075-4
  • Dönmez, M., and Akçay, A. E. (2005). 1: 100 000 Ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Aksaray L-31 Paftası. (J. E. Dairesi, ed.), pp. 9. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Eifelsteig. (Haziran, 2025). A seemingly peaceful fountain awakens, begins to bubble. Suddenly a fountain of 9°C cold water shoots into the sky, bubbling upwards for six minutes. Then, just as in a flash, the spook is over, the "Brubbel" as the locals affectionately call their phenomenon, calms down. https://www.eifelsteig.de/en/a-wallender-born
  • Erinç, S. (1960). Konya Bölümünde ve İç Toros sıralarında karst şekilleri üzerine müşahedeler. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (20), 83-106. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.20729
  • Erol, O. (1969). Tuzgölü Havzasının jeolojisi ve jeomorfolojisi: Genç Tektonik Hareketler, Pluvial Göl Sekileri ve Potas-Tuz teşekkülü Şartları Yönünden bir Araştırma. pp. 252. TÜBİTAK.
  • Francis, L. (2012). Tracing the Source of Shallow-water Contamination near a Leaky Fault System, Green River, Utah, [Master's Thesis, University of Houston]. http://hdl.handle.net/10657/741
  • Glennon, J. A., & Pfaff, R. M. (2005). The operation and geography of carbon dioxide-driven, cold-water “geysers”. GOSA Trans 9, 184–192.
  • Guinness World Records Label. (Ağustos, 2025). The highest 'cold water' geyser is the Geysir Andernach, which typically blows water to heights of 30-60 m (98-196 ft), and is located in Andernach, Germany. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.de/world-records/highest-cold-water-geyser
  • Gürbüz, A., & Kazancı, N. (2014). Facies characteristics and control mechanisms of Quaternary deposits in the Tuz Gölü basin. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 149, 1–18.
  • Han, W. S., Lu, M., McPherson, B., Keating, E., Moore, J., Park, E., Watson, Z., & Jung, N. H. (2013). Characteristics of CO2‐driven cold‐water geyser, Crystal Geyser in Utah: experimental observation and mechanism analyses. Geofluids 13, 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfl.12018
  • Hurwitz, S., & Manga, M. (2017). The fascinating and complex dynamics of geyser eruptions. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 45, 31–59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-015605
  • Isherwood, W. F. (1981). Geophysical overview of the Geysers. Research in the Geysers-Clear Lake geothermal area: Washington, DC, US Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 1141, 83–95.
  • Kamnavylet. (Ağustos, 2025). In the vicinity of Spišské Podhradie, there is a popular and sought after locality, dominated by a travertine hill called Sivá Brada (Grey Beard). This 25-meter-high hill is one of the few still living travertine piles in Slovakia. It is due to the still rising mineralized water, especially in the north and south of the hills. https://www.kamnavylet.sk/en/attraction/gray-chin
  • Kavurmacı, M. M., & Tekocak Yardımlı, B. B. (2020). Aksaray bölgesi yeraltı suyu kalitesinin konumsal dağılımının interpolasyon teknikleri kullanılarak belirlenmesi. Devlet Su İşleri Teknik Bülteni, 135, 1-17. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12451/8468
  • Kiryukhin, A., Polyakov, A., Zhuravlev, N., Tsuchiya, N., Rychkova, T., Usacheva, O., & Dubrovskaya, I. (2022). Dynamics of natural discharge of the hydrothermal system and geyser eruption regime in the Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka. Applied Geochemistry 136, 105166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.105166
  • Kiryukhin, A. V., & Karpov, G. (2020). A CO2-driven gas lift mechanism in geyser cycling (Uzon caldera, kamchatka). Geosciences 10(5), 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10050180
  • Koçyiğit, A., (2000). General neotectonic characteristics and seismicity of Central Anatolia, Haymana–Tuz Gölü–Ulukışla basenlerinin uygulamalı çalışması (workshop). Abstracts, pp. 1–26 (Aksaray).
  • Kürçer, A., & Gökten, Y. E. (2012). Paleoseismological three dimensional virtual photography method; a case study: Bağlarkayası-2010 trench, Tuz Gölü Fault Zone, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonics-Recent Advences, 201–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48194
  • Kürçer, A., & Gökten, Y. E. (2014). Neotectonic-period characteristics, seismicity, geometry and segmentation of the Tuz Gölü fault zone. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 149, 19–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19111/bmre.94099
  • Matamata-piako. (Haziran, 2025). This short walk leads you to the Mokena Geyser, a natural soda water geyser. It is named after the Māori chief- Mokena Te Hau who once owned the Domain land. There are two ways to access the geyser. https://www.mpdc.govt.nz/walking-a-cycling-tracks/71-our-community/walking-and-cycling-tracks/476-mokena-geyser-access
  • Öner, M. (2016, Nisan 5). Kuyudan Karbondioksit ve Su Fışkırdı. Haberler.com. https://www.haberler.com/kuyudan-karbondioksit-ve-su-fiskirdi-8326378-haberi/
  • Özsayın, E, Çiner, T. A, Rojay, F. B, Dirik, R. K, Melnıck, D, Fernández-Blanco, D, Bertottı, G, Schıldgen, T. F, Garcın, Y, Strecker, M. R, & Sudo, M (2013). Plio-Quaternary extensional tectonics of the Central Anatolian Plateau: a case study from the Tuz Gölü Basin, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 22 (5): 691-714. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1210-5
  • Özsayın, E. (2016). Relative tectonic activity assessment of the Çameli Basin, Western Anatolia, using geomorphic indices. Geodinamica Acta 28, 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2015.1128180
  • Palace Hotel. (Ağustos, 2025). Geiser Floriano de Lemos. https://palacehotel.com.br/caxambu/parque-das-aguas/geiser-floriano-de-lemos/
  • Pan, Y., Stevenson, R. J., Hill, B. H., Herlihy, A. T., & Collins, G. B. (1996). Using diatoms as indicators of ecological conditions in lotic systems: A regional assessment. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15(4), 481–495. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467816
  • Pathmasiri, E., & Fernando, S. (2022). An Exploration of Geotourism Characteristics: A Case Study of the Hummanaya Blowhole in Kudawella, Sri Lanka. The Faculty Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 11, 55–77.
  • Reynolds, C. S. (2006). Ecology of phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542145
  • Rinehart, J. S. (1974). Geysers. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 55, 1052–1062. https://doi.org/10.1029/EO055i012p01052
  • Round, F. E., Crawford, R. M., & Mann, D. G. (1990). The diatoms: Biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rudolph, M. L., & Sohn, R. A. (2017). A model for internal oscillations in geysers, with application to Old Faithful (Yellowstone, USA). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 343, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.04.023
  • Smol, J. P., & Stoermer, E. F. (Eds.). (2010). The diatoms: Applications for the environmental and earth sciences (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Stoermer, E. F., & Smol, J. P. (Eds.). (1999). The diatoms: Applications for the environmental and earth sciences. Cambridge University Press.
  • Štrba, Ľ. (2014). The Herľany geyser–a unique hydrogeological and geotouristic locality in Europe. Geotourism, 3-4(38-39), 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geotour.2014.38-39.41
  • Van Dam, H., Mertens, A., & Sinkeldam, J. (1994). A coded checklist and ecological indicator values of freshwater diatoms from the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 28(1), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02334251
  • Velasco Fuentes, O. (2012). The activity of La Bufadora, a natural marine spout in northwestern Mexico. In "Fluid Dynamics in Physics, Engineering and Environmental Applications", pp. 353–360. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27723-8_32
  • Yıldırım, C. (2014). Relative tectonic activity assessment of the Tuz Gölü Fault Zone; Central Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonophysics, 630, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.023
  • Watson, Z. (2014). An analysis of CO2-driven cold-water geysers in Green River, Utah and Chimayo, New Mexico, [Master's Thesis, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/93985
  • Wikipedia. (Temmuz, 2025). Soda Springs, Idaho. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_Springs,_Idaho
  • Wikipedia. (Temmuz, 2025). Woodside, Utah. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside,_Utah
  • Whitton, B. A., Rott, E., & Friedrich, G. (2009). The use of algae for monitoring rivers. Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Germany.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hidrografi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ali Uzun 0000-0003-3854-2780

Faruk Aylar 0000-0003-4439-9079

Faruk Maraşlıoğlu 0000-0002-7784-9243

Halithan Şen 0000-0003-1332-2132

Musa Altun 0000-0002-3263-3174

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 13 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 4 Ekim 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

APA Uzun, A., Aylar, F., Maraşlıoğlu, F., … Şen, H. (2025). Ulukışla 1 Soğuk Su Gayzeri (Aksaray) ve Hidroekolojik Özellikleri. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi(15), 150-169. https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1773234
Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi ( JADER ) / Journal of Geomorphological Researches
TR Dizin - Crossref - Google ScholarDOAJ - DRJI - ASOS İndeks - Scientific Indexing Service  tarafından taranmaktadır. 
Jeomorfoloji Derneği  / Turkish Society for Geomorphology ( www.jd.org.tr )