Energy utilization and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in cherry cultivation

Year 2024, , 285 - 293, 27.06.2024

Önder Uysal , Osman Gökdoğan

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.2.5

Abstract

This study was performed with the purpose of shedding light on the energy balance (EB) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of cherry cultivation. It was performed in Gönen district of Isparta province of Türkiye during the 2021 production period. Data related to energy inputs (EI) and outputs (EO) were gathered in cherry cultivation. They were then usaged to reveal the EB and GHG in the process. According to the results of the study, EI in cherry cultivation were 8 141.40 MJ/ha (57.04%) chemical fertilizers energy, 3 575.69 (25.05%) diesel fuel energy, 1 186.02 (8.31%) machinery energy, 469.80 (3.29%) electricity energy, 366.25 (2.57%) human labour energy, 290.30 (2.03%) irrigation water energy, 231.30 (1.62%) chemicals energy and 13.20 MJ/ha (0.09%) lime energy, respectively. Total input energy was computed to be 14 273.96 MJ/ha while output energy was found to be 29 593 MJ/ha. Energy utilization efficiency (EUE), specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP) and net energy (NE) values were found as 2.07, 1.41 MJ/kg, 0.71 kg/MJ and 15 319.04 MJ/ha, respectively. The total energy inputs that were involved in cherry cultivation were categorized as: 32.94% (4 702.04 MJ/ha) direct (IE), 67.06% (9 571.92 MJ/ha) indirect (IDE), 4.60% (656.55 MJ/ha) renewable (RE) and 95.40% (13 617.41 MJ/ha) non-renewable (NRE). Total GHG emission was computed as 550.71 kgCO2eq/ha for cherry cultivation with the greatest share for diesel fuel (31.82%). GHG ratio value was computed as 0.05 kgCO2eq/kg in cherry cultivation.

Keywords

Cherry, Energy balance, Energy utilization efficiency, GHG emissions, Specific energy

References

• Akbolat, D., K. Ekinci, Demircan, V. (2014). Carbon Dioxide Emissions Depending on Inputs Used in the Cultivation of Some Agricultural Products. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 23: 795-800.
• Akdemir, S., Calavaris, C., Gemtos, T. (2017). Energy Balance of Sunflower Production. Agronomy Research, 15(4):1463-1473. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.17.003
• Anonymous. (1998). Türkiye’de Üretilen Tarım Ürünlerinin Üretim Girdileri Rehberi. Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No: 104, Rehber No: 16, Ankara.
• Anonymous. (2001). IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2001. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: University Press.
• Anonymous. (2002). IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), “Climate Change and Biodiversity”, Technical Paper V.Anonymous, (2020b). Enerji. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerji (Access date: 06 October 2021).
• Anonymous. (2020a). Dünyada Kiraz, https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/BUGEM/Belgeler/M%C4%B0LL%C4%B0%20TARIM/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCn%20Masalar%C4%B1%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCn%20De%C4%9Ferlendirme%20Raporlar%C4%B1%20yay%C4%B1mland%C4%B1/Kiraz%20De%C4%9Ferlendirme%20Raporu.pdf (Access date: 25 December 2023).
• Anonymous. (2020b). Enerji, https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerji (Access date: 06 October 2021).
• Anonymous. (2023a). T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, TEPGE, Tarım Ürünleri Piyasaları, Kiraz (S. Demircan), Ocak 2022. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Belgeler/PDF%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Piyasalar%C4%B1/2022-Ocak%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Rapor%C4%B1/Kiraz,%20Ocak-2022,%20Tar%C4%B1m%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Piyasa%20Raporu--+.pdf (Access date: 25 December 2023).
• Anonymous. (2023b). Isparta Valiliği. http://www.isparta.gov.tr/isparta (Access date: 25 December 2023).
• Anonymous. (2023c). Isparta İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. https://isparta.ktb.gov.tr/TR-165535/gonen.html (Access date: 25 December 2023).
• Anonymous. (2023d). Isparta İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. https://isparta.ktb.gov.tr/TR-71025/iklim.html (Access date: 25 December 2023).
• Baran, M.F., Elicin, A.K., Belliturk, K., Celik, A. (2022). Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Sauceboat Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) Production in Türkiye. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 6(4), 605-613. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2022.4.14
• Baran, M.F., Demir, C., Eliçin, A.K., Gökdoğan, O. (2023). Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) Analysis of Garlic Cultivation in Turkey. Int J Agric & Biol Eng., 16(4): 63-67. https://doi.org/10.25165/j.ijabe.20231604.7599
• Bayhan, Y. (2016). İkinci Ürün Ayçiçeği Üretiminde Farklı Toprak İşleme ve Doğrudan Ekim Yöntemlerinin Enerji Kullanım Etkinliğinin Karşılaştırılması. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2): 102-109 (in Turkish).
• Bilgili, M.E. (2012). Limon Üretiminde Enerji Kullanım Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi; Adana ili örneği. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 8(2): 199-203 (inTurkish).
• Clark, S., Khoshnevisan, B., Sefeedpari, P. (2016). Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions During Transition to Organic and Reduced-İnput Practices: Student Farm Case Study. Ecological Engineering, 88: 186-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.12.036
• Çelen, İ.H., Baran, M.F., Önler, E., Bayhan, Y. (2017). Determination of Energy Balance of Apple (Malus domestica) Production in Turkey: A Case Study for Tekirdag Province. Anadolu J Agr Sci, 32: 40-45 doi: https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.289604
• Çelik, Y., Sarıaltın, H.K. (2019). Türkiye’de Kiraz Üretiminin Yapısal Analizi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(4): 596-607. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.633515 (in Turkish).
• Demir, C., Gökdoğan, O., Baran, M.F. (2022). Determination of Energy Usage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Lavender Production. Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío, 34(S5): 192-202.
• Demir C (2023) Analyses of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in watermelon production. Int J Agric & Biol Eng 16(5): 221-225. https://doi.org/10.25165/j.ijabe.20231605.7918
• Demircan, V., Ekinci, K., Keener, H.M., Akbolat, D., Ekinci, C. (2006). Energy and Economic Analysis of Sweet Cherry Production in Turkey: A Case Study from Isparta Province. Energy Convers Manag, 47: 1761-1769. https://doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2005.10.003
• Dyer, J.A., Desjardins, R.L. (2006). Carbon Dioxide Emissions Associated with the Manufacturing of Tractors and Farm Machinery in Canada. Biosystems Engineering, 93(1): 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.09.011
• Ekinci, K., Demircan, V., Atasay, A., Karamursel, D., Sarica, D. (2020). Energy, Economic and Environmental Analysis of Organic and Conventional Apple Production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 62(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-019-00462-0
• El Saleh, Y. (2000). Suriye ve Türkiye’de Mercimek ve Nohut Hasadında Mekanizasyon Olanaklarının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Doktora Tezi, Adana (in Turkish).
• Eren, O., Baran, M.F., Gokdogan, O. (2019) Determination of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the production of different fruits in Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull, 28(1): 464-472.
• Fluck, R.C. (1992). Energy in Farm Production. In: Fluck RC (ed) Energy in World Agriculture, Vol 6. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
• Gezer, I., Acaroğlu, M., Haciseferoğullari, H. (2003). Use of Energy and Labor in Apricot Agriculture in Turkey. Biomass Bioenergy, 24: 215-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00116-2
• Gökırmaklı, Ç., Bayram, M. (2018). Gıda İçin Gelecek Öngörüleri: Yıl 2050. Akademik Gıda, 16(3): 351-360. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.475396 (in Turkish).
• Göktürk, B. (1999). Kuru Soğanın Hasada Yönelik Bazı Özelliklerinin Saptanması, Kazıcı Bıçaklı Tip Hasat Makinasının Geliştirilmesi ve Diğer Hasat Yöntemleri ile Karşılaştırılması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Doktora Tezi, Tekirdağ (in Turkish).
• Graefe, S., Tapasco, J., Gonzalez, A. (2013). Resource use and greenhouse gas emissions of eight tropical fruits species cultivated in Colombia. Fruits 68(4):303-314
• Güzel, E. (1986). Çukurova Bölgesinde Yerfıstığının Söküm ve Harmanlanmasının Mekanizasyonu ve Bitkinin Mekanizasyona Yönelik Özelliklerinin Saptanması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Türkiye Zirai Donatım Kurumu Mesleki Yayınları. Yayın No:47, Ankara (in Turkish).
• Houshyar, E., Dalgaard, T., Tarazgar, M.H., Jorgensen. U. (2015). Energy Input for Tomato Production What Economy Says, and What is Good for the Environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 89: 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.022
• Hughes, D.J., West, J.S., Atkins, S.D., Gladders, P., Jeger, M.J., Fitt, B.D. (2011). Effects of Disease Control by Fungicides on Greenhouse Gas Emissions by UK Arable Crop Production. Pest Management Science, 67: 1082-1092. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2151
• Imran, M., Ozcatalbas, O. (2021). Optimization of Energy Consumption and Its Effect on the Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Wheat Production in Turkey. Discov. Sustain., 2: 2-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-021-00035-w
• İncekara, H., Selek, M. (2020). Görüntü İşleme Yöntemleri Kullanılarak Kiraz Meyvesinin Sınıflandırılması Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi , Özel Sayı ), 108 112. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.801942 (in Turkish).
• İşleyen, M. (2019). Ankara İli Ayaş İlçesinde Kiraz Yetiştiriciliği Yapan Tarım İşletmelerinde Ürün Maliyetinin ve Karlilik Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• İşleyen, M., Erden, F.F. (2019). Ankara İli Ayaş İlçesinde Kiraz Yetiştiriciliği Yapan Tarım İşletmelerinde Ürün Maliyetinin ve Kârlılık Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi. TEAD, 5(2): 68-81.
• Karaağaç, H.A., Aykanat, S., Çakır, B., Eren, Ö., Turgut, M.M., Barut, Z.B., Öztürk, H.H. (2011). Energy Balance of Wheat and Maize Crops Production in Hacıali Undertaking. 11th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 21-23 September, 388-391.
• Karaağaç, H.A., Bolat, A., Sağlam, C., Yazgan, E., Çil, A. (2018). Ayçiçeği Üretiminin Enerji ve Ekonomik Analizi: Adana İli Örneği. Uluslararası Doğu Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(2): 1-12.
• Khoshnevisan, B., Rafiee, S., Omid, M., Yousefi, M., Movahedi, M. (2013). Modeling of Energy Consumption and GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Emissions in Wheat Production in Esfahan Province of Iran Using Artificial Neural Networks. Energy, 52: 333-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.028
• Khoshnevisan, B., Shariati, H.M., Rafiee, S., Mousazadeh, H. (2014). Comparison of Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions of Open Field and Greenhouse Strawberry Production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29: 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.098
• Kizilaslan, H. (2009). Input-Output Energy Analysis of Cherries Production in Tokat Province of Turkey. Appl Energy, 86: 1354-1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.07.009
• Koctürk, O.M., Engindeniz, S. (2009). Energy and Cost Analysis of Sultana Grape Growing: A Case Study of Manisa, West Turkey. Afr J Agric Res., 4(10): 938-943. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR.9000285
• Korkmaz, K. (2007). Global Warming and Its Effect on Agricultural Practices. Alatarım, 6 (2): 43-49.
• Lal, R. (2004). Carbon Emission From Farm Operations. Environment International, 30: 981-990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.03.005
• Mandal, K.G., Saha, K.P., Ghosh, P.K., Hati, K.M., Bandyopadhyay, K.K. (2002). Bioenergy and Economic Analysis of Soybean-Based Crop Production Systems in Central India. Biomass Bioenergy, 23: 337-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00058-2
• Mani, I., Kumar, P., Panwar, J.S., Kant, K. (2007). Variation in Energy Consumption in Production of Wheat-Maize with Varying Altitudes in Hill Regions of Himachal Prades. India Energy, 32: 2336-2339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.07.004
• Maraseni, T.N., Cockfield, G., Maroulis, J., Chen, G. (2010). An Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Australian Vegetables Industry. J. Environ. Sci. Health B, 45: 578-588. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2010.493497
• Mohammadi, A., Tabatabaeefar, A., Shahin, S., Rafiee, S., Keyhani, A. (2008). Energy Use and Economical Analysis of Potato Production in Iran a Case Study: Ardabil province. Energy Convers Manag, 49: 3566-3570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.07.003
• Mohammadi, A., Rafiee, S., Mohtasebi, S.S., Rafiee, H. (2010). Energy Inputs-Yield Relationship and Cost Analysis of Kiwifruit Production in Iran. Renew Energy, 35: 1071-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.09.004
• Mrini, M., Senhaji, F., Pimentel, D. (2002). Energy Analysis of Sugar Beet Production Under Traditional and Intensive Farming Systems and Impacts on Sustainable Agriculture in Morocco. J. Sustain. Agric., 20: 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v20n04_03
• Nagy, C.N. (1999). Energy Coefficients for Agriculture Inputs in Western Canada. http://www.csale.usask.ca/PDFDocuments/energyCoefficientsAg.pdf (Access date: 31 May 1999).
• Oğuz, H.İ., Erdoğan, O., Gökdoğan, O. (2019). Energy Use Efficiency and Economic Analysis of Nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) Production: A Case Study from Niğde Province. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 61: 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-019-00434-4
• Ozalp, A., Yilmaz, S., Ertekin, C., Yilmaz, I. (2018). Energy Analysis and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases of Pomegranate Production in Antalya Province of Turkey. Erwerbs Obstbau, 60(4): 321-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-018-0380-z
• Ozkan, B., Kurklu, A., Akcaoz, H. (2004). An İnput-Output Energy Analysis in Greenhouse Vegetable Production: A Case Study for Antalya Region of Turkey. Biomass Bioenergy 26: 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00080-1
• Özcan, M.T. (1986). Mercimek Hasat ve Harman Yöntemlerinin İş Verimi, Kalitesi, Enerji Tüketimi ve Maliyet Yönünden Karşılaştırılması ve Uygun Bir Hasat Makinası Geliştirilmesi Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Türkiye Zirai Donatım Kurumu Yayınları. Yayın No: 46, Ankara (in Turkish).
• Öztürk, H.H. (2011). Bitkisel Üretimde Enerji Yönetimi. Hasad yayıncılık. 2011. ISBN: 978-975-8377-78-7 (in Turkish).
• Pimentel, D. (1980). Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351072519
• Proebsting, E.L. (1980). Energy Inputs in Cherry Production. (D. Pimentel ed.) Handbook of energy utilization in agriculture. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351072519
• Seydoşoğlu, S., Baran, M.F., Turan, N., Alfarraj, S., Albasher, G.A. (2023). Greenhouse Gas Emission and Energy Analysis of Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) Cultivation. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 35(3): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102541
• Singh, J.M. (2002). On Farm Energy Use Pattern in Different Cropping Systems in Haryana, India. International Institute of Management, University of Flensburg. Sustainable Energy Systems and Management, Master of Science, Flensburg, Germany, 118.
• Singh, H., Mishra, D., Nahar, N.M., Ranjan, M. (2003). Energy Use Pattern in Production Agriculture of a Typical Village in Arid Zone India (Part II). Energy Convers Manag, 44: 1053-1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(01)00161-3
• Sonmete, M.H. (2006). Fasulyenin Hasat-Harman Mekanizasyonu ve Geliştirme Olanakları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi, Konya (in Turkish).
• Sonmete, M.H., Demir, F. (2007) Fasulyenin Hasat-Harman Mekanizasyonunda Enerji Tüketimleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(41): 109-117 (in Turkish).
• Sütyemez, M., Eti, S. (1999). Pozantı Ekolojik koşullarında yetiştirilen bazı kiraz çeşitlerinin döllenme biyolojileri üzerine araştırmalar. Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry, 23: 265-272.
• Şahin, K., Külekçi, M. (2022). Örtü Altı Domates Üretiminde Enerji Kullanımı ve Sera Gazı Emisyonunun Girdi Optimizasyonu Yaklaşımı ile Azaltılması: Antalya İli Örneği. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(3): 1808-1819. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1111255
• Vahid-Berimanlou, R, Nadi, F. (2021). Investigating the Energy Consumption and Economic Indices for Sweet-Cherry and Sour-Cherry Production in Northeastern Iran. Journal of Agricultural Machinery, 11(1), (Spring- Summer): 97-110. https://doi.org/10.22067/jam.v11i1.83466
• Yaldız, O., Öztürk, H.H., Zeren, Y., Başçetinçelik, A. (1993). Energy Usage in Production of Field Crops in Turkey. 5th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture, Kuşadası, Turkey, 11-14 October, 527-536 (in Turkish).
• Yıldız, T. (2023). Investigating Greenhouse Gas Dispersions and Energy Consumptive in Tea Cultivation. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 35(11): 1025-1032. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2023.3173
• Yılmaz A, Bayav, A. (2023). Determination of Energy Efficiency in Almond Production According to Variety: A Case Study in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 65: 971-979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-022-00728-0