Exceedance probability assessment of bathing water quality standards in lake Van based on a geostatistical analysis

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 4, 675 - 688, 15.12.2021

Mert Sanli Yasemin Dilşad Yılmazel

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.4.29

Abstract

Monitoring bathing water quality (BWQ) is highly important in Turkey both for public health issues and tourism income. Lake Van is one of the largest lakes of Turkey and serves as one of the most important tourist attractions in the eastern part of Turkey. This study aims to assess critical bathing sites in Lake Van by using historical BWQ data that was collected twice a month during the swimming season from June 15 to August 31, between the years 2010 and 2020. To avoid public health hazards, it is very important to determine the spatial dimension of inland water pollution and provide visual tools for its presentation. Geostatistical data analysis and the determination of critical locations have been done by a spatial interpolation method, named Probability Kriging (PK) using Geographic Information System (GIS) based software ArcMap 10. Probability maps for exceeding the threshold values identified for the two microbiological water quality parameters of Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci (IE) were generated, and used for the identification of four critical regions: İskele (4), west side of Gevaş (1), Edremit (3) and Muradiye/Erciş (7). Insufficient wastewater treatment plant capacity serving to high population in these regions may indicate the most pressing issues disturbing the BWQ.

Keywords

Lake Van, Geostatistics, Kriging, Bathing water quality

References

• Adhikary, P. P., Dash, C. J., Bej, R., and Chandrasekharan, H. (2010). Indicator and probability kriging methods for delineating Cu, Fe, and Mn contamination in groundwater of Najafgarh Block, Delhi, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 176(1–4), 663–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1611-4
• Audu, I. (2015). An Application of Geostatistics to Analysis of Water Quality Parameters in Rivers and Streams in Niger State, Nigeria. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 4(5), 373. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20150405.18
• Aydın, E., Parlak, M., Güdücüoğlu, H. and Bayram, Y. (2021). Determination of Microbiological Pollution Level of Lake Van and Lake Erçek Situated within the Borders of Van Province. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi. Published. https://doi.org/10.5222/tmcd.2021.02418
• Bostan, P. (2017). Basic kriging methods in geostatistics. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 27, 10-20.
• Danovaro, R., Fonda Umani, S. and Pusceddu, A. (2009). Climate Change and the Potential Spreading of Marine Mucilage and Microbial Pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE, 4(9), e7006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007006
• Degens, E. T., Wong, H. K., Kempe, S. and Kurtman, F. (1984). A geological study of lake van, Eastern Turkey. Geologische Rundschau. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01824978
• Peyzaj Mimarliği Akademik Topluluğu (PEMAT) Toplantısı Çalışma Sonuçları Edit. Şevket Alp, Emel Baylan, Pınar Bostan, Onur Şatır, Üyesi Feran Aşur, Gülçinay Başdoğan, Hilmi Ekin Oktay, XXI. PEMAT 2018 Yılı Toplantısı Van YYÜ/Türkiye, Vameda Ofset Maatbacılık Reklam Sn. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Van, ISBN 978-975-7616-68-9, Page 62.
• Doğan, E., Kocamaz, U. E., Utkucu, M. and Yıldırım, E. (2016). Modelling daily water level fluctuations of Lake Van (Eastern Turkey) using Artificial Neural Networks. Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 187(3), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1127/fal/2015/0736
• EC. (2006). Bathing Water Quality Directive 2006/7/EC. (1882), 51.
• EEA. (2018a). European bathing water quality in 2017. European Environment Agengy Reports, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.2800/116560
• EEA. (Accessed 25 September 2020). CORINE Land Cover Nomenclature Guidelines. Retrieved from https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/corine-land-cover-nomenclature-guidelines
• EEA. (2018b). Corine Land Cover. Retrieved from https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc2018
• El-Zeiny, A. and El-Kafrawy, S. (2017). Assessment of water pollution induced by human activities in Burullus Lake using Landsat 8 operational land imager and GIS. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 20, S49–S56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2016.10.002
• El Mrini, A., Maanan, M., Anthony, E. J. and Taaouati, M. (2012). An integrated approach to characterize the interaction between coastal morphodynamics, geomorphological setting and human interventions on the Mediterranean beaches of northwestern Morocco. Applied Geography, 35(1–2), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.08.009
• General Directorate of Public Health. (Accessed 01 July 2021). Retrieved from Yüzme Suyu Takip Sistemi website: https://yuzme.saglik.gov.tr
• Geostatistical Applications for Precision Agriculture. (2010). In M. A. Oliver (Ed.), Geostatistical Applications for Precision Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9133-8
• Goovaerts, P., AvRuskin, G., Meliker, J., Slotnick, M., Jacquez, G. and Nriagu, J. (2005). Geostatistical modeling of the spatial variability of arsenic in groundwater of southeast Michigan. Water Resources Research, 41(7), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003705
• Hafeez, S., Sing Wong, M., Abbas, S., Y. T. Kwok, C., Nichol, J., Ho Lee, K., Tang, D. and Pun, L. (2019). Detection and Monitoring of Marine Pollution Using Remote Sensing Technologies. In Monitoring of Marine Pollution. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81657
• Jang, C. S. (2018). Probabilistic assessment of the water quality of bathing beaches on the Taiwanese coast using indicator-based geostatistics with one- dimensional cyclic coordinates. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(22), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7958-5
• Kadioğlu, M., Şen, Z. and Batur, E. (1997). The greatest soda-water lake in the world and how it is influenced by climatic change. Annales Geophysicae, 15(11), 1489–1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-1489-9
• Kaymak, G., Kayhan, F. E. and Yön Ertuğ, N. D. (2021). A biomonitoring study: Using the biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio for the evaluation of water pollution in Sapanca lake (Sakarya, Turkey). International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 5(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.1.14
• Keleş G., Yilmaz S. and Zengin M.2020. Possible Economic Effects of Musilage on Sea of Marmara Fisheries. Int. J. Agric. For. Life Sci.,4(2):173-177.
• Mali, M., Malcangio, D., Dell’ Anna, M. M., Damiani, L. and Mastrorilli, P. (2018). Influence of hydrodynamic features in the transport and fate of hazard contaminants within touristic ports. Case study: Torre a Mare (Italy). Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00494
• Malcangio, D., Donvito, C. and Ungaro, N. (2018). Statistical Analysis of Bathing Water Quality in Puglia Region (Italy). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15051010
• McCoy, J. and Johnston, K. (2002). Using Arcgis Spatial Analyst. Esri Press.
• MoEF (Ministry of Environment and Forestry), 2004. Water Pollution Control Regulation. Official Gazette dated 31 December 2004 and numbered 25687.
• MoH (Ministry of Health), 2019. Regulation on Concerning the Management of Bathing Water Quality. Official Gazette dated 25 September and numbered 30899.
• Narany, T. S., Ramli, M. F., Aris, A. Z., Sulaiman, W. N. A. and Fakharian, K. (2014). Spatial assessment of groundwater quality monitoring wells using indicator kriging and risk mapping, Amol-Babol Plain, Iran. Water (Switzerland), 6(1), 68–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/w6010068
• Ortega, C., Solo-Gabriele, H. M., Abdelzaher, A., Wright, M., Deng, Y. and Stark, L. M. (2009). Correlations between microbial indicators, pathogens, and environmental factors in a subtropical Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.015
• Ozguven, A. and Demir Yetis, A. (2020). Assessment of Spatiotemporal Water Quality Variations, Impact Analysis and Trophic Status of Big Soda Lake Van, Turkey. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04622-x
• Özalp, S., Aydemir, B. S., Olgun, E., Şimşek, B., Elmacı, H., Evren, M., Emre, M., Aydın, M. B., Kurtuluş, O., Öcal, F., Can, A. Z., Yanmaz, M. N., Apa, R. and Duman, T. Y. (2016). Tectonic deformations in the quaternany deposits of the Lake Van (Edremit Bay),Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Bulletin Of The Mineral Research and Exploration, 0(153). https://doi.org/10.19111/bmre.58034
• Sanders, E. C., Yuan, Y. and Pitchford, A. (2013). Fecal coliform and E. coli concentrations in effluent-dominated streams of the upper santa cruz watershed. Water (Switzerland), 5(1), 243–261. https://doi.org/10.3390/w5010243
• Thomas, J. C., Lutz, M. A., Bruce, J. L., Graczyk, D. J., Richards, K. D., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Westenbroek, S. M., Scudder, B. C., Sullivan, D. J. and Bell, A. H. (2007). Water-Quality Characteristics for Selected Sites Within the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District Planning Area, Wisconsin, February 2004-September 2005. Scientific Investigations Report. Published. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075084
• Tiwari, A., Oliver, D. M., Bivins, A., Sherchan, S. P. and Pitkänen, T. (2021). Bathing Water Quality Monitoring Practices in Europe and the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115513
• Tomonaga, Y., Brennwald, M. S., Livingstone, D. M., Kwiecien, O., Randlett, M. È., Stockhecke, M., Unwin, K., Anselmetti, F. S., Beer, J., Haug, G.H., Schubert, C. J., Sturm M. and Kipfer, R. (2017). Porewater salinity reveals past lake-level changes in Lake Van, the Earth’s largest soda lake. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00371-w
• Tosic, M., Restrepo, J. D., Izquierdo, A., Lonin, S., Martins, F. and Escobar, R. (2018). An integrated approach for the assessment of land-based pollution loads in the coastal zone. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 211, 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.08.035
• Varouchakis, E. A. (2019). Geostatistics. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Extreme Hydrological Events, 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811689-0.00001-x
• WHO. WHO Recommendations on Scientific, Analytical and Epidemiological Developments Relevant to the Parameters for Bathing Water Quality in the Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/EC); World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2018.
• Yetiş, A. D. and Özgüven, A. (2020). Investigation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Waters of the Van Lake Edremit Coast. Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 831–848. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.752460
• Zhang, H. and Wang, Y. (2009). Kriging and cross-validation for massive spatial data. Environmetrics, 21(3–4), 290–304. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.1023
• Zielinski, O., Busch, J. A., Cembella, A. D., Daly, K. L., Engelbrektsson, J., Hannides, A. K. and Schmidt, H. (2009). Detecting marine hazardous substances and organisms: sensors for pollutants, toxins, and pathogens. Ocean Science, 5(3), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-329-2009