Determination of energy usage and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in artichoke production

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 642 - 649, 29.09.2024

Cihan Demir , Mehmet Fırat Baran , Ahmet Konuralp Eliçin

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.3.17

Abstract

This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining the energy usage (EU) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of artichoke production. It has been conducted in Efeler district of Aydın province of Türkiye during the 2022 production period. According to the results of the study, total input energy (EI) was calculated to be 32 211.48 MJ/ha and output energy (OE) was calculated to be 5 460 MJ/ha. EI in artichoke production were 15 718.20 MJ/ha (48.80%) chemical fertilizers energy, 8 896.98 (27.62%) diesel fuel energy, 3 832.27 (11.90%) machinery energy, 1 958.40 (6.08%) electricity energy, 1 036.35 (3.22%) irrigation water energy, 329.55 (1.02%) human labour energy, 294 MJ/ha (0.91%) plant energy and 145.73 (0.45%) chemicals energy, respectively. Energy use efficiency (EUE), specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP) and net energy (NE) values were found as 0.17, 4.72 MJ/kg, 0.21 kg/MJ and -26 751.48 MJ/ha, respectively. The total energy inputs that were involved in artichoke production were classified as: 37.94% (12 221.28 MJ/ha) direct (IE), 62.06% (19 990.20 MJ/ha) indirect (IDE), 5.15% (1 659.90 MJ/ha) renewable (RE) and 94.85% (30 551.58 MJ/ha) non-renewable (NRE). Total GHG emission was calculated as 1 401.64 kgCO2eq/hafor artichoke production with the greatest share for diesel fuel (31.11%). GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.21 kgCO2eq/kg in artichoke production.

Keywords

Artichoke, Energy usage, Net energy, Specific energy

References

• Akbolat, D., K. Ekinci, Demircan, V. (2014). Carbon Dioxide Emissions Depending on Inputs Used in the Cultivation of Some Agricultural Products. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 23: 795-800.
• Anonymous.(2024a). T.C. Efeler Belediyesi. https://www.efeler.bel.tr/efeler/cografya-ve-yeryuzu-sekilleri (Access date: 25 July 2024).
• Anonymous.(2024b). T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanliği, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü.https://www.mgm.gov.tr/tahmin/il-ve-ilceler.aspx?il=Ayd%C4%B1n&ilce=Efeler (Access date: 25 July 2024).
• Baran, M.F., Elicin, A.K., Belliturk, K., Celik, A. (2022). Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Sauceboat Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) Production in Türkiye. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 6(4), 605-613.https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2022.4.14
• Baran, M.F., Demir, C., Eliçin, A.K., Gökdoğan, O. (2023). Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) Analysis of Garlic Cultivation in Turkey. Int J Agric & Biol Eng., 16(4): 63-67.https://doi.org/10.25165/j.ijabe.20231604.7599
• BioGrace-II. (2015).Harmonised Calculations of Biofuel Greenhouse Gas Emissions inEurope. BioGrace, Utrecht, The Netherlands. http://www.biograce.net.
• Canakci M., Akinci, I. (2006). Energy Use Pattern Analyses of Greenhouse Vegetable Production. Energy 31: 1243-1256.
• Candemir, S. (2020). Ekmeklik Buğday Üretiminde Enerji Kullanımı ve Etkinlik Analizi: Kahramanmaraş ili örneği (in Turkish).
• Celik, Y., Peker, K., Oguz, C. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Energy Efficiency in Organic and Conventional Farming Systems: A Case Study of Black Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Production in Turkey. Philipp Agric Sci 93(2): 224-231.
• Clark, S., Khoshnevisan, B., Sefeedpari, P. (2016). Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions During Transition to Organic and Reduced-İnput Practices: Student Farm Case Study. Ecological Engineering, 88:186-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.12.036
• Çelen, İ.H. (2016). Tarımsal Uygulamalarda Enerji Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 6(3): 18-29 (in Turkish).
• D’Asaro, F., Grillone, G. (2012). Empirical Investigation of Curve Number Method Parameters in the Mediterranean Area. J. Hydrol. Eng. 17(10): 1141-1152.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000570
• Demircan, V., Ekinci, K., Keener, H.M., Akbolat, D., Ekinci, C. (2006). Energy and Economic Analysis of Sweet Cherry Production in Turkey: A Case Study from Isparta Province. Energy Convers Manag, 47:1761-1769. https://doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2005.10.003
• Duman, İ., Nas, Y. (2020). Determination Of Change In Yield And Quality Properties of Canned Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Production from Seed. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., Özel Sayı:1-7. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.703747
• Dyer, J.A., Desjardins, R.L. (2003). The Impact of Farm Machinery Management on the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Canadian Agriculture. Sustainable Agriculture 22(3): 59-74.
• Dyer, J.A., Desjardins, R.L. (2006). Carbon Dioxide Emissions Associated with the Manufacturing of Tractors and Farm Machinery in Canada. Biosystems Engineering, 93(1): 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.09.011
• Ekinci, K., Demircan, V., Atasay, A., Karamursel, D., Sarica, D. (2020). Energy, Economic and Environmental Analysis of Organic and Conventional Apple Production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 62(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-019-00462-0
• El Saleh, Y. (2000). Suriye ve Türkiye’de Mercimek ve Nohut Hasadında Mekanizasyon Olanaklarının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Doktora Tezi, Adana (in Turkish).
• Eren, O., Baran, M.F., Gokdogan, O. (2019) Determination of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the production of different fruits in Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull, 28(1):464-472.
• Eser, B. (2002). Enginar Yetiştiriciliği, Ege Üniversitesi Tarımsal Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Çiftçi Broşürü:26, İzmir (in Turkish).
• FAO. (2018). Food and Agriculture Organization (www.fao.org/faostat). Erişim tarihi: 24.03.2020
• Göktürk, B. (1999). Kuru Soğanın Hasada Yönelik Bazı Özelliklerinin Saptanması, Kazıcı Bıçaklı Tip Hasat Makinasının Geliştirilmesi ve Diğer Hasat Yöntemleri ile Karşılaştırılması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Doktora Tezi, Tekirdağ (in Turkish).
• Güzel, E. (1986). Çukurova Bölgesinde Yerfıstığının Söküm ve Harmanlanmasının Mekanizasyonu ve Bitkinin Mekanizasyona Yönelik Özelliklerinin Saptanması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Türkiye Zirai Donatım Kurumu Mesleki Yayınları. Yayın No:47, Ankara (in Turkish).
• Houshyar, E., Dalgaard, T., Tarazgar, M.H., Jorgensen. U. (2015). Energy Input for Tomato Production What Economy Says, and What is Good for the Environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 89:99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.022
• Hughes, D.J., West, J.S., Atkins, S.D., Gladders, P., Jeger, M.J., Fitt, B.D. (2011). Effects of Disease Control by Fungicides on Greenhouse Gas Emissions by UK Arable Crop Production. Pest Management Science, 67:1082-1092. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2151
• Kamburoğlu Çebi, Ü., Aydın, B., Çakır, R., Altıntaş, S. (2017). Örtü Altı Baş Salata (Lactuca sativa cv Salinas) Üretiminin Enerji Kullanım Etkinliği ve Ekonomik Analizi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 4(4): 426-433 (in Turkish).
• Karaağaç, H.A., Aykanat, S., Çakır, B., Eren, Ö., Turgut, M.M., Barut, Z.B., Öztürk, H.H. (2011). Energy Balance of Wheat and Maize Crops Production in Hacıali Undertaking. 11th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 21-23 September, 388-391.
• Kenanoğlu Bektaş, Z., Saner, G. (2013). Türkiye’de Enginar Üretimi ve Pazarlaması. U.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1): 115-128 (in Turkish).
• Khoshnevisan, B., Rafiee, S., Omid, M., Yousefi, M., Movahedi, M. (2013). Modeling of Energy Consumption and GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Emissions in Wheat Production in Esfahan Province of Iran Using Artificial Neural Networks. Energy, 52:333-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.028
• Khoshnevisan, B., Shariati, H.M., Rafiee, S., Mousazadeh, H. (2014). Comparison of Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions of Open Field and Greenhouse Strawberry Production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29:316-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.098
• Kizilaslan, H. (2009). Input-Output Energy Analysis of Cherries Production in Tokat Province of Turkey. Appl Energy, 86:1354-1358.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.07.009
• Koctürk, O.M., Engindeniz, S. (2009). Energy and Cost Analysis of Sultana Grape Growing: A Case Study of Manisa, West Turkey. Afr J Agric Res., 4(10):938-943. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR.9000285
• Lal, R. (2004). Carbon Emission From Farm Operations. Environment International, 30:981-990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.03.005
• Leskovar, D.I., Xu, C., Agehara, S. (2013). Planting Configuration and Plasticulture Effects on Growth, Physiology, and Yield of Globe Artichoke. HortScience 48: 1496-1501. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.48.12.1496
• Mandal, K.G., Saha, K.P., Ghosh, P.K., Hati, K.M., Bandyopadhyay, K.K. (2002). Bioenergy and Economic Analysis of Soybean-Based Crop Production Systems in Central India. Biomass Bioenergy, 23:337-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00058-2
• Mani, I., Kumar, P., Panwar, J.S., Kant, K. (2007). Variation in Energy Consumption in Production of Wheat-Maize with Varying Altitudes in Hill Regions of Himachal Prades. India Energy, 32:2336-2339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.07.004
• Mohammadi, A., Tabatabaeefar, A., Shahin, S., Rafiee, S., Keyhani, A. (2008). Energy Use and Economical Analysis of Potato Production in Iran a Case Study: Ardabil province. Energy Convers Manag, 49:3566-3570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.07.003
• Mohammadi, A., Rafiee, S., Mohtasebi, S.S., Rafiee, H. (2010). Energy Inputs-Yield Relationship and Cost Analysis of Kiwifruit Production in Iran. Renew Energy, 35:1071-1075.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.09.004
• Oren, M.N., Ozturk, H.H. (2006). An analysis of Energy Utilization for Sustainable Wheat and Cotton Production in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 29(1): 119-130, https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v29n01_09
• Ozalp, A., Yilmaz, S., Ertekin, C., Yilmaz, I. (2018). Energy Analysis and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases of Pomegranate Production in Antalya Province of Turkey. Erwerbs Obstbau, 60(4):321-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-018-0380-z
• Ozbek O, Gokdogan O, Baran MF (2021) Investigation on Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) of Onion Cultivation. Fresenius Environ Bull 30(2): 1125-1133
• Ozkan, B., Kurklu, A., Akcaoz, H. (2004). An Input-Output Energy Analysis in Greenhouse Vegetable Production: A Case Study for Antalya Region of Turkey. Biomass Bioenergy 26:89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00080-1
• Ozkan, B., Ceylan, R.F., Kizilay, H. (2011). Energy inputs and crop yield relationships in greenhouse winter crop tomato production. Renewable Energy 36: 3217-3221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.03.042
• Özcan, M.T. (1986). Mercimek Hasat ve Harman Yöntemlerinin İş Verimi, Kalitesi, Enerji Tüketimi ve Maliyet Yönünden Karşılaştırılması ve Uygun Bir Hasat Makinası Geliştirilmesi Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Türkiye Zirai Donatım Kurumu Yayınları. Yayın No:46, Ankara (in Turkish).
• Singh, J.M. (2002). On Farm Energy Use Pattern in Different Cropping Systems in Haryana, India. International Institute of Management, University of Flensburg. Sustainable Energy Systems and Management, Master of Science, Flensburg, Germany, 118.
• Singh, H., Mishra, D., Nahar, N.M., Ranjan, M. (2003). Energy Use Pattern in Production Agriculture of a Typical Village in Arid Zone India (Part II). Energy Convers Manag, 44: 1053-1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(01)00161-3
• Sgroi, F., Fodera, M., Trapani, A.M.D., Tudisca, S, Testa, R. (2015). Profitability of Artichoke Growing in the Mediterranean Area. Hortscience 50(9): 1349-1352. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.50.9.1349
• Sonmete, M.H. (2006). Fasulyenin Hasat-Harman Mekanizasyonu ve Geliştirme Olanakları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi, Konya (in Turkish).
• Sonmete, M.H., Demir, F. (2007) Fasulyenin Hasat-Harman Mekanizasyonunda Enerji Tüketimleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(41):109-117 (in Turkish).
• Taghavifar, H., Mardani, A. (2015). Prognostication of Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis of Apple Production in West Azerbayjan in Iran Using Artificial Neural Network. J Clean Prod 87: 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.054
• Topdemir, T. (2018). Menemen Koşullarında Pamuk Yetiştiriciliğinde Uygulanan Farklı Toprak Işleme Yöntemlerinin Enerji Verimliliği ve Kullanım Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi (in Turkish).
• TÜİK. (2019). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri (www.tuik.gov.tr). Erişim tarihi: 24.03.2020.
• Yaldız, O., Öztürk, H.H., Zeren, Y., Başçetinçelik, A. (1993). Energy Usage in Production of Field Crops in Turkey. 5th International Congress on Mechanization and Energy in Agriculture, Kuşadası, Turkey, 11-14 October, 527-536 (in Turkish).
• Yıldız, T. (2023). Investigating Greenhouse Gas Dispersions and Energy Consumptive in Tea Cultivation. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 35(11): 1025-1032. doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2023.v35.i11.3173