Chemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Four Propolis Samples Collected from Different Regions of Lebanon

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 21, 28.06.2021

Manal El Alı Ali Jaber , Zeinab Dorra Milad El Rıachı Ghassan Ibrahım Edmond Cheble

https://doi.org/10.35206/jan.828140

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Propolis samples were collected from four different regions of Lebanon characterized by high biodiversity and high honey production. The samples were analyzed for their total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), chemical profiles, and antioxidant activity. The TPC was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method while the TFC using the AlCl3 method. The antioxidant activity of propolis was examined by two different methods, namely free radical scavenging assay and reducing ability. The chemical profiles of the samples were assessed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), UV-Vis, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry GC-MS analysis. Total phenolic content ranged from 53.35 ± 7.09 to 148.27 ± 15.08 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content ranged from 45.73 ± 2.8 to 134.5 ± 8.46 mg RUE/g. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of 9-octadecene and tetradecene as major compounds that have been previously reported to demonstrate antioxidant activity. In addition, Berqayel propolis sample showed high content of phenolic compounds and high antioxidant activity and contained mainly hydrocarbons, while samples from Wadi Faara recorded poor chromatograms with the absence of most of the compounds present in Berqayel samples. The majority of propolis samples showed relatively interesting antioxidant activity, which was also correlated with TPC and TFC. Our results provide additional evidence on the importance of the chemical composition of propolis and its usefulness in the pharmaceutical industry.

Keywords

Antioxidant, Total phenolic content, Total flavonoid content, GC-MS analysis, Propolis

References

• Ahn, M. R., Kumazawa, S., Usui, Y., Nakamura, J., Matsuka, M., Zhu, F., & Nakayama, T. (2007). Antioxidant activity and constituents of propolis collected in various areas of China. Food Chemistry 101(4), 1383-1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.03.045
• Anjum, S. I., Ullah, A., Khan, K. A., Attaullah, M., Khan, H., Ali, H., Bashir, M. A., Tahir, M., Ansari, M. J., Ghramh, H. A., Adgaba, N., & Dash, C. K. (2019). Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(7), 1695–1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.013
• Barreca, D., Laganà, G., Leuzzi, U., Smeriglio, A., Trombetta, D., & Bellocco, E. (2016). Evaluation of the nutraceutical, antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of ripe pistachio (Pistacia vera L., variety Bronte) hulls. Food Chemistry, 196, 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.077
• Bittencourt, M. L. F., Ribeiro, P. R., Franco, R. L. P., Hilhorst, H. W. M., de Castro, R. D., & Fernandez, L. G. (2015). Metabolite profiling, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Brazilian propolis: Use of correlation and multivariate analyses to identify potential bioactive compounds. Food Research International, 76, 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.008
• Boisard, S. (2014). Caractérisation chimique et valorisation biologique d’extraits de propolis [Phd thesis, Université d’Angers]. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01611789
• Bueno-Silva, B., Marsola, A., Ikegaki, M., Alencar, S. M., & Rosalen, P. L. (2017). The effect of seasons on Brazilian red propolis and its botanical source: Chemical composition and antibacterial activity. Natural Product Research, 31(11), 1318–1324. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1239088
• Chamandi, G., Olama, Z., & Holail, H. (2015). Antimicrobial effect of Propolis From different Geographic Origins in Lebanon. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci, 4(4), 328–342.
• Cottica, S. M., Sabik, H., Antoine, C., Fortin, J., Graveline, N., Visentainer, J. V., & Britten, M. (2015). Characterization of Canadian propolis fractions obtained from two-step sequential extraction. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 60(1), 609–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.08.045
• Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(4), 564–582. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.4.564
• do Nascimento, T. G., dos Santos Arruda, R. E., da Cruz Almeida, E. T., dos Santos Oliveira, J. M., Basílio-Júnior, I. D., Celerino de Moraes Porto, I. C., Rodrigues Sabino, A., Tonholo, J., Gray, A., Ebel, R. E., Clements, C., Zhang, T., & Watson, D. G. (2019). Comprehensive multivariate correlations between climatic effect, metabolite-profile, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of Brazilian red propolis metabolites during seasonal study. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 18293. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54591-3
• Do, Q. D., Angkawijaya, A. E., Tran-Nguyen, P. L., Huynh, L. H., Soetaredjo, F. E., Ismadji, S., & Ju, Y.-H. (2014). Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(3), 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
• Ezzat, S. M., Khattaby, A. M., Abdelmageed, S., & Abd Elaal, M. A. (2019). Cytotoxicity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity, and GC-MS analysis of Egyptian propolis. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 28(6), 1589–1598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-019-02971-6
• Galeotti, F., Maccari, F., Fachini, A., & Volpi, N. (2018). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Prepared in Different Forms and in Different Solvents Useful for Finished Products. Foods, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7030041
• Gautam, V., Kohli, S. K., Arora, S., Bhardwaj, R., Kazi, M., Ahmad, A., Raish, M., Ganaie, M. A., & Ahmad, P. (2018). Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Activities of Different Fractions from the Leaves of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. And Their GC-MS Profiling. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 23(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092239
• Ghedadba, N., Hambaba, L., Ammar, A., Mohamed-Cherif, A., Bousselsela, H., & M. Oueld-Mokhtar, S. (2015). Polyphénols totaux, activités antioxydante et antimicrobienne des extraits des feuilles de Marrubium deserti de Noé. Phytothérapie, 13, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10298-015-0944-4
• Huang, S., Zhang, C.-P., Wang, K., Li, G. Q., & Hu, F.-L. (2014). Recent Advances in the Chemical Composition of Propolis. Molecules, 19(12), 19610–19632. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191219610
• Iqbal, E., Salim, K. A., & Lim, L. B. L. (2015). Phytochemical screening, total phenolics and antioxidant activities of bark and leaf extracts of Goniothalamus velutinus (Airy Shaw) from Brunei Darussalam. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 27(3), 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2015.02.003
• Isla, M. I., Paredes-Guzman, J. F., Nieva-Moreno, M. I., Koo, H., & Park, Y. K. (2005). Some Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Northern Argentine Propolis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(4), 1166–1172. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040130h
• Jaber, A., Edmond, C., Ibrahim, G., & Lamis, A.-H. (2019). Phytochemical study and antioxidant activity of extract from the leaves of lebanese datura metel l. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 6(8), 65–71.
• Karou, D., Dicko, M. H., Simpore, J., & Traore, A. S. (2005). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of polyphenols from ethnomedicinal plants of Burkina Faso. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(8), 823–828. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajb.v4i8.15190
• Kedare, S., & Singh, R. (2011). Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48, 412–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0251-1
• Kocot, J., Kiełczykowska, M., Luchowska-Kocot, D., Kurzepa, J., & Musik, I. (2018). Antioxidant Potential of Propolis, Bee Pollen, and Royal Jelly: Possible Medical Application. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7074209
• Kumazawa, S., Hamasaka, T., & Nakayama, T. (2004). Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. Food Chemistry, 84(3), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00216-4
• Labiad, M. H., Harhar, H., Ghanimi, A., & Tabyaoui, M. (2017). Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Moroccan Thymus satureioïdes Extracts. 8. Labyad, N., Doro, B., Elmarbet, N. S., Aluonsy, M. M., & Kahmasi, M. (2016). Phytochemical antioxidant and antimicrobial study of Libyan propolis ethanolic extract. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 4(5), 01–04.
• Maldonado, L., Marcinkevicius, K., Borelli, R., Gennari, G., Salomón, V., Isla, M. I., Vera, N., & Borelli, V. (2020). Differentiation of argentine propolis from different species of bees and geographical origins by UV spectroscopy and chemometric analysis. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 19(3), 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2018.09.003
• Manoj, G., Manohar, S. H., & Murthy, H. N. (2012). Chemical constituents, antioxidant and antimocrobial activity of essential oil of Pogostemon paniculatus (Willd.). Natural Product Research, 26(22), 2152–2154. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.633082
• Moţ, A. C., Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R., & Sârbu, C. (2011). Rapid and effective evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of propolis extracts using DPPH bleaching kinetic profiles, FT-IR and UV–vis spectroscopic data. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(4), 516–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.11.006
• Nakajima, Y., Tsuruma, K., Shimazawa, M., Mishima, S., & Hara, H. (2009). Comparison of bee products based on assays of antioxidant capacities. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 9, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-9-4
• Nicolas, C., Cayeux-Poirrier, M.-O., & Percie Du Sert, P. (2012). La propolis: Origine, composition et propriétés. Phytotherapie, 10, 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10298-012-0733-y
• Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 44(6), 307–315.
• Paganotti, R. S. N., Rezende, J. C. T. de, & Barbeira, P. J. S. (2014). Discrimination Between Producing Regions of Brazilian Propolis by UV-VIS Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. 10(2). https://doi.org/10.2174/15734110113099990030
• Pratami, D. K., Mun’im, A., Sundowo, A., & Sahlan, M. (2017). Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Ethanolic Extract from Tetragonula Bee. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(1), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.1.23
• Reis, J. H. de O., Barreto, G. de A., Cerqueira, J. C., Anjos, J. P. dos, Andrade, L. N., Padilha, F. F., Druzian, J. I., & Machado, B. A. S. (2019). Evaluation of the antioxidant profile and cytotoxic activity of red propolis extracts from different regions of northeastern Brazil obtained by conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction. PLOS ONE, 14(7), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219063
• Rosli, N. L., Roslan, H., Omar, E. A., Mokhtar, N., Hapit, N. H. A., & Asem, N. (2016). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities of Trigona Apicalis propolis extract. 020018. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968873
• Salatino, A., Fernandes-Silva, C. C., Righi, A. A., & Salatino, M. L. F. (2011). Propolis research and the chemistry of plant products. Natural Product Reports, 28(5), 925–936. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0NP00072H
• Savickas, A., Majiene, D., Ramanauskiene, K., Pavilonis, A., Muselik, J., Masteikova, R., & Chalupova, Z. (2005). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Lithuanian and Czech propolis. BIOLOGIJA., 4, 59–63.
• Shi, H., Yang, H., Zhang, X., & Yu, L. (Lucy). (2012). Identification and Quantification of Phytochemical Composition and Anti-inflammatory and Radical Scavenging Properties of Methanolic Extracts of Chinese Propolis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(50), 12403–12410. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3042775
• Silva, C. C. F. da, Salatino, A., Motta, L. B. da, Negri, G., & Salatino, M. L. F. (2019). Chemical characterization, antioxidant and anti-HIV activities of a Brazilian propolis from Ceará state. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 29(3), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2019.04.001
• Silva, V., Genta, G., Möller, M. N., Masner, M., Thomson, L., Romero, N., Radi, R., Fernandes, D. C., Laurindo, F. R. M., Heinzen, H., Fierro, W., & Denicola, A. (2011). Antioxidant activity of uruguayan propolis. In vitro and cellular assays. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(12), 6430–6437. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf201032y
• Singh, S., & Singh, R. P. (2008). In Vitro Methods of Assay of Antioxidants: An Overview. Food Reviews International, 24(4), 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559120802304269
• Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. (1999). [14] Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. In Methods in Enzymology (Vol. 299, pp. 152–178). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
• Soltani, E.-K., Cerezuela, R., Charef, N., Mezaache-Aichour, S., Esteban, M. A., & Zerroug, M. M. (2017). Algerian propolis extracts: Chemical composition, bactericidal activity and in vitro effects on gilthead seabream innate immune responses. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 62, 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.009
• Tiloke, C., Anand, K., Gengan, R. M., & Chuturgoon, A. A. (2018). Moringa oleifera and their phytonanoparticles: Potential antiproliferative agents against cancer. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 108, 457–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.060
• Tomazzoli, M. M., Neto, R. D. P., Moresco, R., Westphal, L., Zeggio, A. R. S., Specht, L., Costa, C., Rocha, M., & Maraschin, M. (2015). Discrimination of Brazilian propolis according to the seasoning using chemometrics and machine learning based on UV-Vis scanning data. Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics, 12(4), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1515/jib-2015-279
• Touzani, S., Al-Waili, N., Menyiy, N. E., Filipic, B., Pereyra, A., Arabi, I. E., Al-Waili, W., & Lyoussi, B. (2018). Chemical analysis and antioxidant content of various propolis samples collected from different regions and their impact on antimicrobial activities. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 11(7), 436. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.237188
• Verzelloni, E., Tagliazucchi, D., & Conte, A. (2007). Relationship between the antioxidant properties and the phenolic and flavonoid content in traditional balsamic vinegar. Food Chemistry, 105(2), 564–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.014
• Wang, X., Sankarapandian, K., Cheng, Y., Woo, S. O., Kwon, H. W., Perumalsamy, H., & Ahn, Y.-J. (2016). Relationship between total phenolic contents and biological properties of propolis from 20 different regions in South Korea. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1043-y
• Zeitoun, R., Najjar, F., Wehbi, B., Khalil, A., Fayyad-Kazan, M., Dagher-Hamalian, C., Faour, W. H., & El-Makhour, Y. (2019). Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity Evaluation of the Lebanese Propolis Extract. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 20(1), 84–96. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190206201241