Investigating the Variation of Selected Kepler Objects Mid-Transit Times

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 730 - 747, 20.09.2023

Çağlar PÜSKÜLLÜ Oguz OZTURK

https://doi.org/10.28979/jarnas.1201714

Abstract

We derived minima times from the transit curves of star-planet systems, Kepler-412, Kepler-422, Kepler-427 ve Kepler-435 observed by Kepler space telescope, using the Kwee - van Woerden method and Gauss function fitting. We examined the O-C diagram of each system separately, modelled them with linear and quadratic functions. We obtained that linear models give best fit for O-C distributions. We presented updated light elements of systems and concluded that O-C diagrams of systems can best be represented by the linear model.

Keywords

Minima times, O-C distribution, Kepler space telescope

Supporting Institution

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi

Thanks

This work was supported by the Office of Scientific Research Projects Coordination at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University which is given Grant number: FBA-2020-3199. We thank to TÜBİTAK Project has the Grant number: 113F353. Moreover, we appricieted to referees, editorial boards and scientific commities for their useful comments. In this research, we applied to NASA Exoplanet Archieve (NEA), NASA’s Astrophysics Data Sys-tem (ADS), the Exoplanet Orbit Database: exoplanets.org, the Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia: ex-oplanet.eu, Schneider et al. 2011).

References

• Agol, E., Steffen, J., Sari, R., and Clarkson, W. (2005). On detecting terrestrial planets with timing of giant planet transits. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 359, 567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08922.x
• Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at statistical model identification. System identification and time-series analysis. IEEE Trans. Automatic Control, AC-19, 716.
• Almenara, J. M., Damiani, C., Bouchy, F., Havel, M., Bruno, G., Hébrard, G., Diaz, R. F., Deleuil, M., Barros, S. C. C., Boisse, I., Bonomo, A. S., Montagnier, G., and Santerne, A. (2015). SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates. XV. KOI-614b, KOI-206b, and KOI-680b: a massive warm Jupiter orbiting a G0 metallic dwarf and two highly inflated planets with a distant companion around evolved F-type stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 575, A71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424291
• Bierksteker, J. B. and Schlichting, H. (2017). Determining Exoplanetary Oblateness Using Transit Depth Variations. The Astronomical Journal, 154, 164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa88c2
• Borucki, W. J. et al. (2010). Kepler Planet-Detection Mission: Introduction and First Results. Science, 327, 977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185402
• Collier Cameron, A.; Pollacco, D.; Street, R. A.; Lister, T. A.; West, R. G.; Wilson, D. M.; Pont, F.; Christian, D. J.; Clarkson, W. I.; Enoch, B.; Evans, A.; Fitzsimmons, A.; Haswell, C. A.; Hellier, C.; Hodgkin, S. T.; Horne, K.; Irwin, J.; Kane, S. R.; Keenan, F. P.; Norton, A. J. Parley, N. R.; Osborne, J.; Ryans, R.; Skillen, I.; Wheatley, P. J. (2006). A fast hybrid algorithm for exoplanetary transit searches. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 373, 799. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11074.x
• Deleuil, M., Almenara, J.-M., Santerne, A., Barros, S. C. C., Havel, M., Hébrard, G., Bonomo, A. S., Bouchy, F., Bruno, G., Damiani, C., Díaz, R. F., Montagnier, G., and Moutou, C. (2014). SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates XI. Kepler-412 system: probing the properties of a new inflated hot Jupiter. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 564, A56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201323017
• Eastman, J., Gaudi, B. S., Agol, E. (2013). EXOFAST: A Fast Exoplanetary Fitting Suite in IDL. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 125, 923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/669497
• Espinoza, N. and Kossakowski, D. and Brahm, R. (2019). Juliet: A Versatile Modelling Tool For Transiting And Non-Transiting Exoplanetary Systems. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 490, 2262-2283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2688
• Endl, M., Caldwell, D. A., Barclay, T., Huber, D., Isaacson, H., Buchhave, L. A., Brugamyer, E., Robertson, P., Cochran, W. D., MacQueen, P. J., Havel, M., Lucas, P., Howell, S. B., Fischer, D., Quintana, E. and Ciardi, D. R. (2014). Kepler-424 B: A Lonely Hot Jupiter That Found A Companion. The Astrophysical Journal, 795, 151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/795/2/151
• Exoplanet Archive (KOI Cumulative List, 20 Ekim 2020). https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/TblView/nph-tblView?app=ExoTbls&config=cumulative.
• Ford, E. B., Ragozzine, D., Rowe, J. F., Steffen, J. H., Barclay, T., Batalha, N. M., Borucki, W. J., Bryson, S. T., Caldwell, D. A., Fabrycky, D. C., Gautier, T. N., Holman, M. J., Ibrahim, K. A., Kjeldsen, H., Kinemuchi, K., Koch, D. G., Lissauer, J. J., Still, M., Tenenbaum, P., Uddin, K., and Welsh, W. (2012). Transit Timing Observations from Kepler. V. Transit Timing Variation Candidates in the First Sixteen Months from Polynomial Models. The Astrophysical Journal, 756, 185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/756/2/185
• Foundation, F. S. (2010), Cambridge MA, USA. GNU Wget GNU Wget http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/
• Fukui A., Narita N., Tristram P. J., Sumi T., Abe F., Itow Y., Sullivan D. J., Bond I. A., Hirano T., Tamura M., Bennett D. P., Furusawa K., Hayashi F., Hearnshaw J. B., Hosaka S., Kamiya K., Kobara S., Korpela A., Kilmartin P. M., Lin W., Ling C. H., Makita S., Masuda K., Matsubara Y., Miyake N., Muraki Y., Nagaya M., Nishimoto K., Ohnishi K., Omori K., Perrott Y., Rattenbury N., Saito T., Skuljan L., Suzuki D., Sweatman W. L. and Wada K. (2011). Measurements of Transit Timing Variations for WASP-5b. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63: 287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/63.1.287
• Gibson, N. P.; Pollacco, D.; Simpson, E. K.; Barros, S.; Joshi, Y. C.; Todd, I.; Keenan, F. P.; Skillen, I.; Benn, C.; Christian, D.; Hrudková, M. and Steele, I. A. (2009). A Transit Timing Analysis of Nine Rise Light Curves of the Exoplanet System TrES-3. The Astrophysical Journal, 700, 1078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/1078
• Günther, M. N. (2022). Studying exoplanet orbits and dynamics with allesfitter. European Planetary Science Congress. EPSC2022-1180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/epsc2022-1180
• Haywood, R. D.; Collier Cameron, A.; Unruh, Y. C.; Lovis, C.; Lanza, A. F.; Llama, J.; Deleuil, M.; Fares, R.; Gillon, M.; Moutou, C.; Pepe, F.; Pollacco, D.; Queloz, D. and Ségransan, D. (2016). The Sun as a planet-host star: proxies from SDO images for HARPS radial-velocity variations. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 457, 3637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw187
• Hébrard, G., Santerne, A., Montagnier, G., Bruno, G., Deleuil, M., Havel, M., Almenara, J.-M., Damiani, C., Barros, S. C. C., Bonomo, A. S., Bouchy, F., Díaz, R. F. and Moutou, C. (2014). Characterization of the four new transiting planets KOI-188b, KOI-195b, KOI-192b, and KOI-830b. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 572, A93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424268
• Holczer, T., Mazeh, T., Nachmani, G., Jontof-Hutter, D., Ford, E. B., Fabrycky, D., Ragozzine, D., Kane, M., and Steffen, J. H. (2016). Transit Timing Observations from Kepler. IX. Catalog of the Full Long-cadence Data Set. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 225, 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/9
• Holman, M. J. and Murray, N. W. (2005). The Use of Transit Timing to Detect Terrestrial-Mass Extrasolar Planets. Science, 307, 1288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1106/science.1107822
• Horne J. H. and Baliunas S. L. (1986). A prescription for period analysis of unevenly sampled time series. The Astrophysical Journal. 302: 757. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/164037
• Kane, M., Ragozzine, D., Flowers, X., Holczer, T., Mazeh, T. and Relles, H. M. (2019). Visual Analysis and Demographics of Kepler Transit Timing Variations. The Astronomical Journal, 157, 171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab0d91
• Kwee, K. K. and van Woerden, H. (1956). A method for computing accurately the epoch of minimum of an eclipsing variable. Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands, 12, 327.
• Lithwick Y., Xie J. and Wu Y. (2012). Extracting Planet Mass and Eccentricity from TTV Data. The Astrophysical Journal. 761: 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/761/2/122
• Lithwick, Y., Xie, J., and Wu, Y. (2012). Extracting Planet Mass and Eccentricity from TTV Data. Astrophysics Journal, 761, 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/761/2/122
• Lomb, N. R. (1976). Least-squares frequency analysis of unequally spaced data. Astrophysics and Space Science, 39, 447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00648343
• Maciejewski G., Dimitrov D., Neuhäuser R., Tetzlaff N., Niedzielski A., Raetz S., Chen W. P., Walter F., Marka C., Baar S., Krejcová T., Budaj J., Krushevska V., Tachihara K., Takahashi H. ve Mugrauer M. (2011). Transit timing variation and activity in the WASP-10 planetary system. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 411: 1204-1212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17753.x
• Mazeh, T.; Nachmani, G.; Holczer, T.; Fabrycky, D.; Ford, E.; Sanchis-Ojeda, R.; Sokol, G.; Rowe, J.; Zucker, S.; Agol, E.; Carter, J.; Lissauer, J.; Quintana, E.; Ragozzine, D.; Steffen, J. and Welsh, W. (2013). Transit Timing Observations from Kepler. VIII. Catalog of Transit Timing Measurements of the First Twelve Quarters. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 208, 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/16
• Nelson, B. (2018). Minima25 (https://www.variablestarssouth.org/software-by-bob-nelson/).
• Öztürk, O.; Erdem, A. (2019). New photometric analysis of five exoplanets: CoRoT-2b, HAT-P-12b, TrES-2b, WASP-12b, and WASP-52b. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 486, 2290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz747
• Petrucci, R.; Jofré, E.; Melita, M.; Gómez, M.; Mauas, P. (2015). Transit timing variation analysis in southern stars: the case of WASP-28. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 446, 1389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2152
• Pont, F.; Zucker, S.; Queloz, D. (2006). The effect of red noise on planetary transit detection, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 373, 231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11012.x
• Püsküllü, Ç.; Soydugan, F.; Erdem, A.; Budding, E. (2017). Photometric investigation of hot exoplanets: TrES-3b and Qatar-1b. New Astronomy, 55, 39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newast.2017.04.001
• Rabus, M.; Deeg, H. J.; Alonso, R.; Belmonte, J. A.; Almenara, J. M. (2009). Transit timing analysis of the exoplanets TrES-1 and TrES-2. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 508, 1011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200912252
• R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (https://www.R-project.org/).
• Rowe, J. F., Bryson, S. T., Marcy, G. W., Lissauer, J. J., Jontof-Hutter, D., Mullally, F., Gilliland, R. L., Issacson, H., Ford, E., Howell, S. B., Borucki, W. J., Haas, M., Huber, D., Steffen, J. H., Thompson, S. E., Quintana, E., Barclay, T., Still, M., Fortney, J., Gautier, T. N., Hunter, R., Caldwell, D. A., Ciardi, D. R., Devore, E., Cochran, W., Jenkins, J., Agol, E., Carter, J. A., and Geary, J. (2014). Validation of Kepler's Multiple Planet Candidates. III. Light Curve Analysis and Announcement of Hundreds of New Multi-planet Systems. The Astrophysical Journal, 784, 45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/45
• Scargle, J. D. (1982). Studies in astronomical time series analysis. II - Statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data. The Astrophysical Journal, 263, 835S. DOI:ttps://doi.org/10.1086/160554
• Schwarz,G. (1978). Estimating the Dimension of a Model. Annuals of Statistics. 6, 461.
• Southworth, J. (2008). Homogeneous studies of transiting extrasolar planets - I. Light-curve analyses. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 386, 1644-1666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13145.x
• Vanmunster, T. (2007). Peranso period analysis software (www.peranso.com). von Essen, Carolina; Lund, Mikkel N.; Handberg, Rasmus; Sosa, Marina S.; Gadeberg, Julie Thiim; Kjeldsen, Hans; Vanderspek, Roland K.; Mortensen, Dina S.; Mallonn, M.; Mammana, L.; Morgan, Edward H.; Villaseñor, Jesus Noel S.; Fausnaugh, Michael M.; Ricker, George R. (2020). TESS Data for Asteroseismology: Timing Verification. The Astronomical Journal, 160, 34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab93dd Winn, J. N. (2008). Precise Photometry and Spectroscopy of Transits Extreme Solar Systems. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 398. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.1098