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Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Health Potentials to Human Life

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 54 - 66, 27.12.2019

Abstract

Fish oil supplementations play major roles in the biological processes, essential dietary omega-3 fatty acids. The lower consumption of EPA and DHA are suggested to be in connection with improve inflammatory activities likewise as defective fetal development, overall cardiovascular health, and risk of formation of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Fish oils from salmon, mackerel, herring and sardine species are the only source that is very rich in EPA and DHA. These can be obtained from one whole fish about 1.5 and 3.5 g. Intake of 1 g of fish oil capsule per day could supply almost 300 mg omega-3 fatty acids. Daily consumption of n-3 PUFAs is around 100 mg. Omega-3 fatty acids which are EPA and DHA are regarded as dietary fats that consists variety of benefits to health. EPA and DHA are molecular antecedents to a family of eicosanoids which possess anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, and vasolidatory properties. LA is transformed into AA, and it’s the antecedent to a separate category of eicosanoids which have proinflammatory and prothrombotic properties. This contention is biologically essential due to the fact that eicosanoids are obtained from these two essential fatty acids that are n-6 and n-3. EPA and DHA have a directly contrary effect. The growth of fetus brain experience acceleration in the second trimester of pregnancy and this increase in growth continues throughout the first year of life until several years. The quantity of omega 3-fatty acids required of pregnant women is higher over normal women, as this will help to support fetal growth, especially of the brain and eyes.

References

  • Abbey, M., Belling, G.B., Noakes, M., Hirata, F., Nestel, P.J.1993. Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins: intraindividual variability and the effect of dietary linoleate supplementation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57(3):391-398.
  • Arbex, A.K., Bizarro, V.R., Santos, J.C.S., Araújo, L.M.M., de Jesus, A.L.C., Fernandes, M.S.A., Salles, M.M., Rocha, D.R.T.W., Marcadenti, A. 2015. The impact of the essential fatty acids (EFA) in human health. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 5:98-104.
  • Alexander, J.W., Saito, H.I.D.E.A.K.I., Trocki, O., Ogle, C.K.1986. The importance of lipid type in the diet after burn injury. Annals of Surgery 204(1):1-8.
  • Baggio, B., Musacchio, E., Priante, G. 2005. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and renal fibrosis: pathophysiologic link and potential clinical implications. Journal of Nephrology 18(4):362-367.
  • Barbosa, M.M.D.A.L., de Melo, A.L.T.R., Damasceno, N.R.T., 2017. The benefits of ω-3 supplementation depend on adiponectin basal level and adiponectin increase after the supplementation: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrition 34:7-13.
  • Burr, M.L., Gilbert, J.F., Holliday, R.A., Elwood, P.C., Fehily, A.M., Rogers, S., Sweetnam, P.M., Deadman, N.M. 1989. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). The Lancet 334(8666):757-761.
  • Burdge, G.C., Calder, P.C. 2005. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reproduction Nutrition Development 45(5):581-597.
  • Brasky, T.M., Lampe, J.W., Potter, J.D., Patterson, R.E., White, E. 2010. Specialty supplements and breast cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 19(7):1696-1708.
  • Brenna, J.T., Salem Jr, N., Sinclair, A.J., Cunnane, S.C. 2009. α-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 80(2-3):85-91.
  • Bowden, R.G., Wilson, R.L., Gentile, M., Ounpraseuth, S., Moore, P., Leutholtz, B.C. 2007. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on vascular access thrombosis in polytetrafluorethylene grafts. Journal of Renal Nutrition 17(2):126-131.
  • Brown, T.T., Zelnik, D.L., Dobs, A.S.2003. Fish oil supplementation in pancreatic cancer patients. International Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer 34(2-3): 143-150.
  • Cartwright, I.J., Pockley, A.G., Galloway, J.H., Greaves, M., Preston, F.E. 1985. The effects of dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, erythrocyte deformability and blood viscosity in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 55(3):267-281.
  • Cetin, I., Koletzko, B. 2008. Long-chain ω-3 fatty acid supply in pregnancy and lactation. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 11(3):297-302.
  • Connor, W.E., Connor, S.L.2007. The importance of fish and docosahexaenoic acid in Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 85(4):929-930.
  • Das, U.N.2004. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids interact with nitric oxide, superoxide anion, and transforming growth factor-β to prevent human essential hypertension. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58(2):195-203.
  • Dawczynski, C., Martin, L., Wagner, A., Jahreis, G.2010. n− 3 LC-PUFA-enriched dairy products are able to reduce cardiovascular risk factors: A double-blind, cross-over study. Clinical Nutrition 29(5):592-599.
  • Dunstan, J.A., Mitoulas, L.R., Dixon, G., Doherty, D.A., Hartmann, P.E., Simmer, K., Prescott, S.L. 2007. The effects of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on breast milk fatty acid composition over the course of lactation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Research 62(6):689-694.
  • Dunstan, J.A., Simmer, K., Dixon, G., Prescott, S.L.2008. Cognitive assessment of children at age 2½ years after maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition 93(1): F45-F50.
  • Djoussé, L., Akinkuolie, A.O., Wu, J.H., Ding, E.L.,Gaziano, J.M. 2012. Fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acids and risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition 31(6):846-853.
  • Di Marzo, V. 1995. Arachidonic acid and eicosanoids as targets and effectors in second messenger interactions. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 53(4):239-254.
  • Furuhjelm, C., Warstedt, K., Larsson, J., Fredriksson, M., Böttcher, M.F., Fälth-Magnusson, K., Duchén, K. 2009. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation may decrease the risk of infant allergy. Acta Paediatrica 98(9):1461-1467.
  • Fetterman Jr, J.W.,Zdanowicz, M.M. 2009. Therapeutic potential of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in disease. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 66(13):1169-1179.
  • Faxén Irving, G., Freund-Levi, Y., Eriksdotter-Jönhagen, M., Basun, H., Brismar, K., Hjorth, E., Palmblad, J., Vessby, B., Vedin, I., Wahlund, L.O., Cederholm, T. 2009. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation effects on weight and appetite in patients with Alzheimer's disease: the omega-3 Alzheimer's disease study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57(1):11-17.
  • Freund-Levi, Y., Eriksdotter-Jönhagen, M., Cederholm, T., Basun, H., Faxen-Irving, G., Garlind, A., Vedin, I., Vessby, B., Wahlund, L.O., Palmblad, J. 2006. ω-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial. Archives of Neurology 63(10):1402-1408.
  • Graber, R., Sumida, C.,Nunez, E.A. 1994. Fatty acids and cell signal transduction. Journal of Lipid Mediators and Cell Signalling 9(2):91-116.
  • Gu, Y., Nieves, J.W., Stern, Y., Luchsinger, J.A.,Scarmeas, N. 2010. Food combination and Alzheimer disease risk: a protective diet. Archives of Neurology 67(6):699-706.
  • Gunnarsdottir, I., Tomasson, H., Kiely, M., Martinez, J.A., Bandarra, N.M., Morais, M.G., Thorsdottir, I. 2008. Inclusion of fish or fish oil in weight-loss diets for young adults: effects on blood lipids. International Journal of Obesity 32(7):1105-1112.
  • Gingras, A.A., White, P.J., Chouinard, P.Y., Julien, P., Davis, T.A., Dombrowski, L., Couture, Y., Dubreuil, P., Myre, A., Bergeron, K., Marette, A. 2007. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids regulate bovine whole-body protein metabolism by promoting muscle insulin signalling to the Akt–mTOR–S6K1 pathway and insulin sensitivity. The Journal of Physiology 579(1):269-284.
  • Helland, I.B., Smith, L., Blomén, B., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O.D., Drevon, C.A. 2008. Effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating mothers with n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids on children's IQ and body mass index at 7 years of age. Pediatrics 122(2):e472-e479.
  • Hu, F.B., Manson, J.E. 2012. Omega-3 fatty acids and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is it just a fish tale?: comment on “Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease”. Archives of Internal Medicine 172(9): 694-696.
  • Ishikawa, Y., Yokoyama, M., Saito, Y., Matsuzaki, M., Origasa, H., Oikawa, S., Sasaki, J., Hishida, H., Itakura, H., Kita, T., Kitabatake, A. 2010. Preventive effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on coronary artery disease in patients with peripheral artery disease. Circulation Journal 74(7):1451-1457.
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  • Kus, MMM, Mancini-Filho, J. 2010. Funcões Plenamente Reconhecidas de Nutrientes: Ácidos Graxos. International Life Sciences Institute, Brasil, 17, 3-18.
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  • Lazzarin, N., Vaquero, E., Exacoustos, C., Bertonotti, E., Romanini, M.E., Arduini, D. 2009. Low-dose aspirin and omega-3 fatty acids improve uterine artery blood flow velocity in women with recurrent miscarriage due to impaired uterine perfusion. Fertility and Sterility 92(1):296-300.
  • Leaf, D.A., Hatcher, L., 2009. The effect of lean fish consumption on triglyceride levels. The Physician and Sportsmedicine 37(1):37-43.
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  • Mann, N.J., O’Connell, S.L., Baldwin, K.M., Singh, I., Meyer, B.J. 2010. Effects of seal oil and tuna-fish oil on platelet parameters and plasma lipid levels in healthy subjects. Lipids 45(8):669-681.
  • Martins, M.B., Suaiden, A.S., Piotto, R.F., Barbosa, M. 2008. Properties of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids obtained from fish oil and flaxseed oil. Revista do Instituto de Ciências da Saúde 26:153-156.
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  • Murray, M.J., Kumar, M., Gregory, T.J., Banks, P.L., Tazelaar, H.D., DeMichele, S.J. 1995. Select dietary fatty acids attenuate cardiopulmonary dysfunction during acute lung injury in pigs. Am J Physiol. 269:H2090-2099.
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  • Morris, M.C., Evans, D.A., Bienias, J.L., Tangney, C.C., Bennett, D.A., Wilson, R.S., Aggarwal, N., Schneider, J. 2003. Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 60(7):940-946.
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  • Ramakrishnan, U., Stein, A.D., Parra-Cabrera, S., Wang, M., Imhoff-Kunsch, B., Juárez-Márquez, S., Rivera, J., Martorell, R.2010. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on gestational age and size at birth: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Mexico. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 31(Suppl2): S108-S116.
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Health Potentials to Human Life

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 54 - 66, 27.12.2019

Abstract

Fish oil supplementations play major roles in the biological processes, essential dietary omega-3 fatty acids. The lower consumption of EPA and DHA are suggested to be in connection with improve inflammatory activities likewise as defective fetal development, overall cardiovascular health, and risk of formation of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Fish oils from salmon, mackerel, herring and sardine species are the only source that is very rich in EPA and DHA. These can be obtained from one whole fish about 1.5 and 3.5 g. Intake of 1 g of fish oil capsule per day could supply almost 300 mg omega-3 fatty acids. Daily consumption of n-3 PUFAs is around 100 mg. Omega-3 fatty acids which are EPA and DHA are regarded as dietary fats that consists variety of benefits to health. EPA and DHA are molecular antecedents to a family of eicosanoids which possess anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, and vasolidatory properties. LA is transformed into AA, and it’s the antecedent to a separate category of eicosanoids which have proinflammatory and prothrombotic properties. This contention is biologically essential due to the fact that eicosanoids are obtained from these two essential fatty acids that are n-6 and n-3. EPA and DHA have a directly contrary effect. The growth of fetus brain experience acceleration in the second trimester of pregnancy and this increase in growth continues throughout the first year of life until several years. The quantity of omega 3-fatty acids required of pregnant women is higher over normal women, as this will help to support fetal growth, especially of the brain and eyes.

References

  • Abbey, M., Belling, G.B., Noakes, M., Hirata, F., Nestel, P.J.1993. Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins: intraindividual variability and the effect of dietary linoleate supplementation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57(3):391-398.
  • Arbex, A.K., Bizarro, V.R., Santos, J.C.S., Araújo, L.M.M., de Jesus, A.L.C., Fernandes, M.S.A., Salles, M.M., Rocha, D.R.T.W., Marcadenti, A. 2015. The impact of the essential fatty acids (EFA) in human health. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 5:98-104.
  • Alexander, J.W., Saito, H.I.D.E.A.K.I., Trocki, O., Ogle, C.K.1986. The importance of lipid type in the diet after burn injury. Annals of Surgery 204(1):1-8.
  • Baggio, B., Musacchio, E., Priante, G. 2005. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and renal fibrosis: pathophysiologic link and potential clinical implications. Journal of Nephrology 18(4):362-367.
  • Barbosa, M.M.D.A.L., de Melo, A.L.T.R., Damasceno, N.R.T., 2017. The benefits of ω-3 supplementation depend on adiponectin basal level and adiponectin increase after the supplementation: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrition 34:7-13.
  • Burr, M.L., Gilbert, J.F., Holliday, R.A., Elwood, P.C., Fehily, A.M., Rogers, S., Sweetnam, P.M., Deadman, N.M. 1989. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). The Lancet 334(8666):757-761.
  • Burdge, G.C., Calder, P.C. 2005. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reproduction Nutrition Development 45(5):581-597.
  • Brasky, T.M., Lampe, J.W., Potter, J.D., Patterson, R.E., White, E. 2010. Specialty supplements and breast cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 19(7):1696-1708.
  • Brenna, J.T., Salem Jr, N., Sinclair, A.J., Cunnane, S.C. 2009. α-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 80(2-3):85-91.
  • Bowden, R.G., Wilson, R.L., Gentile, M., Ounpraseuth, S., Moore, P., Leutholtz, B.C. 2007. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on vascular access thrombosis in polytetrafluorethylene grafts. Journal of Renal Nutrition 17(2):126-131.
  • Brown, T.T., Zelnik, D.L., Dobs, A.S.2003. Fish oil supplementation in pancreatic cancer patients. International Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer 34(2-3): 143-150.
  • Cartwright, I.J., Pockley, A.G., Galloway, J.H., Greaves, M., Preston, F.E. 1985. The effects of dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, erythrocyte deformability and blood viscosity in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 55(3):267-281.
  • Cetin, I., Koletzko, B. 2008. Long-chain ω-3 fatty acid supply in pregnancy and lactation. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 11(3):297-302.
  • Connor, W.E., Connor, S.L.2007. The importance of fish and docosahexaenoic acid in Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 85(4):929-930.
  • Das, U.N.2004. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids interact with nitric oxide, superoxide anion, and transforming growth factor-β to prevent human essential hypertension. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58(2):195-203.
  • Dawczynski, C., Martin, L., Wagner, A., Jahreis, G.2010. n− 3 LC-PUFA-enriched dairy products are able to reduce cardiovascular risk factors: A double-blind, cross-over study. Clinical Nutrition 29(5):592-599.
  • Dunstan, J.A., Mitoulas, L.R., Dixon, G., Doherty, D.A., Hartmann, P.E., Simmer, K., Prescott, S.L. 2007. The effects of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on breast milk fatty acid composition over the course of lactation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Research 62(6):689-694.
  • Dunstan, J.A., Simmer, K., Dixon, G., Prescott, S.L.2008. Cognitive assessment of children at age 2½ years after maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition 93(1): F45-F50.
  • Djoussé, L., Akinkuolie, A.O., Wu, J.H., Ding, E.L.,Gaziano, J.M. 2012. Fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acids and risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition 31(6):846-853.
  • Di Marzo, V. 1995. Arachidonic acid and eicosanoids as targets and effectors in second messenger interactions. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 53(4):239-254.
  • Furuhjelm, C., Warstedt, K., Larsson, J., Fredriksson, M., Böttcher, M.F., Fälth-Magnusson, K., Duchén, K. 2009. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation may decrease the risk of infant allergy. Acta Paediatrica 98(9):1461-1467.
  • Fetterman Jr, J.W.,Zdanowicz, M.M. 2009. Therapeutic potential of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in disease. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 66(13):1169-1179.
  • Faxén Irving, G., Freund-Levi, Y., Eriksdotter-Jönhagen, M., Basun, H., Brismar, K., Hjorth, E., Palmblad, J., Vessby, B., Vedin, I., Wahlund, L.O., Cederholm, T. 2009. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation effects on weight and appetite in patients with Alzheimer's disease: the omega-3 Alzheimer's disease study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57(1):11-17.
  • Freund-Levi, Y., Eriksdotter-Jönhagen, M., Cederholm, T., Basun, H., Faxen-Irving, G., Garlind, A., Vedin, I., Vessby, B., Wahlund, L.O., Palmblad, J. 2006. ω-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial. Archives of Neurology 63(10):1402-1408.
  • Graber, R., Sumida, C.,Nunez, E.A. 1994. Fatty acids and cell signal transduction. Journal of Lipid Mediators and Cell Signalling 9(2):91-116.
  • Gu, Y., Nieves, J.W., Stern, Y., Luchsinger, J.A.,Scarmeas, N. 2010. Food combination and Alzheimer disease risk: a protective diet. Archives of Neurology 67(6):699-706.
  • Gunnarsdottir, I., Tomasson, H., Kiely, M., Martinez, J.A., Bandarra, N.M., Morais, M.G., Thorsdottir, I. 2008. Inclusion of fish or fish oil in weight-loss diets for young adults: effects on blood lipids. International Journal of Obesity 32(7):1105-1112.
  • Gingras, A.A., White, P.J., Chouinard, P.Y., Julien, P., Davis, T.A., Dombrowski, L., Couture, Y., Dubreuil, P., Myre, A., Bergeron, K., Marette, A. 2007. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids regulate bovine whole-body protein metabolism by promoting muscle insulin signalling to the Akt–mTOR–S6K1 pathway and insulin sensitivity. The Journal of Physiology 579(1):269-284.
  • Helland, I.B., Smith, L., Blomén, B., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O.D., Drevon, C.A. 2008. Effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating mothers with n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids on children's IQ and body mass index at 7 years of age. Pediatrics 122(2):e472-e479.
  • Hu, F.B., Manson, J.E. 2012. Omega-3 fatty acids and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is it just a fish tale?: comment on “Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease”. Archives of Internal Medicine 172(9): 694-696.
  • Ishikawa, Y., Yokoyama, M., Saito, Y., Matsuzaki, M., Origasa, H., Oikawa, S., Sasaki, J., Hishida, H., Itakura, H., Kita, T., Kitabatake, A. 2010. Preventive effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on coronary artery disease in patients with peripheral artery disease. Circulation Journal 74(7):1451-1457.
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There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Oluwatosin Ogunkalu

Publication Date December 27, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ogunkalu, O. (2019). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Health Potentials to Human Life. Hayvan Bilimi Ve Ürünleri Dergisi, 2(1), 54-66.


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