A multidimensional view of burnout among air traffic controllers

Year 2026, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 73 - 92, 28.02.2026

Arif Tuncal

https://doi.org/10.52995/jass.1787975

https://izlik.org/JA94BD92GM

Abstract

Air traffic controllers are considered a critical research group for burnout because they are exposed to working conditions characterized by high risk and intense stress. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationships between the core symptoms and the secondary symptoms of burnout using the multidimensional Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT), and to determine whether burnout, its symptoms, and their subdimensions differed according to demographic variables. Data for the study were collected via an online survey from 355 air traffic controllers employed in various air traffic control units in Türkiye. The findings indicated that overall burnout levels were low; however, moderate levels were observed in the exhaustion dimension. No significant differences in overall burnout were found according to gender and experience, although significant differences were detected in certain subdimensions. It was found via regression analyses that the core symptoms positively and significantly predicted the secondary symptoms. In the multiple regression analysis, exhaustion and emotional impairment were found to significantly predict psychological complaints and psychosomatic complaints.

Keywords

Air traffic controller , aviation , burnout , human factor , stress.

Ethical Statement

This study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the International Science and Technology University in its meeting dated April 24, 2025, and numbered 202504-01. All participants provided informed consent before taking part in the study. This paper meets the standards of research and publication ethics. The study was derived from an abstract presentation delivered at the 7th International Aviation Management Conference (INTAVIC' 25).

Hava trafik kontrolörlerinde tükenmişliğe çok boyutlu bir bakış

https://izlik.org/JA94BD92GM

Abstract

Hava trafik kontrolörleri yüksek risk ve yoğun stres içeren çalışma koşulları nedeniyle tükenmişlik açısından kritik bir araştırma grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı çok boyutlu olan Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı (Burnout Assessment Tool-BAT) kullanarak tükenmişliğin birincil semptomları ile ikincil semptomları arasındaki ilişkileri analiz etmek ve tükenmişlik ile semptomları ve alt boyutlarının demografik değişkenler bağlamında farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın verileri Türkiye’deki çeşitli hava trafik kontrol ünitelerinde görev yapan 355 hava trafik kontrolöründen çevrimiçi anket yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Bulgular genel tükenmişlik düzeyinin düşük olduğunu, ancak bitkinlik boyutunda orta düzey tükenmişliğin gözlendiğini ortaya koymuştur. Cinsiyet ve tecrübe değişkenlerine göre genel tükenmişlikte anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmamış, ancak alt boyutlarda anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Regresyon analizleri sonucunda, birincil semptomların ikincil semptomları pozitif ve anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı belirlenmiştir. Çoklu regresyon analizinde ise bitkinlik ve duygu denetim bozukluğu değişkenlerinin psikolojik ve psiko-somatik şikâyetleri anlamlı biçimde yordadığı bulunmuştur.

Keywords

Hava trafik kontrolörü , havacılık , tükenmişlik , insan faktörü , stres

References

• Aguirre Mas, C., Gallo, A., Ibarra, A., & Sánchez García, J. C. (2018). The relation between work stress and burnout syndrome in a sample of Chilean air traffic controllers. Ciencias Psicológicas, 12(2), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v12i2.1688
• Alghamdi, A. A., & Alghamdi, A. H. (2023). Determining the best approach: Comparing and contrasting the impact of different coping strategies on work-related stress and burnout among Saudi commercial pilots. Cureus, 15(7), e41948. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41948
• Arvidsson, I., Arvidsson, M., Axmon, A., Hansson, G. Å., Johansson, C. R., & Skerfving, S. (2006). Musculoskeletal disorders among female and male air traffic controllers performing identical and demanding computer work. Ergonomics, 49(11), 1052–1067. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130600733816
• Aust, F., Beneke, T., Peifer, C., & Wekenborg, M. (2022). The relationship between flow experience and burnout symptoms: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), Article 3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073865
• Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands–resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human resource management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 43(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004
• Balta, E., Psarrakis, A., & Vatakis, A. (2024). The effects of increased mental workload of air traffic controllers on time perception: behavioral and physiological evidence. Applied Ergonomics, 115, Article 104162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104162
• Boag, C. C. (2002). Quantifying mental workload in air traffic control: Analysing air traffic complexity (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Queensland.
• Borghini, G., Di Flumeri, G., Aricò, P., Sciaraffa, N., Bonelli, S., Ragosta, M., … & Babiloni, F. (2020). A multimodal signal fusion approach for assessing the impact of stressful events on air traffic controllers. Scientific Reports, 10(1), Article 8600. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65610-z
• Boswell, W. R., Shipp, A. J., Payne, S. C., & Culbertson, S. S. (2009). Changes in newcomer job satisfaction over time: examining the pattern of honeymoons and hangovers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 844–858. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014975
• Buono, C., Cortese, C. G., & Spagnoli, P. (2022). A further contribution to the Italian validation of the Burnout Assessment Tool: Measurement invariance in teachers and employees. BPA–Applied Psychology Bulletin, 295, 1–16.
• Calabrese, J. A. (1971). The PATCO dispute: A need for change in public employee labor settlements. DePaul Law Review, 20(3), 699–714.
• Cassou, B., Derriennic, F., Monfort, C., Norton, J., & Touranchet, A. (2002). Chronic neck and shoulder pain, age, and working conditions: Longitudinal results from a large random sample in France. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59, 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.8.537
• Consiglio, C., Mazzetti, G., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (18), Article 9469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189469
• Corbeanu, A., Iliescu, D., Ion, A., & Spînu, R. (2023). The link between burnout and job performance: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 32(4), 599–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2023.2209320
• Costa, G. (2000). Working and health conditions of Italian air traffic controllers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 6(3), 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2000.11076461
• Crump, J., Cooper, C., & Maxwell, V. (1981). Stress among air traffic controllers: Occupational sources of coronary heart disease risk. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(4), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020406
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.
• Cuadrado, E., Al Nuaimi, M. Y. O., Marí-Núñez, M., Maldonado, M. A., Jurado-Del-Pozo, J. F., & Moyano, M. (2025). Burnout in the skies: An exploratory study of pilot profiles and related psychosocial variables. Anales de Psicología, 41(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.607961
• Cummings, O. W., & Nall, R. L. (1983). Relationships of leadership style and burnout to counselors’ perceptions of their jobs, themselves, and their clients. Counselor Education and Supervision, 22(3), 227–234. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/j.1556-6978.1983.tb01739.x
• Çeken, S. (2025). Evolution of fatigue research in the aviation sector: A bibliometric study. Journal of Aviation, 9(2), 399–407.
• David, C., Zoletti, G., & Calvo, A. (2024). Temporomandibular disorder and psychological distress relationships in air traffic controllers. Revista Agulhas Negras, 8(Special Issue), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.70545/ran.v8iEspecial.12811
• Dell’Erba, G., Venturi, P., Rizzo, F., Porcù, S., & Pancheri, P. (1994). Burnout and health status in Italian air traffic controllers. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 65(4), 315–322.
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands–resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
• Demerouti, E., Veldhuis, W., Coombes, C., & Hunter, R. (2019). Burnout among pilots: Psychosocial factors related to happiness and performance at simulator training. Ergonomics, 62(2), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2018.1464667
• Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi Genel Müdürlüğü. (2025). Personel durumu (24.06.2025). https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/PersonelDurumu.aspx
• Edelwich, J., & Brodsky, A. (1980). Burn-out: Stages of disillusionment in the helping professions. Human Sciences Press.
• Edwards, T., & Martin, L. (2017). The relationship between workload and performance in air traffic control. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 61(1), pp. 1609–1613). https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601887
• EUROCONTROL. (2004). Critical incident stress management in air traffic control (EEC Note No. 15/04). https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/library/028_Critical_Incident_Stress_Management_in_ATC.pdf
• European Union Aviation Safety Agency. (2023). Artificial intelligence roadmap 2.0. https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/domains/research-innovation/ai
• Fanjoy, R. O., Harriman, S. L., & DeMik, R. J. (2010). Individual and environmental predictors of burnout among regional airline pilots. International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies, 10(1), 15–30.
• Forchuk, C., Solomon, M., & Viran, T. (2016). Peer support. Healthcare Quarterly, 18, 32–36. https://doi.org/10.12927/hcq.2016.24480
• Frau, L (2025). What is trauma leave? Explaining situation affecting delays at Newark Airport. Daily Record https://www.dailyrecord.com/story/news/2025/05/06/what-trauma-leave-newark-airport-delays-air-traffic-controllers/83476402007
• Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
• Gemmano, C. G., Giancaspro, M. L., Galiotto, S., & Manuti, A. (2024). A flight path to well-being: The mediating role of continuous learning between burnout and work performance in aviation professionals. Social Sciences, 13(10), Article 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13100513
• Golmohamadi, S., & Graham, B. M. (2025). Why are women more fatigued than men? The roles of stress, sleep, and repetitive negative thinking. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 30, 1485-1506. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2025.2490212
• Gökdağ, C. (2023). The effects of two individual differences in emotional process on psychological problems: The mediating role of emotion dysregulation between emotional reactivity and distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 203, Article 112008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.112008
• Grasshoff, J., Safieddine, B., Sperlich, S., & Beller, J. (2025). Gender differences in psychosomatic complaints across occupations and time from 2006 to 2018 in Germany: A repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 25, Article 409. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21462-8
• Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık. Hadzibajramovic, E., Schaufeli, W. B., & De Witte, H. (2020). A Rasch analysis of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). PLOS ONE, 15(11), Article e0242244. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242241
• Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
• Hodgetts, C., Leboeuf‐Yde, C., Beynon, A., & Walker, B. (2021). Shoulder pain prevalence by age and within occupational groups: A systematic review. Archives of Physiotherapy, 11(24), Article 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40945-021-00119-w
• Holbrook, J. B., Stewart, M. J., Smith, B. E., Prinzel, L. J., Matthews, B. L., Avrekh, I., Cardoza, C. T., Ammann, O. C., Adduru, V., & Null, C. H. (2019). Human performance contributions to safety in commercial aviation (Report No. NF1676L434965). NASA.
• Ibáñez-Gijón, J., Travieso, D., Navia, J. A., Montes, A., Jacobs, D. M., & Frutos, P. L. (2023). Experimental validation of COMETA model of mental workload in air traffic control. Journal of Air Transport Management, 108, Article 102378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2023.102378
• Imroz, S. M., & Sadique, F. (2022). An analysis of air traffic controllers’ job satisfaction. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 31(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.15394/jaaer.2022.1910
• International Civil Aviation Organization. (2025). State of global aviation safety. https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/sp-files/safety/Documents/ICAO_SR_2025.pdf
• International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations. (1997). Critical incident stress management: Update of IFATCA policy on stress. https://ifatca.wiki/kb/wp-1997-160/
• Irving, P. G., Coleman, D. F., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Further assessments of a three-component model of occupational commitment: Generalizability and differences across occupations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.444
• Jeon, J., & Kim, A. (2024). Sleep–wake pattern, social jetlag, and daytime sleepiness among rotating shift air traffic controllers. Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics, 2(1), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2024.32.1.091
• Kalliath, T., & Morris, R. (2002). Job satisfaction among nurses: A predictor of burnout levels. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 32, 648–654. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200212000-00010
• Karlqvist, L., Tornqvist, E. W., Hagberg, M., Hagman, M., & Toomingas, A. (2002). Self-reported working conditions of VDU operators and associations with musculoskeletal symptoms: a cross-sectional study focussing on gender differences. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 30(4–5), 277–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8141(02)00131-2
• Koçak, Ö. E., Gençay, O., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2022). BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın Türkçeye uyarlanması. Studies in Psychology, 42(3), 509–549. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-799817
• Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2013). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (4th ed.). Routledge.
• Legeron, P. (2001). Le stress au travail. Éditions Odile Jacob.
• Loft, S., Sanderson, P., Neal, A., & Mooij, M. (2007). Modeling and predicting mental workload in en route air traffic control: critical review and broader implications. Human Factors: The Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomic Society, 49, 376 - 399. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872007X197017
• Lyu, T., Song, W., & Du, K. (2019). Human factors analysis of air traffic safety based on HFACS-BN model. Applied Sciences, 9(23), Article 5049. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235049
• MacLennan, R. N., & Peebles, J. W. (1996). Survey of health problems and personality in air traffic controllers. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 6(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327108ijap0601_3
• Majumdar, A., & Ochieng, W. (2007). Air traffic control complexity and safety: Framework for sector design based on controller interviews of complexity factors. Transportation Research Record, 1, 70–80. https://doi.org/10.3141/2007-09
• Makara-Studzińska, M., Kruczek, A., Borzyszkowska, A., Załuski, M., Adamczyk, K., & Basińska, M. A. (2022). Profiles of occupational burnout in high-risk professions in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), Article 6297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106297
• Makara-Studzińska, M., Załuski, M., Biegańska-Banaś, J., Tyburski, E., Jagielski, P., & Adamczyk, K. (2021a). Perceived stress and burnout syndrome among Polish air traffic controllers. Journal of Air Transport Management, 96, Article 102105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102105
• Makara-Studzińska, M., Załuski, M., Jagielski, P., Wójcik-Małek, D., & Szelepajło, M. (2021b). An exploration of perceived stress, burnout syndrome, and self-efficacy in a group of polish air traffic controllers and maritime navigators: Similarities and differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), Article 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010053
• Mallery, P., & George, D. (2005). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (13.0 update). Allyn & Bacon.
• Martin, C., Cegarra, J., & Averty, P. (2011). Analysis of mental workload during en-route air traffic control task execution based on eye-tracking technique. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics (pp. 592–597). Springer.
• Martinussen, M., & Richardsen, A. M. (2006). Air traffic controller burnout: Survey responses regarding job demands, job resources, and health. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 77(4), 422–428.
• Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
• Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). Maslach Burnout Inventory: Third edition. In C. P. Zalaquett & R. J. Wood (Eds.), Evaluating stress: A book of resources (pp. 191–218). Scarecrow Press. McCall, W. (2023). Piloting peer support to decrease secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue, and burnout among air medical crewmembers. Air Medical Journal, 42(3), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2023.01.004
• Némethové, H., Neétrék, D., Szabo, P., Bal, F., Kal’avské, P., & Antoéko, M. (2020). The identification of scientific issues and the circadian rhythm research concept for ATCO work performance. In 2020 New Trends in Aviation Development (NTAD) (pp. 187–191). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/NTAD51447.2020.9379116
• Pape, A. M., Wiegmann, D. A., & Shappell, S. A. (2001). Air traffic control (ATC) related accidents and incidents: A human factors analysis. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. The Ohio State University.
• Peterson, U., Demerouti, E., Bergström, G., Samuelsson, M., Åsberg, M., & Nygren, Å. (2008). Burnout and physical and mental health among Swedish healthcare workers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04580.x
• Peukert, M., Claus, L., & Meyer, L. (2025). Subjective and objective fatigue dynamics in air traffic control. Industrial Health, 63(5), 431-442. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2024-0206
• Philippe, C., Viravanh, S., Fabrice, D., & Marc, B. (2025). Impact of ageing on air traffic controllers’ sleep and fatigue: A field study. Transportation Research Procedia, 88, 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2025.05.039
• Purvanova, R. K., & Muros, J. P. (2010). Gender differences in burnout: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 168–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006
• Raheimi, A., Rahman, S. A., & Zakaria, N. A. C. (2023). Cross-sectional study on musculoskeletal discomfort among air traffic controllers. In Human Factors and Ergonomics Malaysia Biennial Conference (pp. 305–315). Springer Nature Switzerland.
• Rose, R. M., Jenkins, C. D., & Hurst, M. W. (1978). Air traffic controller health change study: A prospective investigation of physical, psychological and work-related changes (Report No. FAA-AM-78-39). Civil Aerospace Medical Institute.
• Sakakibara, K., Shimazu, A., Toyama, H., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2020). Validation of the Japanese version of the Burnout Assessment Tool. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1819. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01819
• Samra, R. (2018). Brief history of burnout. BMJ, 363, k5268. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k5268 Sartzetaki, M. F., Koltsikoglou, I., Konstantinidis, T., & Dimitriou, D. (2019). Interventions for occupational stress management in air traffic providers. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 2(4), 726–735. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.02.04.130
• Sayeed, O. B., & Kumar, S. C. (2010). Role, work perception and stress in a high reliability work environment. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(2), 287–299.
• Schaufeli, W. B., & Greenglass, E. R. (2001). Introduction to special issue on burnout and health. Psychology & Health, 16(5), 501–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405523
• Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2009). Burnout: 35 years of research and practice. Career Development International, 14(3), 204–220. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910966406
• Schaufeli, W. B., De Witte, H., & Desart, S. (2020). Manual Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT), Version 2.0. KU Leuven.
• Seftiyana, V. C. (2021). Mental workload of air traffic control (ATC) personnel at Adisutjipto International
• Airport. Jurnal Vortex, 2(2), 57–63.
• Sinval, J., Vazquez, A. C. S., Hutz, C. S., Schaufeli, W. B., & Silva, S. (2022). Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT): Validity evidence from Brazil and Portugal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031344
• Socha, V., Hanáková, L., Valenta, V., Socha, L., Ábela, R., Kušmírek, S., & Tecl, J. (2020). Workload assessment of air traffic controllers. Transportation Research Procedia, 51, 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.11.027
• Sonati, J., De Martino, M., Vilarta, R., Da Silva Maciel, E., Sonati, R., & Paduan, P. (2016). Quality of life, sleep, and health of air traffic controllers with rapid counterclockwise shift rotation. Workplace Health Safety, 64, 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079916634710
• Sonnentag, S., Mojza, E. J., Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). Reciprocal relations between recovery and work engagement: The moderating role of job stressors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 842–853. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028292
• Stosic, M. D., Flynn-Evans, E. E., Duenas, J., & Ruben, M. A. (2024). Gender bias in the perception of others’ fatigue: Women report more fatigue than men but have their fatigue underestimated by others. Sex Roles, 90(11), 1599–1615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01534-6
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2021). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
• Tang, L., Fang, L., Xiong, Y., & Hu, W. (2022). Study on the relationship between occupational stress and job burnout of air traffic controllers of civil aviation. Industrial Engineering and Innovation Management, 5(7), 61–67. https://dx.doi.org/10.23977/ieim.2022.050707
• Tang, Y. L., Raffone, A., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2025). Burnout and stress: New insights and interventions. Scientific Reports, 15(1), Article 8335. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92909-6
• Tattersall, A. J., Farmer, E. W., & Belyavin, A. J. (1991). Stress and workload management in air traffic control. In Automation and systems issues in air traffic control (pp. 255–266). Springer.
• Tomić, I., & Liu, J. (2017). Strategies to overcome fatigue in air traffic control based on stress management. International Journal of Engineering Science, 6, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.9790/1813-0604014857
• Triyanti, V., Azis, H. A., Iridiastadi, H., & Yassierli. (2020). Workload and fatigue assessment on air traffic controller. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 847, No. 1, Article 012087). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/847/1/012087
• Triyanti, V., Azis, H. A., Prasetyawan, Y., Iridiastadi, H., & Yassierli. (2020). Individual factors related to mental workload in air traffic controller. In Joint Conference of the Asian Council on Ergonomics and Design and the Southeast Asian Network of Ergonomics Societies (pp. 271–278). Springer.
• Tuncal, A. (2024). Examining job satisfaction and its sub-dimensions in air traffic control. Human Factors in Aviation and Aerospace, 1(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.26650/hfaa.2024.1555557
• Wiegner, L., Hange, D., Björkelund, C., & Ahlborg, G. (2015). Prevalence of perceived stress and associations to symptoms of exhaustion, depression and anxiety in a working age population seeking primary care - an observational study. BMC Family Practice, 16, Article 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-015-0252-7
• Wigert, B., & Agrawal, S. (2018). Employee burnout, part 1: The 5 main causes. Gallup. https://www.gallup.com/workplace/237059/employee-burnout-part-main-causes.aspx
• World Health Organization. (2019). Burn-out an occupational phenomenon: International classification of diseases. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases
• Wu, F., Ren, Z., Wang, Q., He, M., Xiong, W., Ma, G., Fan, X., Guo, X., Liu, H., & Zhang, X. (2020). The relationship between job stress and job burnout: The mediating effects of perceived social support and job satisfaction. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(2), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1778750
• Zhang, Z., Shi, Z., Li, N., Zhang, Y., & Xu, X. (2023). Study of psychological stress among air traffic controllers. In International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction (pp. 501–519). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35392-5_38
• Zużewicz, K., Kwarecki, K., & Waterhouse, J. (2000). Circadian rhythm of heart rate, urinary cortisol excretion, and sleep in civil air traffic controllers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 6, 383–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2000.11076462