Uçak kumanda yüzeyi tahrik mekanizmaları için kavramsal bir dört-çubuk tabanlı düzlemsel mekanizmanın sentezi ve kinematik performans analizi

Abstract

Uçak kumanda yüzeyi tahrik sistemlerinde, sınırlı montaj hacmi içinde istenen açısal hareketin güvenilir ve kinematik açıdan elverişli biçimde elde edilmesi, kavramsal tasarım aşamasında önemli bir mühendislik problemidir. Bu çalışmada, kavramsal bir uçak kumanda yüzeyi tahrik gereksinimi için düzlemsel dört-çubuk tabanlı bir mekanizmanın performans odaklı sentezi ve kinematik değerlendirilmesi sunulmuştur. Dört çubuk mekanizmasının tahrik uzvunda ve hedef hareketin elde edileceği çıkış uzvunda belirli bir dönüş aralığı tanımlanmıştır. Bu tanımlama bir uçak kontrol yüzeyinin basitleştirilmiş bir tahrik senaryosu çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilerek aday mekanizmaların boyutsal sentezi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aday mekanizma havuzu montaj alanı ve çalışma aralığına uyum gibi kısıtlar çerçevesinde filtrelenmiştir. Elde edilen filtrelenmiş adaylar iletim açısı uyumu, tekillikten uzaklık, çıkış hareketinin tekdüze olması gibi ölçütlerle değerlendirilmiştir. Önerilen yaklaşım, yalnızca hedef hareketin elde edilmesine değil, gerçek görev aralığı içindeki hareket iletim kalitesine ve yerleşim uygunluğuna da odaklanmaktadır. Sonuçlar, aynı hareket gereksinimini sağlayan birden fazla geometrik çözümün kinematik performans bakımından belirgin farklılıklar gösterebildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yönüyle çalışma, havacılıkta erken tasarım aşamasında ayrıntılı CAD/CAE (bilgisayar desteklik tasarım/bilgisayar destekli mühendislik) süreçlerinden önce kullanılabilecek, analitik olarak şeffaf ve hesap yükü düşük bir mekanizma seçim çerçevesi önermektedir.

Keywords

• Dört-çubuk mekanizma
• mekanizma sentezi
• kinematik performans analizi
• uçak kumanda yüzeyi
• kavramsal tasarım
• hareket üretimi

Ethical Statement

Bu makale araştırma ve yayın etiği standartlarını karşılamaktadır.

Synthesis and kinematic performance analysis of a conceptual four-bar based planar mechanism for aircraft control surface actuation mechanisms

Abstract

In aircraft control surface actuation systems, achieving the required angular motion within limited installation volume in a reliable and kinematically favourable manner is a critical engineering problem during conceptual design. This study presents a performance-oriented synthesis and kinematic evaluation of a planar four-bar-based mechanism for a conceptual aircraft control surface actuation requirement. A specific rotation range has been defined in the drive link and the output link of the four-bar mechanism from which the target motion will be obtained. This definition was carried out within the framework of a simplified drive scenario of an aircraft control surface, and the dimensional synthesis of the candidate mechanisms was performed. The pool of candidate mechanisms was filtered based on constraints such as mounting area and compatibility with the operating range. The resulting filtered candidates were evaluated according to criteria such as transmission angle compatibility, distance from singularities, and uniformity of output motion. The proposed framework focuses not only on satisfying the target motion but also on motion transmission quality and packaging suitability within the actual task window. The results demonstrate that multiple geometrically feasible linkages can satisfy the same motion requirement while exhibiting significantly different kinematic performance characteristics. The study therefore proposes an analytically transparent and computationally efficient mechanism selection framework that can support early-stage aviation-related design decisions prior to detailed CAD/CAE-based development.

Keywords

• Four-bar linkage
• mechanism synthesis
• kinematic performance analysis
• aircraft control surface
• conceptual design
• motion generation

References

1. Annaz, F. Y., & Kaluarachchi, M. M. (2023). Progress in redundant electromechanical actuators for aerospace applications. Aerospace, 10(9), 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10090787
2. Ao, M., Yu, G., Wang, L., Sun, L., & Ye, B. (2025). Integrated optimization synthesis of linkage mechanism structures and dimensions free from kinematic defects. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 214, 106121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2025.106121
3. Chakraborty, I., Trawick, D. R., Jackson, D., & Mavris, D. (2013). Electric control surface actuator design optimization and allocation for the more electric aircraft. In: AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (p. 4283).
4. Charrier, J. J., & Kulshreshtha, A. (2007). Electric actuation for flight and engine control: Evolution and current trend. In: AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit (p. 1391). https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-4283
5. Chung, M. G., Han, J. Y., Kim, K. B., & Yun, G. J. (2025). MBD-CFD coupled analysis for design verification of aircraft flap mechanism. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 26(1), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-024-00755-z
6. Durham, W. (2013). Aircraft Flight Dynamics and Control. Wiley & Sons.
7. El-Shakery, S., Ramadan, R., & Khader, K. (2020). Analytical and graphical optimal synthesis of crank-rocker four-bar mechanisms for achieving targeted transmission angle deviations. Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 14(3), 303.
8. Ge, Q. J., Purwar, A., Zhao, P., & Deshpande, S. (2017). A task-driven approach to unified synthesis of planar four-bar linkages. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 17(3), 031011. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4035528

9. Kadak, T., & Kiper, G. (2024). Function generation with planar four-bar mechanisms as a mixed problem of correlation of crank angles and dead center design. Sādhanā, 49(2), 143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-024-02483-2
10. Khorshidi, M., Soheilypour, M., Peyro, M., Atai, A., & Panahi, M. S. (2011). Optimal design of four-bar mechanisms using a hybrid multi-objective GA with adaptive local search. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 46(10), 1453-1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2011.05.006
11. Lee, S., Kim, J., & Kang, N. (2024). Deep generative model-based synthesis framework of four-bar linkage mechanisms with target conditions. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 11(5), 318-332. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwae084
12. Lee, W. T., & Russell, K. (2018). Developments in quantitative dimensional synthesis (1970–present): Four-bar path and function generation. Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 26(9), 1280–1304. https://doi.org/10.1080/17415977.2017.1396328
13. Li, J., Yu, Z., Huang, Y., & Li, Z. (2016). A review of electromechanical actuation systems for more electric aircraft. In: IEEE International Conference on Aircraft Utility Systems (AUS) (pp. 490-497). https://doi.org/10.1109/AUS.2016.7748100
14. Martin, P. J., Russell, K., & Sodhi, R. S. (2007). On mechanism design optimization for motion generation. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 42(10), 1251–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2006.11.009
15. Muenchhof, M., Beck, M., & Isermann, R. (2009). Fault-tolerant actuators and drives: Structures, fault detection principles and applications. Annual Reviews in Control, 33(2), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcontrol.2009.08.002
16. Munjulury, R. C., Andrés, I. E., Puebla, A. D., & Krus, P. (2016). Knowledge-based flight control system and control surfaces integration in rapid aircraft design. In: Aerospace Technology Congress (Vol. 2016).
17. Nie, L., Ding, H., & Gan, J. (2019). Dead center identification of single-DOF planar linkages based on graph theory and transmission angle. IEEE Access, 7, 77161–77173. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2920841
18. Pang, H., Yu, T., & Song, B. (2016). Failure mechanism analysis and reliability assessment of an aircraft slat. Engineering Failure Analysis, 60, 261–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.11.032
19. Pratt, R. W. (Ed.). (2000). Flight control systems: Practical issues in design and implementation (No. 57). Iet. Rudolph, P. K. C. (1996). High-lift systems on commercial subsonic airliners (No. NASA-CR-4746). NASA Ames Research Center.
20. Qiao, G., Liu, G., Shi, Z., Wang, Y., Ma, S., & Lim, T. C. (2018). A review of electromechanical actuators for more/all electric aircraft systems. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 232(22), 4128–4151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406217749869
21. Tsai, L. W. (2000). Mechanism Design: Enumeration of Kinematic Structures According to Function. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1334346
22. Valencia-Segura, L. E., Villarreal-Cervantes, M. G., Corona-Ramírez, L. G., Cuenca-Jiménez, F., & Castro-Medina, R. (2021). Optimum synthesis of four-bar mechanism using the relative angle method: A comparative performance study. IEEE Access, 9, 132990-133010. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3115444
23. Wan, Q., Liu, G., Liu, Q., Tong, R., & Ma, S. (2022). Research on dynamic characteristics of flap actuation system considering joint clearance and flexibility. Machines, 10(11), 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10111098
24. Wu, X., Liu, Q., Ding, J., Wang, C., Yu, H., & Bai, S. (2024). Transmission angle of planar four-bar linkages applicable for different input-output links subject to external loads. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 203, 105829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2024.105829
25. Yin, L., Huang, L., Huang, J., Xu, P., Peng, X., & Zhang, P. (2019). Synthesis theory and optimum design of four-bar linkage with given angle parameters. Mechanical Sciences, 10(2), 545-552. https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-545-2019