Biyomimikri, Uzay Araştırmaları İçin Robotiklere Nasıl İlham Veriyor?

Abstract

Biyomimikri, doğayı taklit etme ve ilham almada insanların birçok problemini çözmede alternatif bir yaklaşımdır. Robotlar ve uzay araştırmaları günümüzde araştırmacılar tarafından en fazla ağırlık verilen konuların başındadır. Uzay araştırmalarında kullanılabilecek robotlar incelendiğinde, doğadaki canlıların özelliklerini ilham alarak yapılan çalışmaları çokça görmekteyiz. Doğa ilhamlı robot teknolojisi, dünyamızdaki canlılarda 3.8 milyar yıldır görülen mekanik incelenerek geliştirilmektedir. Dünyadaki canlıların hareket mekanizmaları ve dengesi, davranışları, iletişimleri gibi birçok özellikleri mühendisler ve sosyal bilimciler tarafından onlarca yıllardır incelenmektedir. Kuşkusuz, robotik bilim de, diğer birçok bilim dalı gibi, doğadaki mevcut sistemleri kaynak olarak kullanmış ve biyomekanik alanındaki araştırmalara önem vermiştir. Ekosistemimizi dikkatle incelediğimizde, gözlem ve uygulama ile sorunlara yönelik çözümlerin 3.8 milyar yıllık geçmişe sahip bir laborotuvarın raflarında durduğunu görüyoruz. Bugüne dek, insan yeryüzündeki sayısız canlıyı inceleme ve dünyada karşılaştığı sorunlara çözüm bulmada bu incelemelerden elde ettiği verileri kullanmada oldukça başarılı sonuçlar elde etmiştir. Bu çalışmada, ekosistemimizdeki canlıların uzay araştırmalarındaki robotik çalışmalarına nasıl ışık tutabileceği, dünyada elde ettiğimiz biyolojik bilgilerin robotik alanlarda kullanımıyla uzay alanındaki çalışmalara sunabileceği katkılar incelenmiştir. Çalışma aynı zamanda biyolojinin bu tasarım alanlarında bilim ve teknolojinin çalışma şeklini aydınlatmayı da amaçlamaktadır. 

Keywords

• biyomimikri
• uzay araştırmaları
• robotik
• ekosistem
• canlılar

How Biomimicry Inspires Robotics For Space Research

Abstract

Biomimicry is an alternative approach to solve problems people may encounter in all walks of life by mimicking and being inspired by nature. Robotics and space research are of utmost importance for modern researchers. When it comes to robotics design for space environments, it is seen that the ones usually preferred for space research are mostly inspired by living beings on Earth. Bio-inspired robotic technology is being developed by studying the mechanics of living beings having been seen in our world for 3.8 billion years. The locomotion, balance, behaviour, and communication skills of terrestrial beings have thus been thoroughly studied by engineers and social scientists for decades. Undoubtedly, robotics has also made use of the systems already existing in nature like many other scientific fields and thus considered the studies in biomechanics noteworthy. When we carefully examine our ecosystem, we realize that answers to our questions and solutions to our problems are just there on the shelves of a 3.8-billion-year-old laboratory with complete background on observation and application. So far, man has been quite successful in getting data by studying a splendid variety of species as well as making use of such data to put forward solutions to terrestrial problems. In this study, it has been examined how living beings in our ecosystem can be a source of inspiration for the robotic studies in space research as well as how our knowledge of biology can be put into use in robotics so that it can contribute to space studies. The study also aims to enlighten the way biology works in the areas of design for science and technology. 

Keywords

• biomimicry
• space explorations
• robotics
• ecosystem
• living beings

References

1. Akkaya, B. and Yazıcı, AM. (2020). Comparing Agile Leadeship with Biomimicry-Based Gray Wolf: Proposing A New Model. Business&Management Studies: An International Journal, Vol.8, Issue.2, 1455-1478.
2. Altun, Ş. (2011). Doğanın İnovasyonu- İnovasyon İçin Doğadan İlham Al, Elma Yayınevi.
3. Avcı, F. (2019). Doğa ve İnovasyon: Okullarda Biyomimikri. Anadolu Öğretmen Dergisi, Cilt:3, Sayı:2, DOI:10.35346/aod.604872.
4. Arienti, A. Calisti, M. Serchi, F. G. and Laschi, C. (2013). PoseiDRONE: Design of a soft-bodied ROV with crawling, swimming and manipulation ability. OCEANS 2013 MTS/IEEE – San Diego: An Ocean in Common.
5. Bar-Cohen, Y. (2006). Biomimetics: biologically inspired technology. II ECCOMAS THEMATIC CONFERENCE ON SMART STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS. C. A. Mota Soares et all. (Eds.) Lisbon. Portugal. July 18-21.
6. Benyus, JM. (1997). Biomimicry. New York: William Morrow.
7. Birkmeyer, P. Peterson, K. and Fearing, RS. (2009). DASH: A dynamic 16g hexapedal robot. RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems IEEE. 2683- 2689. 10.1109/IROS. 2009. 5354561
8. Cianchetti, M. Calisti, M. Margheri, L. Kuba, M. and Laschi, C. (2015). Bioinspired locomotion and grasping in water: The soft eight-arm OCTOPUS robot. Bioinspiration&Biomimetics, 10(3), DOI:10.1088/1748-3190/10/3/035003.

9. Eliakim, I. Cohen, Z. Kosa, G. and Yovel, Y. (2018). A fully autonomous terrestrial bat-like acoustic robot, PLoS Computational Biology, 14(9): e1006406, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006406 Accessed: September. 27,2020.
10. ESA. (2019). Dark meets light on Mars, Retrieved from https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESAC/Dark_meets_light_on_Mars Accessed: September. 25,2020.
11. Fras, J. Noh, Y. Marcias, M. Wurdemann, H. and Althoefer, K. (2018). Bio-Inspired Octopus Robot Based on Novel Soft Fluidic Actuator. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Volume:2018. DOI:10.1109/ICRA.2018.8460629.
12. Frishberg, M. (2015). What Would Nature Do? The Rise of Biomimicry. Research-Technology Management, Vol.58, Vol.6.
13. Ginsberg, M. Schiano, J. Kramer, M. and Alleyne, M. (2013). A Case Study in Bio-Inspired Engineering Design: Defense Applications of Exoskeletal Sensors. Defense & Security Analysis, 29 (2), 156-169.
14. Hassanalion, M. Pirinç, D. and Abdelkefi, A. (2018). Evolution of space drones for planetary exploration: A review. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 97:61-105. DOI:10.1016/j.paerosci.2018.01.003.
15. Ijspeert, A. Crespi, A. Ryczko, D. and Cabelguen, J. (2007). From Swimming to Walking with a Salamander Robot Driven by a Spinal Cord Model. Science, 315(5817), 1416-1420. Retrieved October 7, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20035751
16. İnner, S. (2019). Biyomimikri ve Parametrik Tasarım İlişkisinin Mimari Alanında Kullanımı ve Gelişimi. Tasarım Enformatiği, Volume 1, Issue 1, 15-29.
17. Jiang, H. Hawkes, E. Fuller, C. Estrada, M. Suresh, S. Abcouwer, N. Han, A. Wang, S. Ploch, C. Parness, A. and Cutkosky, M. (2017). A robotic device using gecko-inspired adhesives can grasp and manipulate large objects in microgravity. Science Robotics, 2(7): eaan4545. DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aan4545.
18. Kennedy, E. Fecheyr- Lippens, D. Hsiung, B. Niewiarowski, PH. and Kolodziej, M. (2015). Biomimicry: A Path to Sustainable Innovation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Design, Volume 31, Number 3. doi:10.1162/DESI_a_00339.
19. Kim, J. and Park, K. (2018). The Design Characteristics of Nature-inspired Buildings. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 6 (2). 88-107. DOI: 10.13189/cea.2018.060206.
20. Kang, C. (2018). Marsbee - Swarm of Flapping Wing Flyers for Enhanced Mars Exploration, NASA. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2018_Phase_I_Phase_II/Marsbee_Swarm_of_Flapping_Wing_Flyers_for_Enhanced_Mars_Exploration/. Accessed: 29.08.2020.
21. Knight, W. (2017). An Ostrich-Like Robot Pushes the Limit of Legged Locomotion, MIT Technology Review. Retrieved from. https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/05/02/152048/an-ostrich-like-robot-pushes-the-limits-of-legged-locomotion/. Accessed: 28.08.2020.
22. Launius, R. (2019). Reaching for the Moon: A Short History of the Space Race. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. Retrieved October 7, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvhrcxzx
23. Lee, W. Falk, B. Chiu, C. Krishnan, A. Arbour, JH. and Moss, CF. (2017). Tongue-driven sonar beam steering by a lingual-echolocating fruit bat. PLOS Biology. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003148 . Accessed: 25.09.2020
24. Lentink, D. (2014). Bioinspired flight control. Bioinspiration&Biomimetics, 9, 020302, (8pp). doi:10.1088/1748-31-82/9/2/020301.
25. Lemburg, J. Fernandez, J. Eich, M. and Mronga, D. (2011, May). AILA- design of an autonomous mobile dual-arm robot, Paper presented at Proceedings- IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, ICRA 2011, Shanghai, China, 9-13 May, 2011. DOI:10.1109/ICRA.2011.5979775
26. Liljebäck, P. Pettersen, KY. Stavdahl, Ø. and Gravdahl, JT. (2012). Snake Robot Locomotion in Environments with Obstacles. IEEE Transactions on Mechatronics, 17 (6): 1158-1169. DOI:10.1109/TMECH.2011.2159863.
27. Mahon, C. (2018). Robot Cockroaches May Be the Future of Space Exploration, Outer Places. Retrieved from. https://www.outerplaces.com/science/item/17800-robot-cockroachs-space-exploration. Access date: 29.08.2020.
28. Marshall, A. and Lozeva, S. (2009). Questioning the Theory and Practice of Biomimicry. Int. J. of Design&Nature and Ecodynamics, Vol.4, No.1, 1-10. DOI:10.2495/DNE-V4-N1-1-10.
29. Mattar, E. (2013). A Survey of bio-inspired robotics hands implementation: New directions in dexterous manipulation. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Vol.61, No.5, May, pp.517-544.
30. Menon, C. Murphy, M. and Sitti, M. (2004). Gecko Inspired Surface Climbing Robots. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, 431- 436. DOI: 10.1109/ROBIO.2004.1521817
31. Menon, C. Murphy, M. Sitti, M. and Lan, N. (2007). Space exploration-towards bio-inspired climbing robots. Bioinspiration and Robotics: Walking and Climbing Robots. Book edited by: Maki K. Habib, ISBN 978-3-902613-15-8, pp.544. I-Tech. Vienna. Austria. EU. September 2007.
32. Menon, C. Broschart, M. and Lan, N. (2007). Biomimetics and robotics for space applications: challenges and emerging Technologies. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation-Workshop on Biomimetic Robotics.
33. Merz, M. Transeth, AA. Johansen, G. and Bjerkeng, M. (2018). Snake Robots For Space Applications (SAROS). SINTEF. Number. 52. Retrieved from https://sintef.brage.unit.no/sintef-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2565930/SINTEF%2b2017-00453.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Access date:29.08.2020.
34. NASA/Johnson Space Center. (2003, July 2) "Humans, Robots Work Together To Test 'Spacewalk Squad' Concept.", https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/jul/HQ_03227_Human_Concept.html
35. NASA. (2014, April 24). A step up for NASA’s robonaut: Ready for climbing legs. https://www.nasa.gov/content/a-step-up-for-nasa-s-robonaut-ready-for-climbing-legs
36. NASA (2015, June 11) “NASA Looks to University Robotics Groups to Advance Latest Humanoid Robot” https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-looks-to-university-robotics-groups-to-advance-latest-humanoid-robot
37. NASA. (2016, Sept 2). NASA counting on humanoid robots for deep space exploration, https://gameon.nasa.gov/2016/02/09/nasa-counting-on-humanoid-robots-for-deep-space-exploration/
38. NASA. (2017, April 13). NASA Missions Provide New Insights into ‘Ocean Worlds’ in Our Solar System, https://europa.nasa.gov/news/3/nasa-missions-provide-new-insights-into-ocean-worlds-in-our-solar-system/
39. NASA. (2019, December 23) Space History Is Made in This NASA Robot Factory, https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8575/space-history-is-made-in-this-nasa-robot-factory/
40. Özdoğan, E. Demir, A. and Seventekin, N. (2006). Lotus Etkili Yüzeyler. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon Dergisi, 16(1), 287-290.
41. Primlani, RV. (2013). Biomimicry: On the Frontiers of Design. XIMB Journal, 10(2), 139-148.
42. Ramezani, A. Chung, SJ. and Hutchinson, S. (2017). A biomimetic robotic platform to study flight specializations of bats, Science Robotics, Vol.2, Issue 3, eaal2505, DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aal2505
43. Ribak, G. and Wiehs, D. (2011). Jumping without Using Legs: The Jump of the Click-Beetles (Elateriade) Is Morphologically Constrained, PLoS One, 6(6): e20871, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020871 Accessed: October. 01, 2020.
44. Robots in space. (2004). Nature, 428, 877. https://doi.org/10.1038/428877b.
45. Rubenson, J. Llyod, DG. Heliams, DB. Besier, TF. and Fournier, PA. (2011). Adaptations for economical bipedal running: the effect of limb structure on three-dimensional joint mechanics. J. R. Soc. Interface, 8(58): 740–755. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0466 ; Accessed: October 04, 2020.
46. Sanchez, CJ. Chiu, CW. Zhou, Y. González, JM. Vinson, SB. and Liang, H. (2015). Locomotion control of hybrid cockroach robots. J. R. Soc. Interface, 12: 20141363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1363.
47. Sockol, MD. Raichlen, DA. and Pontzer, H. (2007). Chimpanzee locomotor energetics and the origin of human bipedalism, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Jul 2007, 104 (30) 12265-12269; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703267104
48. Volstad, NL. and Boks, C. (2012). On the use of Biomimicry as a Useful Tool for the Industrial Designer. Sustainable Development, 20(3), 189-199.
49. Vuuren, LV. (2014). Biomimicry: exploring nature’s genius for a beter tomorrow. Water Whell, Volume 13, Issue 6, p.12-15.
50. Witze, A. (2017). High-jumping beetle inspires agile robots. Nature, doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22981.
51. Yazıcı, AM. and Darıcı, S. (2019). The New Opportunities in Space Economy, Journal of the Human and Social Science Researches, 8(4), 3252-3271.
52. Yazıcı, AM. (2020). Biomimicry and Agile Leadership in Industry 4.0. A. Bülent (Ed.), Agile Business Leadership Methods for Industry 4.0 içinde (s.155-170). Emerald Publishing. doi:10.1108/978-1-80043-380-920201010.
53. Yoshida, K. (2010). Achievements in space robotics. IEEE Robotics&Automation Magazine, DOI:10.1109/MRA.2009.934818.
54. Yuk, H. Lin, S. Ma, C. Takaffoli, M. Fang, NX. and Zhao, X. (2017). Hydraulic hydrogel actuators and robots optically and sonically camouflaged in water. Nature Communications, 8:14230. DOI:10.1038/ncomms14230.