A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations

Recep Olcay; Mürsel Bayram

A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations

Abstract

Liberia and Somalia are two countries on the African continent that are distant but share the same fate. While Liberia is a multi-ethnic African country that was not colonized, Somalia is notable for having a relatively homogeneous demographic composition. Both countries suffered devastating losses from civil wars in the 1990s. Liberia recovered from the civil war in the early 21st century, but Somalia has not been as successful as post-civil war Liberia. The United Nations intervened in both countries in order to reduce the negative effects of the civil war, to put an end to the humanitarian tragedy and to cease the civil wars. This article aims to assess the UN interventions in both countries (UNMIL in Liberia and UNOSOM II) in reference to Pushkina’s criteria of success. The article also addresses the historical developments leading up to civil wars and outlines the UN activities in these two countries.

Keywords

References

BBC. (2018). Liberia Country Profile. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13729504 (Access date: 27.11.2020)
Bøås, M. (2005). The Liberian Civil War: New War/Old War?. Global Society, 19:1, p.73-88
Center on International Cooperation. (2008). Liberia. Annual Review of Global Peace Operations, retrieved from https://peaceoperationsreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/2008_annual_review.pdf. (Access date: 02.12.2019)
Bratt, D. (1997). Assessing the Success of UN Peacekeeping Operations, International Peacekeeping, Vol.3, No.4, pp.64–81.
Bures, O. (2007). Wanted: A Mid-Range Theory of International Peacekeeping. International Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 407-436
Constitutionnet. (August 2018). Constitutional History of Somalia. Retrieved from http://constitutionnet .org /country/somalia, (Access date: 21.09.2020)
Cooley, T. (17.06.2004). Liberia: An update on peacekeeping and reconstruction. Retrieved from https:// www.wilsoncenter.org/event/liberia-update-peacekeeping-and-reconstruction. (Access date 02.12.2019)
Druckman D. & Stern., P.C. (1997). Evaluating Peacekeeping Operations. Mershon International Studies Review (1997) 41, pp.151–165

Dunn, D. E., Beyan, A. J., & Burrowes, C. P. (2001). Historical dictionary of Liberia. Lanham (Md.): Scarecrow,
DW. (2020). Somalia’s tumultuous 60-year journey after independence. Retirieved from https://www.dw.com/en/somalias-tumultuous-60-year-journey-after-independence/a-53977180 (Access date: 27.11.2020)
Ellis, S. (1995). Liberia 1989-1994: A Study of Ethnic and Spiritual Violence. African Affairs, Vol. 94, No. 375, pp. 165-197
Güngör, U. (2017). Leading Peace Operations: Turkey’s Experience. Retrieved from http://sam.gov.tr/pdf/ sampapers/SAM-Papers-No.-14.pdf . (Access date 11.12.2019)
Ingiriis, M. H. (2020). Profiting from the failed state of Somalia: the violent political marketplace and insecurity in contemporary Mogadishu. Journal of Contemporary African Studies. Vol: 38 No:2
Jackson, D.R. (2010). The Ogaden War and the Demise of Détente. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 632, pp. 26-40,
Lawrence, M. V. (2008). Liberia. In Richard M. Juang and Noelle Morrissette (Eds) Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, p: 692-695
Lewis, I. M. & Janzen, J.H.A. (2020). Somalia. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www. britannica.com /place/Somalia (Access date: 25.09.2020)
Lewis, I. M. (1967). Recent Developments in the Somali Dispute. African Affairs, Vol. 66, No. 263, p. 104- 112.
Lewis, I. M. (1988). Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn Africa. Westview Press, Boulder & London.
Liberia: Religious riots erupt in Monrovia, curfew imposed. (2004, 29 October). Reliefweb, retrieved from https://reliefweb.int / report/liberia/liberia-religious-riots-erupt-monrovia-curfew-imposed, (Access date: 01.12.2019)
Marion, F. (2013). 'Heroic Things': Air Force Special Tactics Personnel At Mogadishu, October 3-4, 1993. Air Power History, 60(3), 32-43.
Menkhaus, K. (2003). Somalia: A Situation Analysis and Trend Assessment, retrieved from http://www. refworld.org/pdfid/3f7c235f4.pdf (Access date 05.12.2019)
Mower, J. H. (1947). The Republic of Liberia. The Journal of Negro History 32, no. 3, p. 265-306.
Nkaissery, J.K. (1997). The Ogaden War: An Analysis of its causes and its impact on regional peace on the Horn of Africa. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a326941.pdf, (Access date: 21.09.2020)
Petterson, D. R., Holsoe, S. E. & Jones, A. B. (2020). Liberia. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Liberia/History. (Access date 20.09.2020)
Philipp, C. E. (2005). Somalia A Very Special Case, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 9, p. 517- 554.
Pushkina, D. (2006). A Recipe for Success? Ingredients of a Successful Peacekeeping Mission, International Peacekeeping Vol.13, no.2, p.133-149
O’Neill, J.T. & Rees, N. (2005). United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era, New York, Routledge.
Thakur, R. (1994). From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement: The UN Operation in Somalia, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 32(3), p.387-410
The Home Office. (2019). Somalia: Majority clans and minority groups in south and central Somalia. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads /attachment_data/file/773526/Somalia_-_Clans_-_CPIN_V3.0e.pdf, (Access date: 20.09.2020)
The CIA World Factbook. Somalia Ethnic Groups. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html (Access date 05.12.2019)
The United Nations Geospatial Information Section. (1993). UNOSOM II deployment as of September 1993. Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/175490?ln=en.
The United Nations. (1994). The Security Council Report, S/1994/653. Retrieved from http://www.securitycouncilreport.org /atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D /SOMALIA%20S%201994%20653.pdf. (Access date: 23.09.2020)
The United Nations. (1997). Liberia-UNOMIL. Retrieved from https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default /files/past/unomil.htm, (Access date 22.11.2019)
The United Nations. (2003). The Security Council Report, S/2003/875. Retrieved from https://www. securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/liberia-s2003-875.php
The United Nations. (2003). The Security Council Report, S/2003/1175. Retrieved from https://www. securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/liberia-s2003-1175.php
The United Nations. (2003). UNOSOM II. Retrieved from https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default /files/past/ unosom2backgr2.html. (Access date 05.12.2019)
The United Nations. (2018). The Security Council Report, S/2018/344. Retrieved from https://www. securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/s2018344.php
The United Nations. (2018). The Story of The UNMIL. Retrieved from https://The UNMIL.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/the story_of_The UNMIL _0.pdf (Access date 01.12.2019)
The United Nations. Where we operate?. Retrieved from https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/where-we-operate (Access date 19.11.2019)
The United Nations. (2018). The UN Peacekeeping Finishes its Mission in Liberia. Retrieved from https://The UNMIL.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/The UNMIL-mission-closure-infographic.pdf (Access date: 02.12.2019)
U.S. Department of State. (2012). Liberia. Retrieved from https://2009-2017. state.gov/outofdate/ bgn/liberia/196485.htm (Access date: 21.11.2019)

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

International Relations

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Recep Olcay ^* This is me
0000-0002-0966-7595
Türkiye

Mürsel Bayram This is me
0000-0002-1183-0515
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 30, 2020

Submission Date

June 28, 2020

Acceptance Date

September 20, 2020

Published in Issue

Year 2020 Volume: 2 Number: 2

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA54TH54LK

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Olcay, R., & Bayram, M. (2020). A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations. Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 11-24. https://izlik.org/JA54TH54LK

AMA

1.Olcay R, Bayram M. A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations. JDR. 2020;2(2):11-24. https://izlik.org/JA54TH54LK

Chicago

Olcay, Recep, and Mürsel Bayram. 2020. “A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations”. Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2 (2): 11-24. https://izlik.org/JA54TH54LK.

EndNote

Olcay R, Bayram M (December 1, 2020) A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations. Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2 2 11–24.

IEEE

[1]R. Olcay and M. Bayram, “A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations”, JDR, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 11–24, Dec. 2020, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA54TH54LK

ISNAD

Olcay, Recep - Bayram, Mürsel. “A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations”. Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2/2 (December 1, 2020): 11-24. https://izlik.org/JA54TH54LK.

JAMA

1.Olcay R, Bayram M. A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations. JDR. 2020;2:11–24.

MLA

Olcay, Recep, and Mürsel Bayram. “A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations”. Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 2, Dec. 2020, pp. 11-24, https://izlik.org/JA54TH54LK.

Vancouver

1.Recep Olcay, Mürsel Bayram. A Comparative Assessment of UNMIL-Liberia and UNOSOM II-Somalia Peacekeeping Operations. JDR [Internet]. 2020 Dec. 1;2(2):11-24. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA54TH54LK