Research Article

TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL

Volume: 7 Number: 1 April 29, 2026
TR EN

TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL

Abstract

Given the strategic significance of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region on a global scale, particularly in relation to Türkiye, this study investigates the determinants of bilateral trade flows between Türkiye and MENA countries through an extended gravity model framework. Employing a panel data methodology, the study utilizes a Fixed Effects model with Clustered Standard Errors, complemented by a Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) approach to account for time-invariant variables. The findings reveal that economic size and geographical proximity are primary factors influencing trade integration. Specifically, Türkiye's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) underscores its role as a regional economic hub, while the positive influence of MENA countries' GDP indicates economic complementarity rather than dependency. Additionally, population size demonstrates a strong positive relationship with trade volume, supporting the market size hypothesis. In contrast, exchange rate fluctuations, political stability, and Trade Agreements did not show statistically significant effects, suggesting that current trade networks are resilient to short-term macroeconomic fluctuations and that formal agreements have yet to generate considerable trade benefits. Distance remains a factor that elevates transaction costs, whereas shared borders facilitate cultural connections and cross-border supply chains. These insights suggest that policy efforts should prioritize enhancing productive capacity and logistical infrastructure, rather than solely focusing on institutional reforms.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Policy and Administration (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

April 29, 2026

Submission Date

March 11, 2026

Acceptance Date

April 14, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 7 Number: 1

APA
Baylan, M., & Halabi, E. (2026). TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL. Journal of Economics and Research, 7(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1907096
AMA
1.Baylan M, Halabi E. TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL. Journal of Economics and Research. 2026;7(1):1-19. doi:10.53280/jer.1907096
Chicago
Baylan, Mustafa, and Emir Halabi. 2026. “TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL”. Journal of Economics and Research 7 (1): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1907096.
EndNote
Baylan M, Halabi E (April 1, 2026) TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL. Journal of Economics and Research 7 1 1–19.
IEEE
[1]M. Baylan and E. Halabi, “TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL”, Journal of Economics and Research, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–19, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.53280/jer.1907096.
ISNAD
Baylan, Mustafa - Halabi, Emir. “TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL”. Journal of Economics and Research 7/1 (April 1, 2026): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1907096.
JAMA
1.Baylan M, Halabi E. TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL. Journal of Economics and Research. 2026;7:1–19.
MLA
Baylan, Mustafa, and Emir Halabi. “TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL”. Journal of Economics and Research, vol. 7, no. 1, Apr. 2026, pp. 1-19, doi:10.53280/jer.1907096.
Vancouver
1.Mustafa Baylan, Emir Halabi. TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL. Journal of Economics and Research. 2026 Apr. 1;7(1):1-19. doi:10.53280/jer.1907096