TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL
Abstract
Given the strategic significance of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region on a global scale, particularly in relation to Türkiye, this study investigates the determinants of bilateral trade flows between Türkiye and MENA countries through an extended gravity model framework. Employing a panel data methodology, the study utilizes a Fixed Effects model with Clustered Standard Errors, complemented by a Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) approach to account for time-invariant variables. The findings reveal that economic size and geographical proximity are primary factors influencing trade integration. Specifically, Türkiye's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) underscores its role as a regional economic hub, while the positive influence of MENA countries' GDP indicates economic complementarity rather than dependency. Additionally, population size demonstrates a strong positive relationship with trade volume, supporting the market size hypothesis. In contrast, exchange rate fluctuations, political stability, and Trade Agreements did not show statistically significant effects, suggesting that current trade networks are resilient to short-term macroeconomic fluctuations and that formal agreements have yet to generate considerable trade benefits. Distance remains a factor that elevates transaction costs, whereas shared borders facilitate cultural connections and cross-border supply chains. These insights suggest that policy efforts should prioritize enhancing productive capacity and logistical infrastructure, rather than solely focusing on institutional reforms.
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
April 29, 2026
Submission Date
March 11, 2026
Acceptance Date
April 14, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 7 Number: 1