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ORTA DOĞU VE KUZEY AFRİKA ÜLKELERİ İLE TÜRKİYE ARASINDAKİ TİCARET DİNAMİKLERİNİN ÇEKİM MODELİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE AMPİRİK ANALİZİ

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 , 1 - 19 , 29.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1907096
https://izlik.org/JA66EH95UY

Öz

Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika (MENA) bölgesinin küresel ölçekteki stratejik önemi, özellikle Türkiye ile ilişkileri bağlamında göz önüne alındığında, bu çalışma Türkiye ile MENA ülkeleri arasındaki ikili ticaret akımlarının belirleyicilerini genişletilmiş bir çekim modeli çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Panel veri metodolojisi kullanan çalışma, zamana göre değişmeyen değişkenleri dikkate almak amacıyla Kümelendirilmiş Standart Hatalı Sabit Etkiler modelini temel almakta ve bu yaklaşımı Panel Düzeltmeli Standart Hatalar (PCSE) yöntemiyle desteklemektedir. Bulgular, ekonomik büyüklük ve coğrafi yakınlığın ticari entegrasyonu etkileyen temel faktörler olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle, Türkiye'nin Gayrisafi Yurt İçi Hasılası (GSYH) bölgesel bir ekonomik merkez olarak rolünü vurgularken, MENA ülkelerinin GSYH'sinin olumlu etkisi bağımlılıktan ziyade ekonomik tamamlayıcılığı işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca, nüfus büyüklüğü ile ticaret hacmi arasında güçlü bir pozitif ilişki gözlemlenmiş olup, bu durum pazar büyüklüğü hipotezini desteklemektedir. Buna karşılık, döviz kuru dalgalanmaları, siyasi istikrar ve Ticaret Anlaşmaları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkiler göstermemiştir; bu durum mevcut ticaret ağlarının kısa vadeli makroekonomik dalgalanmalara karşı dirençli olduğunu ve resmi anlaşmaların henüz kayda değer ticari faydalar üretmediğini düşündürmektedir. Mesafe işlem maliyetlerini artıran bir faktör olmaya devam ederken, ortak sınırlar kültürel bağları ve sınır ötesi tedarik zincirlerini kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bu bulgular, politika çabalarının yalnızca kurumsal reformlara odaklanmak yerine, üretken kapasitenin artırılması ve lojistik altyapının geliştirilmesine öncelik vermesi gerektiğini önermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdelkrim, E. (2016). Using the gravity model to estimate the trade potential of Maghreb countries, (PhD thesis), Hassiba Ben Bouali University – Algeria https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318210196.
  • Adam, C., & Cobham, D. (2007). Modelling multilateral trade resistance in a gravity model with exchange rate regimes Centre for Dynamic Macroeconomic Analysis Conference Papers, 44, 1-49. https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~wwwecon/CDMA/papers/cp0702.pdf.
  • Al-Kawaz A. (2009). Foreign Trade and Regional Economic Integration. Arab Planning Institute, Issue 81, March 2009, Kuwait.
  • Ammar N. (2013). International Economics, Publications of the Faculty of Economics, Business, and Management Sciences, El Hadj Lakhdar University, Algeria, 2013-2014 academic year.
  • Antonucci, D., & Manzocchi, S. (2006). Does Turkey have a special trade relation with the EU?: A gravity model approach. Economic Systems, 30(2), 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2005.10.003.
  • Artuç, M. F. (2019). Türkiye ile OECD ülkeleri arasındaki dış ticaretin çekim modeli çerçevesinde analizi. [Master's thesis, Şırnak University]. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/481565853.pdf.
  • Ata, S. (2012). Türkiye’nin ihracat potansiyeli: Çekim modeli çerçevesinde bir inceleme. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 13, 276-282. https://www.academia.edu/128832299/Turkey_s_Export_Potential_A_Gravity_Model_Analysis.
  • Aysun, A., Öksüzler, O., & Yılgör, M. (2012). Gümrük Birliği’nin Türkiye’nin dış ticareti üzerine etkisi: Panel çekim modeli uygulaması. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 15-26. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ogusbd/issue/11002/131646.
  • Azzeddine S. (2018). Financial Organizations and International Trade, Faculty of Economics, Business and Management Sciences, University of Algeria, Academic Year 2018-2019.
  • Balıkçıoğlu, N. (2019). Türkiye’nin Dış Ticaret Hacminin Çekim Modeli İle Tahmini. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(20), 769-786.
  • Bayar, G. (2014). Türkiye’nin Kalkınmış ülkelere ve Orta Doğu-Kuzey Afrika Ülkelerine İhracatı: Karşılaştırmalı Yer Çekimi Analizi. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 119-164.
  • Bencheni Abdelkader. (2021). Uluslararası Ticaret İşlemlerinin Yürütülmesi. Ekonomi, İşletme ve Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Abdelhamid Ben Badis Üniversitesi, Mostaganem, Cezayir, https://www.univ-mosta.dz/fsecsg/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/11/مطبوعة-تسيير-عمليات-التجارة-الدولية-.pdf.
  • Borges Aguiar, G. M., & Cossu, E. (2019). The gravity model for trade theory. Köz-gazdaság, International Relations Multidisciplinary Doctoral School, 14(3), 293-299. https://real.mtak.hu/161910/.
  • Boughanmi, H. (2008). The trade potential of the Arab Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC): A gravity model approach. Journal of Economic Integration, 23(1), 42-56. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001110.
  • Carrère, C. (2004). African regional agreements: Impact on trade with or without currency unions. Journal of African Economies, 13(2), 199–239. https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/13/2/199/703586.
  • Carrillo-Tudela, C., & Li, C. A. (2004). Trade blocks and the gravity model: Evidence from Latin American countries. Journal of Economic Integration, 19(4), 667–689. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23000717.
  • CEPII (Centre d'Études Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales). (n.d.). GeoDist [Database]. Retrieved March 8, 2024, from https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=6.
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2012, 12 Mart). AUC Cairo Review (Mısır) dergisinde yayımlanan röportaj. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/interview-by-mr_-ahmet-davuto%C4%9Flu-published-in-auc-cairo-review-egypt-on-12-march-2012.en.mfa.
  • Elshehawy, M. A., Shen, H., & Ahmed, R. A. (2014). The factors affecting Egypt’s exports: Evidence from the gravity model analysis. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(11), 138. https://www.scirp.org/html/6-1760309_51909.html.
  • Emikönel, M. (2022). The impact of international organizations on Chinese trade as the determiner of trade: the gravity model approach. The Chinese Economy, 55(1), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2021.1892920.
  • Falk, R. (2012). Türkiye’s Foreign Policy: Zero Problems with Neighbors Revisited. Foreign Policy Journal (February 9). Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2012/02/09/Türkiyes-foreign-policy-zeroproblems-with- neighbors-revisited/.
  • Felipe, J., & Kumar, U. (2012). The role of trade facilitation in Central Asia: A gravity model. Eastern European Economics, 50(4), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.2753/EEE0012-8775500401.
  • García, E. C., Pabsdorf, M. N., & Herrera, E. G. (2013). The gravity model analysis: An application on MERCOSUR trade flows. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 16(4), 336-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2013.846857.
  • Ghali, S., Zitouna, H., Karray, Z., & Driss, S. (2013). Effects of NTMs on the Extensive and Intensive Margins to Trade: The Case of Tunisia and Egypt. Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series. Working Paper No. 820. https://erf.org.eg/app/uploads/2014/02/820.pdf.
  • Gul, N., & Yasin, H. M. (2011). The trade potential of Pakistan: An application of the gravity model. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 16(1), 23-62. https://nja.pastic.gov.pk/LJE/index.php/LJE/article/view/735.
  • Halabi, E. (2026). Investigation of trade flows between Turkey and the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries in the framework of the gravity model [Doctoral dissertation, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Thesis No: 992896 https://tez.yok.gov.tr/.
  • Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The Stata Journal, 7(3), 281–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700301.
  • Ibrahim, W. (2019). Trade Flows between Egypt and COMESA Countries Gravity Model. Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Political Science, 20(2), 79, 61-92. https://journals.ekb.eg/article_87145.html.
  • IMF (International Monetary Fund). (n.d.). Direction of trade statistics [Database]. Retrieved March 8, 2024, from https://data.imf.org/dots.
  • Işık, N. (2016). Türkiye ile Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü arasındaki ticaret akımlarının panel çekim modeli ile tahmini. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (17), 151-174. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ulikidince/issue/21629/232337.
  • Jeyarajah, S. (2020). A Survey of the Evolution of International Trade Theories. Journal of Economics and Finance, 10(6), 66-67. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349040861_A_Survey_of_the_Evolution_of_International_Trade_Theories.
  • Kapkara, S., & Koç, S. (2016). Gravity Model Analysis of Trade Between Emerging Economies. Ege Academıc Review, 16(3), 477-490.
  • Konak, A., & Demir, M. A. (2019). Türkiye'nin BRICS ülkeleri ile ticaretinin analizi: Çekim modeli uygulaması. Uluslararası Bankacılık Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 43-70.
  • Mansouri, S. A. (2022). A brief review of the evolution of international trade theories. International Journal of Business and Development Studies, 14(2), 93-108. https://ijbds.usb.ac.ir/article_7518_f557ccd5807e7ffe96b2094ecc2a8155.pdf.
  • Murcia, A. C. (2017). Amerika kıtasındaki ülkeler ile Türkiye arasındaki dış ticaret: Ekonometrik bir analiz [International trade between American countries and Turkey: An econometric analysis] (Master's thesis, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University). YÖK Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr.
  • Orange. (November 20, 2024). Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, Retrieved November 20, 2024, from https://www.orange.k12.nj.us/cms/lib/NJ01000601/Centricity/Domain/15/Universal_Gravitation_v_1-1.3.pdf.
  • Özer, B., & Ecevit, E. (2021). Çekim Modeli Analizi: Türkiye’nin Üst-Orta Gelir Grubundaki Ülkelere İhracatı. TNKÜ İİBF Uluslararası Maliye Sempozyumu. 24-25 Mayıs 2021, 94-108. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Buesra-Oezer-Aksoy/publication/352248795_CEKIM_MODELI_ANALIZI_TURKIYE'_NIN_UST-ORTA_GELIR_GRUBUNDAKI_ULKELERE_IHRACATI/links/60c0a3ab299bf1949f411ece/CEKIM-MODELI-ANALIZI-TUeRKIYE-NIN-UeST-ORTA-GELIR-GRUBUNDAKI-UeLKELERE-IHRACATI.pdf.
  • Shepherd, B. (2013). The gravity model of international trade: A user guide. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12870/128.
  • Sim. (2017). Chapter II theories of international trade: An overview. Sanjeev Institute of Planning and Management, Retrieved February 23, 2025, from https://sim.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/International-trade-theories.pdf.
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TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 , 1 - 19 , 29.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1907096
https://izlik.org/JA66EH95UY

Öz

Given the strategic significance of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region on a global scale, particularly in relation to Türkiye, this study investigates the determinants of bilateral trade flows between Türkiye and MENA countries through an extended gravity model framework. Employing a panel data methodology, the study utilizes a Fixed Effects model with Clustered Standard Errors, complemented by a Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) approach to account for time-invariant variables. The findings reveal that economic size and geographical proximity are primary factors influencing trade integration. Specifically, Türkiye's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) underscores its role as a regional economic hub, while the positive influence of MENA countries' GDP indicates economic complementarity rather than dependency. Additionally, population size demonstrates a strong positive relationship with trade volume, supporting the market size hypothesis. In contrast, exchange rate fluctuations, political stability, and Trade Agreements did not show statistically significant effects, suggesting that current trade networks are resilient to short-term macroeconomic fluctuations and that formal agreements have yet to generate considerable trade benefits. Distance remains a factor that elevates transaction costs, whereas shared borders facilitate cultural connections and cross-border supply chains. These insights suggest that policy efforts should prioritize enhancing productive capacity and logistical infrastructure, rather than solely focusing on institutional reforms.

Kaynakça

  • Abdelkrim, E. (2016). Using the gravity model to estimate the trade potential of Maghreb countries, (PhD thesis), Hassiba Ben Bouali University – Algeria https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318210196.
  • Adam, C., & Cobham, D. (2007). Modelling multilateral trade resistance in a gravity model with exchange rate regimes Centre for Dynamic Macroeconomic Analysis Conference Papers, 44, 1-49. https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~wwwecon/CDMA/papers/cp0702.pdf.
  • Al-Kawaz A. (2009). Foreign Trade and Regional Economic Integration. Arab Planning Institute, Issue 81, March 2009, Kuwait.
  • Ammar N. (2013). International Economics, Publications of the Faculty of Economics, Business, and Management Sciences, El Hadj Lakhdar University, Algeria, 2013-2014 academic year.
  • Antonucci, D., & Manzocchi, S. (2006). Does Turkey have a special trade relation with the EU?: A gravity model approach. Economic Systems, 30(2), 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2005.10.003.
  • Artuç, M. F. (2019). Türkiye ile OECD ülkeleri arasındaki dış ticaretin çekim modeli çerçevesinde analizi. [Master's thesis, Şırnak University]. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/481565853.pdf.
  • Ata, S. (2012). Türkiye’nin ihracat potansiyeli: Çekim modeli çerçevesinde bir inceleme. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 13, 276-282. https://www.academia.edu/128832299/Turkey_s_Export_Potential_A_Gravity_Model_Analysis.
  • Aysun, A., Öksüzler, O., & Yılgör, M. (2012). Gümrük Birliği’nin Türkiye’nin dış ticareti üzerine etkisi: Panel çekim modeli uygulaması. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 15-26. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ogusbd/issue/11002/131646.
  • Azzeddine S. (2018). Financial Organizations and International Trade, Faculty of Economics, Business and Management Sciences, University of Algeria, Academic Year 2018-2019.
  • Balıkçıoğlu, N. (2019). Türkiye’nin Dış Ticaret Hacminin Çekim Modeli İle Tahmini. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(20), 769-786.
  • Bayar, G. (2014). Türkiye’nin Kalkınmış ülkelere ve Orta Doğu-Kuzey Afrika Ülkelerine İhracatı: Karşılaştırmalı Yer Çekimi Analizi. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 119-164.
  • Bencheni Abdelkader. (2021). Uluslararası Ticaret İşlemlerinin Yürütülmesi. Ekonomi, İşletme ve Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi, Abdelhamid Ben Badis Üniversitesi, Mostaganem, Cezayir, https://www.univ-mosta.dz/fsecsg/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/11/مطبوعة-تسيير-عمليات-التجارة-الدولية-.pdf.
  • Borges Aguiar, G. M., & Cossu, E. (2019). The gravity model for trade theory. Köz-gazdaság, International Relations Multidisciplinary Doctoral School, 14(3), 293-299. https://real.mtak.hu/161910/.
  • Boughanmi, H. (2008). The trade potential of the Arab Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC): A gravity model approach. Journal of Economic Integration, 23(1), 42-56. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001110.
  • Carrère, C. (2004). African regional agreements: Impact on trade with or without currency unions. Journal of African Economies, 13(2), 199–239. https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/13/2/199/703586.
  • Carrillo-Tudela, C., & Li, C. A. (2004). Trade blocks and the gravity model: Evidence from Latin American countries. Journal of Economic Integration, 19(4), 667–689. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23000717.
  • CEPII (Centre d'Études Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales). (n.d.). GeoDist [Database]. Retrieved March 8, 2024, from https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=6.
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2012, 12 Mart). AUC Cairo Review (Mısır) dergisinde yayımlanan röportaj. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/interview-by-mr_-ahmet-davuto%C4%9Flu-published-in-auc-cairo-review-egypt-on-12-march-2012.en.mfa.
  • Elshehawy, M. A., Shen, H., & Ahmed, R. A. (2014). The factors affecting Egypt’s exports: Evidence from the gravity model analysis. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(11), 138. https://www.scirp.org/html/6-1760309_51909.html.
  • Emikönel, M. (2022). The impact of international organizations on Chinese trade as the determiner of trade: the gravity model approach. The Chinese Economy, 55(1), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2021.1892920.
  • Falk, R. (2012). Türkiye’s Foreign Policy: Zero Problems with Neighbors Revisited. Foreign Policy Journal (February 9). Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2012/02/09/Türkiyes-foreign-policy-zeroproblems-with- neighbors-revisited/.
  • Felipe, J., & Kumar, U. (2012). The role of trade facilitation in Central Asia: A gravity model. Eastern European Economics, 50(4), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.2753/EEE0012-8775500401.
  • García, E. C., Pabsdorf, M. N., & Herrera, E. G. (2013). The gravity model analysis: An application on MERCOSUR trade flows. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 16(4), 336-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2013.846857.
  • Ghali, S., Zitouna, H., Karray, Z., & Driss, S. (2013). Effects of NTMs on the Extensive and Intensive Margins to Trade: The Case of Tunisia and Egypt. Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series. Working Paper No. 820. https://erf.org.eg/app/uploads/2014/02/820.pdf.
  • Gul, N., & Yasin, H. M. (2011). The trade potential of Pakistan: An application of the gravity model. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 16(1), 23-62. https://nja.pastic.gov.pk/LJE/index.php/LJE/article/view/735.
  • Halabi, E. (2026). Investigation of trade flows between Turkey and the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries in the framework of the gravity model [Doctoral dissertation, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi. Thesis No: 992896 https://tez.yok.gov.tr/.
  • Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The Stata Journal, 7(3), 281–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700301.
  • Ibrahim, W. (2019). Trade Flows between Egypt and COMESA Countries Gravity Model. Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Political Science, 20(2), 79, 61-92. https://journals.ekb.eg/article_87145.html.
  • IMF (International Monetary Fund). (n.d.). Direction of trade statistics [Database]. Retrieved March 8, 2024, from https://data.imf.org/dots.
  • Işık, N. (2016). Türkiye ile Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü arasındaki ticaret akımlarının panel çekim modeli ile tahmini. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (17), 151-174. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ulikidince/issue/21629/232337.
  • Jeyarajah, S. (2020). A Survey of the Evolution of International Trade Theories. Journal of Economics and Finance, 10(6), 66-67. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349040861_A_Survey_of_the_Evolution_of_International_Trade_Theories.
  • Kapkara, S., & Koç, S. (2016). Gravity Model Analysis of Trade Between Emerging Economies. Ege Academıc Review, 16(3), 477-490.
  • Konak, A., & Demir, M. A. (2019). Türkiye'nin BRICS ülkeleri ile ticaretinin analizi: Çekim modeli uygulaması. Uluslararası Bankacılık Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 43-70.
  • Mansouri, S. A. (2022). A brief review of the evolution of international trade theories. International Journal of Business and Development Studies, 14(2), 93-108. https://ijbds.usb.ac.ir/article_7518_f557ccd5807e7ffe96b2094ecc2a8155.pdf.
  • Murcia, A. C. (2017). Amerika kıtasındaki ülkeler ile Türkiye arasındaki dış ticaret: Ekonometrik bir analiz [International trade between American countries and Turkey: An econometric analysis] (Master's thesis, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University). YÖK Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr.
  • Orange. (November 20, 2024). Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, Retrieved November 20, 2024, from https://www.orange.k12.nj.us/cms/lib/NJ01000601/Centricity/Domain/15/Universal_Gravitation_v_1-1.3.pdf.
  • Özer, B., & Ecevit, E. (2021). Çekim Modeli Analizi: Türkiye’nin Üst-Orta Gelir Grubundaki Ülkelere İhracatı. TNKÜ İİBF Uluslararası Maliye Sempozyumu. 24-25 Mayıs 2021, 94-108. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Buesra-Oezer-Aksoy/publication/352248795_CEKIM_MODELI_ANALIZI_TURKIYE'_NIN_UST-ORTA_GELIR_GRUBUNDAKI_ULKELERE_IHRACATI/links/60c0a3ab299bf1949f411ece/CEKIM-MODELI-ANALIZI-TUeRKIYE-NIN-UeST-ORTA-GELIR-GRUBUNDAKI-UeLKELERE-IHRACATI.pdf.
  • Shepherd, B. (2013). The gravity model of international trade: A user guide. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12870/128.
  • Sim. (2017). Chapter II theories of international trade: An overview. Sanjeev Institute of Planning and Management, Retrieved February 23, 2025, from https://sim.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/International-trade-theories.pdf.
  • Söderling, L. (2005). Is the Middle East and North Africa region achieving its trade potential? (IMF Working Paper No. 05/90). International Monetary Fund. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256068259_Is_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa_Region_Achieving_Its_Trade_Potential.
  • Spiridon, C. (2013). Trade theory: A review. Retrieved March 26, 2025, from https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2226296.
  • Tatlıcı, Ö., & Kızıltan, A. (2011). Çekim Modeli: Türkiye’nin İhracatı Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/30446.
  • TCTB. (December 23, 2024). https://ticaret.gov.tr/
  • Tuna, Y., Tunalı, H., & Şimşek, O. (2020). Türkiye’nin seçilmiş ülkelerle olan dış ticaretinin genişletilmiş çekim modeli bulgularıyla analizi ve ticaret potansiyeli. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(Temmuz 2020 Özel Ek), 95-119. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iticusbe/issue/56181/765262.
  • WITS. (September 19, 2024). https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TUR/year/LTST/TradeFlow/Export2023. World Bank. (March 8, 2024). World Development Indicators [Data set]. https://data.worldbank.org.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mustafa Baylan 0000-0001-8604-4634

Emir Halabi 0000-0002-4592-3760

Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Mart 2026
Kabul Tarihi 14 Nisan 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1907096
IZ https://izlik.org/JA66EH95UY
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Baylan, M., & Halabi, E. (2026). TRADE DYNAMICS BETWEEN TÜRKİYE AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA) COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS USING THE GRAVITY MODEL. Journal of Economics and Research, 7(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1907096

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