Research Article

MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER

Volume: 14 Number: 3 September 25, 2026
EN TR

MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER

Abstract

The Cote-Orientale coastal aquifer in northeastern Tunisia, covering 430 km², is under increasing pressure from intensive groundwater abstraction for irrigation. This study investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of seawater intrusion and evaluates management strategies using a coupled groundwater-flow and solute-transport model. A MODFLOW model was developed and calibrated under steady-state conditions using hydraulic-head, recharge, and abstraction data for 2004. A nine-layer SEAWAT model then simulated variable-density groundwater flow and salinity transport. Calibration produced root mean square error values of 2.98 m for hydraulic head and 2.54 g/L for total dissolved solids. The calibrated model indicated that seawater intrusion extends approximately 2–3 km inland and intensifies with depth, while upconing further increases salinity locally. Scenario simulations showed that increased abstraction accelerates the inland migration of the saline front, whereas reduced abstraction promotes its gradual long-term retreat. Relocating coastal wells farther inland without reducing total abstraction was ineffective. These findings demonstrate that controlling total groundwater abstraction is more effective than well relocation alone and provide a basis for sustainable management of vulnerable semi-arid coastal aquifers.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the Süleyman Demirel University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit under project number 1590-D-07. This study was also partially supported by the TUBITAK-SERST joint research project No. 103Y112 (SERST).

Project Number

This study was supported by the Süleyman Demirel University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit under project number 1590-D-07. This study was also partially supported by the TUBITAK-SERST joint research project No. 103Y112 (SERST).

Ethical Statement

No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Thanks

This study is based on a section of my doctoral dissertation, which was published in 2010 by the Institute of Natural Sciences at Süleyman Demirel University. My doctoral advisor, Prof. Dr. Ahmet DOĞAN, who made significant contributions to my work, passed away in 2019. Without him, this dissertation would never have been completed. I honor his memory with respect. The content presented in Section 4.1, “Numerical Simulation,” was previously presented orally as a conference paper at the 6th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’11), held in Elazığ, Turkey, on 16–18 May 2011.

References

  1. References Almazan-Benitéz, B. del R., Esteller-Alberich, M.V., Renau-Pruñonosa, A., Expósito-Castillo, J.L., 2024. Simulation of Seawater Intrusion and Upconing Processes in Mediterranean Aquifer in Response to Climate Change (Plana de Castellón, Spain). Hydrology, 11 (12), 205.
  2. Başdurak, N.B., 2004. Analysis of Saltwater Intrusion and Investigations on Prevention Techniques in Coastal Aquifers. M.Sc. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye, 73 p.
  3. Bear, J., 1979. Hydraulics of Groundwater. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 569 p.
  4. Cooper, H.H. Jr., 1959. A Hypothesis Concerning the Dynamic Balance of Fresh Water and Salt Water in a Coastal Aquifer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 64 (4), 461-467.
  5. Çobaner, M., 2009. Kıyı Akiferlerinde Tuzlu Su Girişiminin Üç Boyutlu Simülasyonu ve Optimizasyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, Türkiye, 138 s.
  6. Dagan, G., Zeitoun, D.G., 1998. Seawater-Freshwater Interface in a Stratified Aquifer of Random Permeability Distribution. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 29 (3), 185-203.
  7. Dibaj, M., Javadi, A.A., Akrami, M., Ke, K.Y., Farmani, R., Tan, Y.C., Chen, A.S., 2020. Modelling Seawater Intrusion in the Pingtung Coastal Aquifer in Taiwan, under the Influence of Sea-Level Rise and Changing Abstraction Regime. Hydrogeology Journal, 28 (6), 2085-2103.
  8. El Hamidi, M.J., Larabi, A., Faouzi, M., 2021. Numerical Modeling of Saltwater Intrusion in the Rmel-Oulad Ogbane Coastal Aquifer (Larache, Morocco) in the Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise Context (2040). Water, 13 (16), 2167.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Numerical Modelization in Civil Engineering

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 25, 2026

Submission Date

June 5, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 12, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 14 Number: 3

APA
Kilit, M., & Doğan, A. (2026). MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER. Mühendislik Bilimleri Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 14(3), 840-867. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1964597
AMA
1.Kilit M, Doğan A. MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER. JESD. 2026;14(3):840-867. doi:10.21923/jesd.1964597
Chicago
Kilit, Murat, and Ahmet Doğan. 2026. “MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER”. Mühendislik Bilimleri Ve Tasarım Dergisi 14 (3): 840-67. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1964597.
EndNote
Kilit M, Doğan A (September 1, 2026) MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 14 3 840–867.
IEEE
[1]M. Kilit and A. Doğan, “MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER”, JESD, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 840–867, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.21923/jesd.1964597.
ISNAD
Kilit, Murat - Doğan, Ahmet. “MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER”. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 14/3 (September 1, 2026): 840-867. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1964597.
JAMA
1.Kilit M, Doğan A. MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER. JESD. 2026;14:840–867.
MLA
Kilit, Murat, and Ahmet Doğan. “MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER”. Mühendislik Bilimleri Ve Tasarım Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 840-67, doi:10.21923/jesd.1964597.
Vancouver
1.Murat Kilit, Ahmet Doğan. MODELING OF SEA WATER INTRUSION AND POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR GROUNDWATER USE: THE CASE OF THE TUNIS COTE ORIENTALE AQUIFER. JESD. 2026 Sep. 1;14(3):840-67. doi:10.21923/jesd.1964597

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