CHAMOMILE-ENRICHED MULTI-OIL FORMULATIONS: CHEMICAL PROFILING, MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY SCREENING

Abstract

Matricaria chamomilla L. oils and extracts used in oil-based formulations can differ considerably in composition depending on source, production process and product quality. In this study, a supercritical CO₂ chamomile extract and a commercial chamomile oil were incorporated into model multi-oil formulations prepared with the same base matrix. The chamomile-derived ingredient was the only variable changed between formulations. Chemical composition was examined by GC–MS, and the formulations were evaluated for microbiological quality and preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity. The supercritical CO₂ extract was mainly characterized by bisabolol oxide A (47.26%) and trans-en-in-dicycloether, also known as trans-spiroether (32.70%). The commercial oil showed a β-farnesene-rich profile, with β-farnesene (49.05%), trans-α-farnesene (7.85%), bisabolol oxide (7.24%), bisabolol oxide A (6.87%), chamazulene (6.11%) and germacrene D (5.61%) as the main constituents. All formulations complied with the applied microbiological quality criteria. Preliminary cytotoxicity screening gave IC₅₀ values of 3.386–6.302 µL/mL in MDA-MB-231 cells and >10 µL/mL in HT-29 cells. Overall, the results show that chamomile-derived ingredients with different chemical profiles may behave as distinct formulation components and should not be treated as directly interchangeable in multi-oil systems.

Keywords

• Matricaria chamomilla L.
• Supercritical CO₂ Extraction
• GC–MS
• Microbiological Quality
• In Vitro Cytotoxicity

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) under the 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Programme (Application Year/Term: 2024/1; Application No: 1919B012472425). The study was also supported by the Süleyman Demirel University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit under Project No: TSG-2024-9516.

Project Number

This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) under the 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Programme (Application Year/Term: 2024/1; Application No: 1919B012472425).

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval was not required for this study because it did not involve human participants, human tissue samples, clinical data or animal experiments. The in vitro cytotoxicity experiments were performed using established cell lines.

Thanks

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) under the 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Programme (Application Year/Term: 2024/1; Application No: 1919B012472425). The authors also acknowledge the support of the Süleyman Demirel University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit under Project No. TSG-2024-9516.

PAPATYA İLE ZENGİNLEŞTİRİLMİŞ ÇOKLU YAĞ FORMÜLASYONLARI: KİMYASAL PROFİLLEME, MİKROBİYOLOJİK KALİTE VE IN VITRO SİTOTOKSİSİTE TARAMASI

Abstract

Yağ bazlı formülasyonlarda kullanılan Matricaria chamomilla L. kaynaklı yağlar ve ekstraktlar; kaynak, üretim süreci ve ürün kalitesine bağlı olarak bileşim bakımından önemli farklılıklar gösterebilir. Bu çalışmada, süperkritik CO₂ papatya ekstraktı ve ticari papatya yağı, aynı baz matriks kullanılarak hazırlanan model çoklu yağ formülasyonlarına dahil edilmiştir. Formülasyonlar arasında değiştirilen tek değişken papatya kaynaklı bileşen olmuştur. Kimyasal bileşim GC–MS ile incelenmiş; formülasyonlar mikrobiyolojik kalite ve ön in vitro sitotoksisite açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Süperkritik CO₂ ekstraktı başlıca bisabolol oksit A (%47,26) ve trans-en-in-disikloeter, diğer adıyla trans-spiroeter (%32,70), ile karakterize edilmiştir. Ticari yağ ise β-farnesen bakımından zengin bir profil göstermiş; başlıca bileşenleri β-farnesen (%49,05), trans-α-farnesen (%7,85), bisabolol oksit (%7,24), bisabolol oksit A (%6,87), kamazulen (%6,11) ve germakren D (%5,61) olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm formülasyonlar uygulanan mikrobiyolojik kalite kriterlerini karşılamıştır. Ön sitotoksisite taramasında IC₅₀ değerleri MDA-MB-231 hücrelerinde 3,386–6,302 µL/mL, HT-29 hücrelerinde ise >10 µL/mL olarak bulunmuştur. Genel olarak sonuçlar, farklı kimyasal profillere sahip papatya kaynaklı bileşenlerin çoklu yağ sistemlerinde farklı formülasyon bileşenleri gibi davranabileceğini ve doğrudan birbirinin yerine kullanılabilir olarak değerlendirilmemesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Matricaria chamomilla L.
• Süperkritik CO₂ Ekstraksiyonu
• GC–MS
• Mikrobiyolojik Kalite
• In Vitro Sitotoksisite

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı kapsamında desteklenmiştir (Başvuru Yılı/Dönemi: 2024/1; Başvuru No: 1919B012472425). Çalışma ayrıca Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından TSG-2024-9516 numaralı proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) under the 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Programme (Application Year/Term: 2024/1; Application No: 1919B012472425).

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma insan katılımcı, insan doku örneği, klinik veri veya hayvan deneyi içermediğinden etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir. İn vitro sitotoksisite deneyleri standart hücre hatları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Thanks

Yazarlar, bu çalışmaya TÜBİTAK 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı kapsamında sağlanan finansal destek için Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumuna (TÜBİTAK) teşekkür eder. Başvuru Yılı/Dönemi: 2024/1; Başvuru No: 1919B012472425. Yazarlar ayrıca TSG-2024-9516 numaralı proje kapsamında sağlanan destek için Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimine teşekkür eder.

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