Unraveling college students’ conceptualisation of emergency remote teaching: A metaphor analysis
Year 2022,
Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 481 - 499, 30.09.2022
Hasan Sağlamel
,
Şakire Erbay Çetinkaya
Abstract
The current COVID-19 situation has affected almost all walks of life, including language education. As a result, remote teaching practices have become the mainstream offering in many settings. However, how students respond to this transition needs to be grasped to develop a deeper understanding of the educational practices at this period. Metaphor analysis was used as a methodology to unpack how language learners conceptualize learning and instruction during the emergency remote teaching (ERT) in a COVID-19 context. To this end, an open-ended questionnaire in which the participants provided their background and a semi-structured form through which their metaphorical images were captured were used. Elicited metaphor analysis was used to analyze the data gathered from 208 English majoring students studying at a state university in north-eastern Turkey. The results suggest that a great many students have unfavorable dispositions towards ERT, even though some reported that they cherish these opportunities as they help them keep track of their own learning. Several suggestions are made in the light of the findings.
Thanks
We are pleased to submit our research paper titled “Unraveling College Students’ Conceptualisation of Emergency Remote Teaching: A Metaphor Analysis” by me and my co-author Şakire Erbay Çetinkaya for consideration in the Journal of Educational Technology & Online Learning as it might be interesting for educators and researchers in higher education in particular and readers in general.
There have been many studies conducted on ERT, but in this study we wanted to examine how students ERT in a Turkish EFL context using metaphor analysis. We believe that this manuscript is appropriate for publication by the journal because it offers some insights into our understanding of students’ reactions to the “new modality” of instruction.
This manuscript has not been published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. We sincerely hope you find the manuscript suitable for publication and look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,
Hasan & Şakire
References
- Adedoyin, O. B., & Soykan, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180
- Akat, M., & Karataş, K. (2020). Psychological effects of Covid-19 pandemic on society and its reflections on education. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1-13. . https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44336
- Akbari, M. (2013). Metaphors about EFL teachers’ roles: A case of Iranian non-English major students. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, 1(2), 100-112.
- Akbulut, M., Şahin, U., & Esen, A. C. (2020). More than a virus: How COVID 19 infected education in Turkey? Journal of Social Science Education, 19, 30-42.
- Arkorful, V., & Abaidoo, N. (2015). The role of e-learning, advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in higher education. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 12(1), 29–42.
- Bao, W. (2020). COVID‐19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(2), 113-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191
- Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (2007). Qualitative research for education an introduction to theory and methods (5th ed.). Pearson.
- Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2020). Emergency remote teaching in a time of global crisis due to CoronaVirus pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), i-vi. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3778083
- Carter, R. A., Rice, M., Yang, S., & Jackson, H. A. (2020). Self-regulated learning in online learning environments: Strategies for remote learning. Information and Learning Sciences, 121(5/6), 321-329. https://www.emerald.com/insight/2398-5348.htm
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. (6th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Çalışıcı, H., & Sümen, Ö. Ö. (2018). Metaphorical Perceptions of Prospective Teachers for STEM Education. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(5), 871-880.
- Davidson, D. (1978). What metaphors mean. Critical Inquiry, 5(1), 31-47.
- Dawson, C. (2007). A practical guide to research methods (3rd ed). How to Books.
- de Klerk, D., Krull, G., & Maleswena, T. (2021). Rapid orientation of students for emergency remote learning during the Covid 19 lockdown. Journal of Student Affairs in Africa, 9(1), 61-75.
- Dincer, A. (2017). EFL learners' beliefs about speaking English and being a good speaker: a metaphor analysis. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(1), 104-112.
- Elçi, A. (2021). Academics’ professional development needs and gains during COVID-19 distance education emergency transition in Turkey: Academics’ professional development needs and gains. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 13(1), 343-358.
- Ersin, P., Atay, D., & Mede, E. (2020). Boosting preservice teachers’ competence and online teaching readiness through e-practicum during the COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 2(2), 112-124. https://doi.org/10.46451/ijts.2020.09.09
- Farrell, T. S. (2006). ‘The teacher is an octopus’ uncovering preservice English language teachers’ prior beliefs through metaphor analysis. RELC Journal, 37(2), 236-248. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0033688206067430
- Ferri, F., Grifoni, P., & Guzzo, T. (2020). Online learning and emergency remote teaching: Opportunities and challenges in emergency situations. Societies, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10040086
- Genç, G. (2017). Turkish EFL learners’ metaphorical conceptualizations of language learning. International Journal of Language Academy, 5(6), 284-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18033/ijla.3689
- Godhe, A. L., & Wennås Brante, E. (2022). Interacting with a screen–the deprivation of the ‘teacher body’during the COVID-19 pandemic. Teachers and Teaching, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2022.2062732
- Güneş, A., & Fırat, M. (2016). Açık ve uzaktan öğrenmede metafor analizi araştırmaları. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 115-129.
- Hartshorn, K. J., & McMurry, B. L. (2020). The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on ESL learners and TESOL practitioners in the United States. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 2(2), 140-157. https://doi.org/10.46451/ijts.2020.09.11
- Hays, P. A. (2004). Case study research. In K. deMarrais, & S. D. Lapan (Eds), Foundations for research: Methods of inquiry in education and social sciences (pp. 217-234). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Hebebci, M. T., Bertiz, Y., & Alan, S. (2020). Investigation of views of students and teachers on distance education practices during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science (IJTES), 4(4), 267-282.
- Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause Review, (March 27, 2020). https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-differencebetween-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning.
- Jin, L., Liang, X., Jiang, C., Zhang, J., Yuan, Y., & Xie, Q. (2014). Studying the motivations of Chinese young EFL learners through metaphor analysis. ELT Journal, 68(3), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccu011
- Iglesias-Pradas, S., Hernández-García, Á., Chaparro-Peláez, J., & Prieto, J. L. (2021). Emergency remote teaching and students’ academic performance in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106713
- Keskin, M., & Ozer-Kaya, D. (2020). Evaluation of studenst’ feedbacks on web-based distance education in the COVID-19 process. Izmir Katıp Celebi University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 5(2), 59-67.
- Koçoğlu, E., & Tekdal, D. (2020). Analysis of distance education activities conducted during COVID-19 pandemic. Educational Research and Reviews, 15(9), 536-543.
- Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor and culture. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, 2(2), 197-220.
- Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. The University of Chicago Press.
- Leary, D. E. (1994). Psyche’s muse: The role of metaphor in the history of psychology. In D. E. Leary (Ed.), Metaphors in the history of psychology (pp. 1–78). Cambridge University Press.
- Mahlios, M., Massengill‐Shaw, D., & Barry, A. (2010). Making sense of teaching through metaphors: a review across three studies. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and practice, 16(1), 49-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540600903475645
- Misirli, O., & Ergulec, F. (2021). Emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: Parents experiences and perspectives. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 6699–6718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10520-4
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage Publication.
- Morgan, H. (2020). Best practices for implementing remote learning during a pandemic. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 93(3), 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2020.1751480
- Moser, K. S. (2000). Metaphor analysis in psychology—Method, theory, and fields of application. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-1.2.1090
- Nisiforou, E. A., Kosmas, P. & Vrasidas, C. (2021) Emergency remote teaching during COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned from Cyprus. Educational Media International, 58(2), 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2021.1930484
- Octaberlina, L. R., & Muslimin, A. I. (2020). EFL students’ perspective towards online learning barriers and alternatives using moodle/google classroom during covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(6), 1-9.
- Osman, M. E. (2020). Global impact of COVID-19 on education systems: the emergency remote teaching at Sultan Qaboos University. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 463-471. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1802583
- Özer, B., & Üstün, E. (2020). Evaluation of students’ views on the Covid-19 distance education process in music departments of fine arts faculties. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 6(3), 556-568.
- Özer, M. (2020). Educational policy actions by the ministry of national education in the times of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 28(3), 1124-1129. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.722280
- Öztürk Karataş, T., & Tuncer, H. (2020). Sustaining language skills development of pre-service EFL teachers despite the COVID-19 interruption: A case of emergency distance education. Sustainability, 12(19), 81-88.
- Parpala, A., & Niinistö-Sivuranta, S. (2022). Leading teaching during a pandemic in higher education—A case study in a Finnish university. Education Sciences, 12(3), 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12030147
- Parthasarathy, S., & Murugesan, S. (2020). Overnight transformation to online education due to the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned. eLearn, 9, Retrieved from https://elearnmag.acm.org/archive.cfm?aid=3421471&doi=10.1145%2F3424971.3421471.
- Rahiem, M. D. (2020). The emergency remote learning experience of university students in indonesia amidst the COVID-19 crisis. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(6), 1-26. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-2486
- Şendoğan-Erdoğan, K. (2020). Foreign language education during COVID-19 pandemıc: An evaluation from the perspectives of preparatory class students. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 49(1), 1079-1090. https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.788274
- Şener, B., Sağlam-Ertem, İ. S., & Meç, A. (2020). Online teaching experiences of ELT instructors. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 3(3), 340-362. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.770418
- Şimşek, M. R. (2014). A metaphor analysis of English teacher candidates’ pre-and post-course beliefs about language and teaching. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (22), 230-247.
- Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed), (pp. 443-466). Sage Publications.
- Süğümlü, Ü. (2021). A case study on teaching Turkish through distance education. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 8(1), 174-190. https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2021.8.1.278
- Tarchi, C., Brante, E. W., Jokar, M., & Manzari, E. (2022). Pre-service teachers’ conceptions of online learning in emergency distance education: How is it defined and what self-regulated learning skills are associated with it? Teaching and Teacher Education, 113, 103669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103669
- Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8, 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
- Tokuç, B., & Varol, G. (2020). Medical education in Turkey in time of COVID-19. Balkan Medical Journal, 37(4), 180.
- UNESCO (2020). “COVID-19 impact on education”. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
- Wan, W., Low, G. D., & Li, M. (2011). From students’ and teachers’ perspectives: Metaphor analysis of beliefs about EFL teachers’ roles. System, 39(3), 403-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.07.012
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
- World Health Organization (2014). Public health implications of excessive use of the internet, computers, smartphones and similar electronic devices. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
- Yan, Z. (2020). Unprecedented pandemic, unprecedented shift, and unprecedented opportunity. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2020 (2), 110-112. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.192
- Yıldırım, K., & Ergün-Elverici, S. (2021). Examining emergency remote teaching: A case study in a private school. European Journal of Education Studies, 8(1), 153-178.
- Yin, H. (2022). A mixed blessing: student engagement in emergency online learning during COVID-19 in China. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 1-15.
- Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2022.2072469
- Zheng, H. B., & Song, W. J. (2010). Metaphor analysis in the educational discourse: A critical review. Online Submission, 8(9), 42-49.
Year 2022,
Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 481 - 499, 30.09.2022
Hasan Sağlamel
,
Şakire Erbay Çetinkaya
References
- Adedoyin, O. B., & Soykan, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180
- Akat, M., & Karataş, K. (2020). Psychological effects of Covid-19 pandemic on society and its reflections on education. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1-13. . https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44336
- Akbari, M. (2013). Metaphors about EFL teachers’ roles: A case of Iranian non-English major students. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, 1(2), 100-112.
- Akbulut, M., Şahin, U., & Esen, A. C. (2020). More than a virus: How COVID 19 infected education in Turkey? Journal of Social Science Education, 19, 30-42.
- Arkorful, V., & Abaidoo, N. (2015). The role of e-learning, advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in higher education. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 12(1), 29–42.
- Bao, W. (2020). COVID‐19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(2), 113-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191
- Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (2007). Qualitative research for education an introduction to theory and methods (5th ed.). Pearson.
- Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2020). Emergency remote teaching in a time of global crisis due to CoronaVirus pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), i-vi. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3778083
- Carter, R. A., Rice, M., Yang, S., & Jackson, H. A. (2020). Self-regulated learning in online learning environments: Strategies for remote learning. Information and Learning Sciences, 121(5/6), 321-329. https://www.emerald.com/insight/2398-5348.htm
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. (6th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Çalışıcı, H., & Sümen, Ö. Ö. (2018). Metaphorical Perceptions of Prospective Teachers for STEM Education. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(5), 871-880.
- Davidson, D. (1978). What metaphors mean. Critical Inquiry, 5(1), 31-47.
- Dawson, C. (2007). A practical guide to research methods (3rd ed). How to Books.
- de Klerk, D., Krull, G., & Maleswena, T. (2021). Rapid orientation of students for emergency remote learning during the Covid 19 lockdown. Journal of Student Affairs in Africa, 9(1), 61-75.
- Dincer, A. (2017). EFL learners' beliefs about speaking English and being a good speaker: a metaphor analysis. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(1), 104-112.
- Elçi, A. (2021). Academics’ professional development needs and gains during COVID-19 distance education emergency transition in Turkey: Academics’ professional development needs and gains. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 13(1), 343-358.
- Ersin, P., Atay, D., & Mede, E. (2020). Boosting preservice teachers’ competence and online teaching readiness through e-practicum during the COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 2(2), 112-124. https://doi.org/10.46451/ijts.2020.09.09
- Farrell, T. S. (2006). ‘The teacher is an octopus’ uncovering preservice English language teachers’ prior beliefs through metaphor analysis. RELC Journal, 37(2), 236-248. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0033688206067430
- Ferri, F., Grifoni, P., & Guzzo, T. (2020). Online learning and emergency remote teaching: Opportunities and challenges in emergency situations. Societies, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10040086
- Genç, G. (2017). Turkish EFL learners’ metaphorical conceptualizations of language learning. International Journal of Language Academy, 5(6), 284-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18033/ijla.3689
- Godhe, A. L., & Wennås Brante, E. (2022). Interacting with a screen–the deprivation of the ‘teacher body’during the COVID-19 pandemic. Teachers and Teaching, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2022.2062732
- Güneş, A., & Fırat, M. (2016). Açık ve uzaktan öğrenmede metafor analizi araştırmaları. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 115-129.
- Hartshorn, K. J., & McMurry, B. L. (2020). The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on ESL learners and TESOL practitioners in the United States. International Journal of TESOL Studies, 2(2), 140-157. https://doi.org/10.46451/ijts.2020.09.11
- Hays, P. A. (2004). Case study research. In K. deMarrais, & S. D. Lapan (Eds), Foundations for research: Methods of inquiry in education and social sciences (pp. 217-234). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Hebebci, M. T., Bertiz, Y., & Alan, S. (2020). Investigation of views of students and teachers on distance education practices during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science (IJTES), 4(4), 267-282.
- Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Educause Review, (March 27, 2020). https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-differencebetween-emergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning.
- Jin, L., Liang, X., Jiang, C., Zhang, J., Yuan, Y., & Xie, Q. (2014). Studying the motivations of Chinese young EFL learners through metaphor analysis. ELT Journal, 68(3), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccu011
- Iglesias-Pradas, S., Hernández-García, Á., Chaparro-Peláez, J., & Prieto, J. L. (2021). Emergency remote teaching and students’ academic performance in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106713
- Keskin, M., & Ozer-Kaya, D. (2020). Evaluation of studenst’ feedbacks on web-based distance education in the COVID-19 process. Izmir Katıp Celebi University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 5(2), 59-67.
- Koçoğlu, E., & Tekdal, D. (2020). Analysis of distance education activities conducted during COVID-19 pandemic. Educational Research and Reviews, 15(9), 536-543.
- Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor and culture. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, 2(2), 197-220.
- Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. The University of Chicago Press.
- Leary, D. E. (1994). Psyche’s muse: The role of metaphor in the history of psychology. In D. E. Leary (Ed.), Metaphors in the history of psychology (pp. 1–78). Cambridge University Press.
- Mahlios, M., Massengill‐Shaw, D., & Barry, A. (2010). Making sense of teaching through metaphors: a review across three studies. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and practice, 16(1), 49-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540600903475645
- Misirli, O., & Ergulec, F. (2021). Emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: Parents experiences and perspectives. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 6699–6718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10520-4
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage Publication.
- Morgan, H. (2020). Best practices for implementing remote learning during a pandemic. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 93(3), 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2020.1751480
- Moser, K. S. (2000). Metaphor analysis in psychology—Method, theory, and fields of application. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-1.2.1090
- Nisiforou, E. A., Kosmas, P. & Vrasidas, C. (2021) Emergency remote teaching during COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned from Cyprus. Educational Media International, 58(2), 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2021.1930484
- Octaberlina, L. R., & Muslimin, A. I. (2020). EFL students’ perspective towards online learning barriers and alternatives using moodle/google classroom during covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(6), 1-9.
- Osman, M. E. (2020). Global impact of COVID-19 on education systems: the emergency remote teaching at Sultan Qaboos University. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 463-471. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1802583
- Özer, B., & Üstün, E. (2020). Evaluation of students’ views on the Covid-19 distance education process in music departments of fine arts faculties. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 6(3), 556-568.
- Özer, M. (2020). Educational policy actions by the ministry of national education in the times of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 28(3), 1124-1129. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.722280
- Öztürk Karataş, T., & Tuncer, H. (2020). Sustaining language skills development of pre-service EFL teachers despite the COVID-19 interruption: A case of emergency distance education. Sustainability, 12(19), 81-88.
- Parpala, A., & Niinistö-Sivuranta, S. (2022). Leading teaching during a pandemic in higher education—A case study in a Finnish university. Education Sciences, 12(3), 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12030147
- Parthasarathy, S., & Murugesan, S. (2020). Overnight transformation to online education due to the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned. eLearn, 9, Retrieved from https://elearnmag.acm.org/archive.cfm?aid=3421471&doi=10.1145%2F3424971.3421471.
- Rahiem, M. D. (2020). The emergency remote learning experience of university students in indonesia amidst the COVID-19 crisis. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(6), 1-26. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-2486
- Şendoğan-Erdoğan, K. (2020). Foreign language education during COVID-19 pandemıc: An evaluation from the perspectives of preparatory class students. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 49(1), 1079-1090. https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.788274
- Şener, B., Sağlam-Ertem, İ. S., & Meç, A. (2020). Online teaching experiences of ELT instructors. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 3(3), 340-362. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.770418
- Şimşek, M. R. (2014). A metaphor analysis of English teacher candidates’ pre-and post-course beliefs about language and teaching. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (22), 230-247.
- Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed), (pp. 443-466). Sage Publications.
- Süğümlü, Ü. (2021). A case study on teaching Turkish through distance education. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 8(1), 174-190. https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2021.8.1.278
- Tarchi, C., Brante, E. W., Jokar, M., & Manzari, E. (2022). Pre-service teachers’ conceptions of online learning in emergency distance education: How is it defined and what self-regulated learning skills are associated with it? Teaching and Teacher Education, 113, 103669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103669
- Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8, 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
- Tokuç, B., & Varol, G. (2020). Medical education in Turkey in time of COVID-19. Balkan Medical Journal, 37(4), 180.
- UNESCO (2020). “COVID-19 impact on education”. Available at: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
- Wan, W., Low, G. D., & Li, M. (2011). From students’ and teachers’ perspectives: Metaphor analysis of beliefs about EFL teachers’ roles. System, 39(3), 403-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.07.012
- Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
- World Health Organization (2014). Public health implications of excessive use of the internet, computers, smartphones and similar electronic devices. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
- Yan, Z. (2020). Unprecedented pandemic, unprecedented shift, and unprecedented opportunity. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2020 (2), 110-112. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.192
- Yıldırım, K., & Ergün-Elverici, S. (2021). Examining emergency remote teaching: A case study in a private school. European Journal of Education Studies, 8(1), 153-178.
- Yin, H. (2022). A mixed blessing: student engagement in emergency online learning during COVID-19 in China. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 1-15.
- Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2022.2072469
- Zheng, H. B., & Song, W. J. (2010). Metaphor analysis in the educational discourse: A critical review. Online Submission, 8(9), 42-49.