The primary aim of this research is to assess the digital fluency levels of high school students and to investigate how digital fluency varies according to different variables. The study employed a descriptive research design using survey methodology. A total of 698 students from various high schools in Çanakkale province, Türkiye, representing five different school types, participated in the research. The “Digital Fluency Scale,” originally developed for university students, was adapted to assess the digital fluency levels of high school students. Findings indicate that high school students possess a high level of digital fluency. Significant differences in digital fluency levels were observed based on gender, grade level, family-imposed limitations on technology use, frequency of daily internet use, programming proficiency, and the type of device used to access the internet. Conversely, digital fluency levels did not differ significantly based on the type of school, enrollment in a Science and Art Centre, and frequency of daily use of social networks.
Beetham, H. (2015, June 11). Revisiting digital capability for 2015. Jisc Building Digital Capability Blog. http://digitalcapability.JISCinvolve.org/wp/2015/06/11/revisiting-digital-capability-for-2015/
Bennett, S., & Maton, K. (2010). Beyond the ‘digital natives’ debate: Towards a more nuanced understanding of students’ technology experiences. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26(5), 321-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2010.00360.x
Bologa, R., Lupu, A. R., & Sabau, G. (2009). Elements that advocate the nurturing of digital fluency. International Conference on Future Networks (pp. 83-86). ICFN https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFN.2009.28
Briggs, C., & Makice, K. (2012). Digital fluency: Building success in the digital age. SociaLens.
Bose, D., Pakala, K., & Grover, L. (2017). Learner perceptions of increase in digital fluency after participation in a living learning community based mobile learning community: A progress report. Pacific North West American Society for Engineering Education (PNW-ASEE), Seattle, WA.
Can, A. (2020). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi [Quantitative data analysis in scientific research process with SPSS] (9th ed.). Pegem Akademi.
Chigona, A. (2018). Digital fluency: Necessary competence for teaching and learning in connected classrooms. The African Journal of Information Systems, 10(4), 7. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/ajis/vol10/iss4/7/
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Psychology Press.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1), 7, https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
Coşkun, S., Kayıkcı, Y., & Gençay, E. (2019). Adapting engineering education to industry 4.0 vision. Technologies, 7(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies7010010
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları [Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications]. Pegem Akademi.
Demir, K., Aydin, B., Ersoy, N. S., Kelek, A., Tatar, I., Kuzu, A., & Odabasi, H. F. (2015). Visiting digital fluency for pre-service teachers in Turkey. World Journal on Educational Technology, 7(1), 01-08. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v7i1.18
Demir, K., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2016). Dijital akıcılık kavramına eleştirel bir bakış [A critical look at the concept of digital fluency]. 4th International Instructional Technologies & Teacher Education Symposium, (pp. 373-376). ITTES 2016
Demir, K., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2022). Development of digital fluency scale: Validity and reliability study. Themes in eLearning, 15, 1-20. http://earthlab.uoi.gr/tel/index.php/themeselearn/article/view/38
Deniz, L., & Gürültü, E. (2018). High school students’ social media addiction. Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(2), 355-367. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.389780
Dias-Trindade, S., & Ferreira, A. G. (2020). Digital teaching skills: DigCompEdu CheckIn as an evolution process from literacy to digital fluency. ICONO 14, Revista De Comunicación y Tecnologías Emergentes, 18(2), 162-187. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v18i1.1519
Durmus Cemcem, G., Korkmaz, O., & Cakir, R. (2023). Investigation of pre-service teachers' levels of digital citizenship, digital wisdom, and digital fluency. International Journal of Technology in Education (IJTE), 6(3), 364-384. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijte.427
English, R., & Duncan-Howell, J. (2008). Facebook goes to college: Using social networking tools to support students undertaking teaching practicum. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 4(4), 596-601. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8v31x/facebook-goes-to-college-using-socialnetworking-tools-to-support-students-undertaking-teaching-practicum
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics. Sage.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-Hill.
Fulgence, K. (2020). Developing digital fluency among teacher educators: Evidence from Tanzanian schools of education. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 16(2), 158-175. http://ijedict.dec.uwi.edu/viewissue.php?id=58
Goode, J. (2010). The digital identity divide: How technology knowledge impacts college students. New Media & Society, 12(3), 497-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809343560
Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2010). Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data. Prentice Hall Press.
Harkins, A. M. (2008). Leapfrog principles and practices: Core components of education 3.0 and 4.0. Futures Research Quarterly, 24(1), 19-31.
Hsi, S. (2007). Conceptualizing learning from the everyday activities of digital kids. International Journal of Science Education, 29(12), 1509-1529. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690701494076
Hu, L. (2024). Programming and 21st century skill development in K‐12 schools: A multidimensional meta‐analysis. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 40(2), 610-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12904
ISTE. (2014). ISTE standards for students. Access: http://www.iste.org/standards/iste-standards/standards-for-students
Karakuş, İ., & Kılıç, F. (2022). ‘Digital’ overview at the profiles of pre-service teachers: Digital awareness, competence and fluency. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 80(2), 324, https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/22.80.324
Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntem [Scientific research method]. Nobel.
Kim, S., Chung, K., & Yu, H. (2013). Enhancing digital fluency through a training program for creative problem solving using computer programming. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 47(3), 171-199. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.30
Li, Y., & Ranieri, M. (2010). Are ‘digital natives’ really digitally competent? - A study on Chinese teenagers. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(6), 1029-1042. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01053.x
Liu, A., Li, Y., & Ye, H. (2018). Digital fluency and social media use: An empirical investigation of WeChat use. Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 503-512). Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates.
McQuiggan, S., McQuiggan, J., Sabourin, J., & Kosturko, L. (2015). Mobile learning: A handbook for developers, educators, and learners. John Wiley & Sons.
National Research Council. (1999). Being fluent with information technology. National Academies Press.
New Zealand Ministry of Education. (2016). Teaching digital fluency. Access: http://elearning.tki.org.nz/Teaching/Digital-fluency
Niessen, S. (2013). What is digital fluency? Access: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3412.2960
Pala, Ş. M., & Başıbüyük, A. (2020). The investigation of digital literacy of fifth grade secondary school students. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 9(3), 897-921. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.672882
Pooworawan, Y. (2015). Challenges of new frontier in learning: Education 4.0. Document By Innovative Innovative Learning Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
Puncreobutr, V. (2016). Education 4.0: New challenge of learning. St. Theresa Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2), 92-97.
Resnick, M. (2002). Rethinking learning in the digital age. Access: https://web.media.mit.edu/~mres/papers/wef.pdf
Resnick, M., Maloney, J., Monroy-Hernández, A., Rusk, N., Eastmond, E., Brennan, K., ... & Kafai, Y. (2009). Scratch: Programming for all. Communications of the ACM, 52(11), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1145/1592761.1592779
Ross, P. (2015). Digital fluency, social enterprise and why they are important for HR. Huffpost Business. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/pam-ross/digital-fluency-social-en_b_7148050.html
Savin-Baden, M. (2015). Rethinking Learning in an Age of Digital Fluency: Is being digitally tethered a new learning nexus?. Routledge.
Spencer, K. (2015, October 30). What is digital fluency?. Core Blog. http://blog.core-ed.org/blog/2015/10/what-is-digital-fluency
Türel, Y. K., & Gür, D. (2019). A scale development study on parents' attitude towards children's use of information and communication technologies. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education, 32(1), 145-165. https://doi.org/10.19171/uefad.455888
Ugrin, J. C., Pearson, J. M., & Odom, M. D. (2008). Profiling cyber-slackers in the workplace: Demographic, cultural, and workplace factors. Journal of Internet Commerce, 6(3), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1300/J179v06n03_04
Wang, R., Wiesemes, R., & Gibbons, C. (2012). Developing digital fluency through ubiquitous mobile devices: Findings from a small-scale study. Computers & Education, 58(1), 570-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.04.013
Wenmoth, D. (2016). CORE Blog: Three Tips for Becoming a Digitally Fluent Educator. Retrieved from http://blog.core-ed.org/blog/2016/08/three-tips-for-becoming-a-digitally- fluenteducator.html
Year 2024,
Volume: 7 Issue: 4 - ICETOL 2024 Special Issue, 488 - 501, 31.12.2024
Beetham, H. (2015, June 11). Revisiting digital capability for 2015. Jisc Building Digital Capability Blog. http://digitalcapability.JISCinvolve.org/wp/2015/06/11/revisiting-digital-capability-for-2015/
Bennett, S., & Maton, K. (2010). Beyond the ‘digital natives’ debate: Towards a more nuanced understanding of students’ technology experiences. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26(5), 321-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2010.00360.x
Bologa, R., Lupu, A. R., & Sabau, G. (2009). Elements that advocate the nurturing of digital fluency. International Conference on Future Networks (pp. 83-86). ICFN https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFN.2009.28
Briggs, C., & Makice, K. (2012). Digital fluency: Building success in the digital age. SociaLens.
Bose, D., Pakala, K., & Grover, L. (2017). Learner perceptions of increase in digital fluency after participation in a living learning community based mobile learning community: A progress report. Pacific North West American Society for Engineering Education (PNW-ASEE), Seattle, WA.
Can, A. (2020). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi [Quantitative data analysis in scientific research process with SPSS] (9th ed.). Pegem Akademi.
Chigona, A. (2018). Digital fluency: Necessary competence for teaching and learning in connected classrooms. The African Journal of Information Systems, 10(4), 7. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/ajis/vol10/iss4/7/
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Psychology Press.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1), 7, https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
Coşkun, S., Kayıkcı, Y., & Gençay, E. (2019). Adapting engineering education to industry 4.0 vision. Technologies, 7(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies7010010
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları [Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications]. Pegem Akademi.
Demir, K., Aydin, B., Ersoy, N. S., Kelek, A., Tatar, I., Kuzu, A., & Odabasi, H. F. (2015). Visiting digital fluency for pre-service teachers in Turkey. World Journal on Educational Technology, 7(1), 01-08. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v7i1.18
Demir, K., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2016). Dijital akıcılık kavramına eleştirel bir bakış [A critical look at the concept of digital fluency]. 4th International Instructional Technologies & Teacher Education Symposium, (pp. 373-376). ITTES 2016
Demir, K., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2022). Development of digital fluency scale: Validity and reliability study. Themes in eLearning, 15, 1-20. http://earthlab.uoi.gr/tel/index.php/themeselearn/article/view/38
Deniz, L., & Gürültü, E. (2018). High school students’ social media addiction. Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(2), 355-367. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.389780
Dias-Trindade, S., & Ferreira, A. G. (2020). Digital teaching skills: DigCompEdu CheckIn as an evolution process from literacy to digital fluency. ICONO 14, Revista De Comunicación y Tecnologías Emergentes, 18(2), 162-187. https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v18i1.1519
Durmus Cemcem, G., Korkmaz, O., & Cakir, R. (2023). Investigation of pre-service teachers' levels of digital citizenship, digital wisdom, and digital fluency. International Journal of Technology in Education (IJTE), 6(3), 364-384. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijte.427
English, R., & Duncan-Howell, J. (2008). Facebook goes to college: Using social networking tools to support students undertaking teaching practicum. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 4(4), 596-601. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/8v31x/facebook-goes-to-college-using-socialnetworking-tools-to-support-students-undertaking-teaching-practicum
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics. Sage.
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-Hill.
Fulgence, K. (2020). Developing digital fluency among teacher educators: Evidence from Tanzanian schools of education. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 16(2), 158-175. http://ijedict.dec.uwi.edu/viewissue.php?id=58
Goode, J. (2010). The digital identity divide: How technology knowledge impacts college students. New Media & Society, 12(3), 497-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809343560
Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2010). Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data. Prentice Hall Press.
Harkins, A. M. (2008). Leapfrog principles and practices: Core components of education 3.0 and 4.0. Futures Research Quarterly, 24(1), 19-31.
Hsi, S. (2007). Conceptualizing learning from the everyday activities of digital kids. International Journal of Science Education, 29(12), 1509-1529. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690701494076
Hu, L. (2024). Programming and 21st century skill development in K‐12 schools: A multidimensional meta‐analysis. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 40(2), 610-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12904
ISTE. (2014). ISTE standards for students. Access: http://www.iste.org/standards/iste-standards/standards-for-students
Karakuş, İ., & Kılıç, F. (2022). ‘Digital’ overview at the profiles of pre-service teachers: Digital awareness, competence and fluency. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 80(2), 324, https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/22.80.324
Karasar, N. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntem [Scientific research method]. Nobel.
Kim, S., Chung, K., & Yu, H. (2013). Enhancing digital fluency through a training program for creative problem solving using computer programming. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 47(3), 171-199. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.30
Li, Y., & Ranieri, M. (2010). Are ‘digital natives’ really digitally competent? - A study on Chinese teenagers. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(6), 1029-1042. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01053.x
Liu, A., Li, Y., & Ye, H. (2018). Digital fluency and social media use: An empirical investigation of WeChat use. Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 503-512). Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates.
McQuiggan, S., McQuiggan, J., Sabourin, J., & Kosturko, L. (2015). Mobile learning: A handbook for developers, educators, and learners. John Wiley & Sons.
National Research Council. (1999). Being fluent with information technology. National Academies Press.
New Zealand Ministry of Education. (2016). Teaching digital fluency. Access: http://elearning.tki.org.nz/Teaching/Digital-fluency
Niessen, S. (2013). What is digital fluency? Access: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3412.2960
Pala, Ş. M., & Başıbüyük, A. (2020). The investigation of digital literacy of fifth grade secondary school students. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 9(3), 897-921. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.672882
Pooworawan, Y. (2015). Challenges of new frontier in learning: Education 4.0. Document By Innovative Innovative Learning Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
Puncreobutr, V. (2016). Education 4.0: New challenge of learning. St. Theresa Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2), 92-97.
Resnick, M. (2002). Rethinking learning in the digital age. Access: https://web.media.mit.edu/~mres/papers/wef.pdf
Resnick, M., Maloney, J., Monroy-Hernández, A., Rusk, N., Eastmond, E., Brennan, K., ... & Kafai, Y. (2009). Scratch: Programming for all. Communications of the ACM, 52(11), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1145/1592761.1592779
Ross, P. (2015). Digital fluency, social enterprise and why they are important for HR. Huffpost Business. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/pam-ross/digital-fluency-social-en_b_7148050.html
Savin-Baden, M. (2015). Rethinking Learning in an Age of Digital Fluency: Is being digitally tethered a new learning nexus?. Routledge.
Spencer, K. (2015, October 30). What is digital fluency?. Core Blog. http://blog.core-ed.org/blog/2015/10/what-is-digital-fluency
Türel, Y. K., & Gür, D. (2019). A scale development study on parents' attitude towards children's use of information and communication technologies. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education, 32(1), 145-165. https://doi.org/10.19171/uefad.455888
Ugrin, J. C., Pearson, J. M., & Odom, M. D. (2008). Profiling cyber-slackers in the workplace: Demographic, cultural, and workplace factors. Journal of Internet Commerce, 6(3), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1300/J179v06n03_04
Wang, R., Wiesemes, R., & Gibbons, C. (2012). Developing digital fluency through ubiquitous mobile devices: Findings from a small-scale study. Computers & Education, 58(1), 570-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.04.013
Wenmoth, D. (2016). CORE Blog: Three Tips for Becoming a Digitally Fluent Educator. Retrieved from http://blog.core-ed.org/blog/2016/08/three-tips-for-becoming-a-digitally- fluenteducator.html
Eçier, E., & İzmirli, S. (2024). Unraveling the digital fluency of high school students. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 7(4 - ICETOL 2024 Special Issue), 488-501. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1503848