FONKSİYONEL BİR BESİN OLARAK TURUNÇGİLLER VE METABOLİK SENDROM İLİŞKİSİ

Abstract

Temel besleyici özelliklerinin yanında vücutta gösterdiği bir veya birden fazla yararlı hedef fonksiyon ile hastalık riskini azaltıp iyi hal ve sağlığı geliştirici etki gösterebilen, günlük beslenme planı içerisinde yer alıp tüketilebilen; hap, kapsül veya farklı şekillerde bir besin desteği olmayan besinlere fonksiyonel besinler adı verilmektedir. Fonksiyonel bir besin olarak turunçgiller, bileşiminde bulunan askorbik asit, folik asit, lif, pektin, potasyum, magnezyum, karotenoidler ve flavonoidler ile olumlu sağlık etkileri gösterebilmektedir. Bu bileşenlerin miktarları turunçgil çeşidine, olgunluğuna, saklama koşullarına ve işleme yöntemlerine göre değişkenlik gösterebilmektedir. Turunçgillerin sağlık üzerine olumlu etkileriyle öne çıkan bileşenleri naringin ve hesperidin flavonoidleridir. Hipertansiyon, hiperglisemi, dislipidemi, protrombotik ve proinflamatuvar faktörler, metabolik sendrom risk faktörleri arasındadır. Turunçgil flavanoidleri hiperglisemi, hiperlipidemi, hipertansiyon, inflamasyon ve vücut ağırlığı denetimi üzerine olumlu etkiler gösterebilmektedirler. Literatürde, turunçgil flavonoid ekstraktlarının kullanıldığı hayvan araştırmaları ve turunçgil tüketiminin dislipidemik etkileriyle ilgili insan araştırmaları öne çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle günlük beslenme planında turunçgil tüketimi ve metabolik sendromla ilgili önerilerin geliştirilebilmesi için bu konuda daha fazla epidemiyolojik ve deneysel araştırmalar gereklidir.

Keywords

• Turunçgil,Abdominal obezite,Metabolik sendrom,Hesperidin

CITRUS FRUITS AS A FUNCTIONAL FOOD AND THE RELATION WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME

Abstract

Functional food is a food of daily diet which have at least one target function in the body besides its’ nutritional properties and can decrease disease risk and improve health and wellness. Functional food is not a pill, capsule or any type of nutritional support. Citrus fruits as a functional food have beneficial health effects related with their conponents such as ascorbic acid, folic acid, dietary fiber, pectin, potassium, magnesium, carotenoids and flavonoids. The amount of these components depends on type of citrus fruit, ripeness, storage conditions and process methods. The prominent components of citrus fruits are known as naringin and hesperidin flavonoids. Hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, protrombotic and proinflammatuary factors are the important risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Citrus flavonoids have beneficial effects on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, inflammation and body weight management. In the literatur, the studies mostly featured on the animal studies related with citrus flavonoid extracts and human studies on beneficial effects of citrus fruits consumption on dyslipidemia. Therefore, there is a need to more epidemiological and experimental studies on citrus fruits consumption recommendations in relation with metabolic syndrome.

Keywords

• Citrus,Abdominal obesity,Metabolic syndrome,Hesperidin

References

1. Alam, M.A., Subhan, N., Rahman, M.M., Uddin, S.J., Reza, H.M. & Sarker, S.D. (2014). Effect of citrus flavonoids, naringin and naringenin, on metabolic syndrome and their mechanisms of action. Advances in Nutrition, 5, 404-417.
2. Aptekmann, N.P. & Cesar, T.B. (2013). Long-term orange juice consumption is associated with low LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in normal and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Lipids in Health and Disease,12, 119.
3. Arslan, M., Atmaca, A., Ayvaz, G., Başkal, N., Beyhan, Z., Bolu, E., Can, S., Çorakçı, A., Dağdelen, S., Demirağ, G.N., Demirer, A.N., Erbaş, T., Gürsoy, A., Güllü, S., Ilgın, Ş.D., Karakoç, A., Kulaksızoğlu, M., Şahin, M., Tanacı, N., Törüner, F., Tütüncü, N.B., Üçkaya, G., Yetkin, İ. & Yılmaz, M. (2009). Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği. Metabolik Sendrom Kılavuzu. Ankara: Tuna Matbaacılık.
4. Asgary, S. & Keshvari, M. (2013). Effects of citrus sinensis juice on blood pressure . ARYA Atheroscler, 9(1), 98-101.
5. Assini, J.M., Mulvihill, E.E. & Huff, M.W. (2013). Citrus flavonoids and lipid metabolism. Curren Opinion in Lipidology, 24(1), 34-40.
6. Assini, J.M., Mulvihill, E.E., Sutherland, B.G., Telford, D.E., Sawyez, C.G., Felder, S.L., Chhoker, S., Edwards, J.Y., Gros, Y. & Huff, M.W. (2013). Naringenin prevents cholesterol-induced systemic infl ammation, metabolic dysregulation, and atherosclerosis in Ldlr / mice. Journal of Lipid Research, 54(3), 711-724.
7. Choudhary, M., & Grover, K. (2012). Development of functional food products in relation to obesity. Functional Foods in Health, 2(6), 188-197.
8. Coşkun, T. (2005). Fonksiyonel besinlerin sağlığımız üzerine etkileri. Çocuk Sağlığı Hastalıkları Dergisi, 48, 69-84.

9. Demonty, I., Lin, Y., Zebregs, Y.E., Vermeer, M. A., Knaap, H. C., Ja¨kel, M. & Trautwein, E. A. (2010). The Citrus Flavonoids Hesperidin and Naringin Do Not Affect Serum Cholesterol in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women. Journal of Nutrition, 140, 1615-1620
10. El-Shafey, M.M. & Abd-Ellah, M.F. (2014). Hesperidin Improves Lipid Profile and Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. International Journal of Pharma Sciences, 3, 554-559.
11. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. (2015). Citrus Fruit Statistics 2015. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-commodities/citrus-fruit/en/ (accessed 19.11.16)
12. Fujioka, K., Greenway, F., Sheard, J. & Ying, Y. (2006). The effects of grapefruit on weight and insulin resistance: relationship to the metabolic syndrome. Journal of Medicinal Food, 9(1), 49-54.
13. Fukuchi, Y., Hiramitsu, M., Okada, M., Hayashi, S., Nabeno, Y., Osawa, T. & Naito, M. (2008). Lemon Polyphenols Suppress Diet-induced Obesity by Up-Regulation of mRNA Levels of the Enzymes Involved in β-Oxidation in Mouse White Adipose. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 43(3), 201-209.
14. Gattuso, G., Barreca, D., Gargiulli, C., Leuzzi, U. & Caristi, C. (2007). Flavonoid compisiton of citrus juices. Molecules, 12(8), 1641-1673.
15. Huang, P.L. (2009). A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Disease Model Mechanisms, 2(5-6), 231-237.
16. Jung, U. J., Lee, M.-K., Park, Y.B., Kang, M.A. & Choi, M.-S. (2006). Effect of citrus flavonoids on lipid metabolism and glucose-regulating enzyme mRNA levels in type-2 diabetic mice. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 38(7), 1134-1145.
17. Ke, J.-Y., Kliewer, K.L., Hamad, E.M., Cole, R.M., Powell, K.A., Andridge, R.R. & Belury, M.A. (2015). The flavonoid, naringenin, decreases adipose tissue mass and attenuates ovariectomy-associated metabolic disturbances in mice. Nutrition & Metabolism, 12(1), 1-10.
18. Kolovou, G.D., Anagnostopoulou, K.K. & Cokkinos, D. V. (2005). Pathophysiology of dyslipidaemia in the metabolic. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 81(956), 358-366.
19. Kurowska, E. M., Spence, J. D., Jordan, J., Wetmore, S., Freeman, D.J., Piché, L. A. & Serratore, P. (2000). HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(5), 1095-1100.
20. Mahmoud, A.M., Ahmed, O. M., Abdel-Moneim, A. & Ashour, M. B. (2013). Upregulation of PPARγ mediates the antidiabetic effects of citrus flavonoids in type 2 diabetic rats . International Journal of Bioassays, 2(5), 756-761.
21. Milenkovic, D., Deval, C., Dubray, C., Mazur, A. & Morand, C. (2011). Hesperidin Displays Relevant Role in the Nutrigenomic Effect of Orange Juice on Blood Leukocytes in Human Volunteers: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Study. Plos One, 6(11), 1-8.
22. Morand, C., Dubray, C., Milenkovic, D., Lioger, D., Martin, J. F., Scalbert, A. & Mazur, A. (2011). Hesperidin contributes to the vascular protective effects of orange juice: a randomized crossover study in healthy volunteers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93, 73-80.
23. Nichols, L.A., Jackson, D.E., Manthey, J. A., Shukla, S. D. & Holland, L. J. (2011). Citrus flavonoids repress the mRNA for stearoylCoA desaturase, a key enzyme in lipid synthesis and obesity control, in rat primary hepatocytes. Lipids in Health and Disease, 10, 36.
24. O’Neil, C.E., Nicklas, T.A., Rampersaud, G.C. & Fulgoni, V.L. (2012). 100% Orange juice consumption is associated with better diet quality, improved nutrient adequacy, decreased risk for obesity, and improved biomarkers of health in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006. Nutrition Journal, 11, 107.
25. Peixoto, J.S., Comar, J.F., Moreira, C.T., Soares, A. A., Oliveira, A. L., Bracht, A. & Peralta, R. M. (2012). Effects of Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Fruit Extracts and p-Synephrine on Metabolic Fluxes in the Rat Liver. Molecules, 17, 5854-5869.
26. Peter, A., Cegan, A., Wagner, S., Lehmann, R., Stefan, N., Konigsrainer, A. & Schleicher, E. (2009). Plazma VLDL Yağ Asit Oranlarından Hepatik Lipid Bileşimi ve Stearol-Koenzim A Desaturaz 1 mRNA Ekspresyonunun Belirlenmesi. Clinical Chemistry, 55(12), 2113-2120.
27. Sanofer, A. (2014). Role of citrus fruits in health. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(2), 121-123.
28. Özmen, M.K. (2013). Türkiye Kronik Hastalıklar ve Risk Faktörleri Sıklığı Çalışması. In B. Ünal & G. Ergör (eds.), Metabolik Sendrom (pp.145-149). Ankara: Anıl Matbaa. . ISBN: 978-975-590-461-0
29. Stohs, S. J., Preuss, H. G. & Shara, M. (2012). A Review of the Human Clinical Studies Involving Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and its Primary Protoalkaloid p-Synephrine. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(7), 527-538.
30. Stohs, S. J., Preuss, H. G., Keith, S. C., Keith, P. L., Miller, H. & Kaats, G. R. (2011). Effects of p-Synephrine alone and in Combination with Selected Bioflavo-noids on Resting Metabolism, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Self-Reported Mood Changes. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(1), 295-301.
31. Turner, T. & Burri, B. J. (2013). Potential nutritional benefits of current citrus consumption. Agriculture, 3, 170-187.
32. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2015). Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri, İstatistiksel Tablolar: Turunçgiller. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1001 (accessed 19.11.16)
33. Vinson, J. A. & Jang, J. (2001). In Vitro and In Vivo Lipoprotein Antioxidant Effect of a Citrus Extract and Ascorbic Acid on Normal and Hypercholesterolemic Human Subjects. Journal of Medicinal Food, 4(4), 187-191.
34. Yalım, S., Özdemir, Y. & Ekiz, H. İ. (2004). Naringin in Turkish orange juices and its reduction by naringinase. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 3(12), 273-276.