The Roman Colonizatıon Activity and the Effects of the Colonıes on the frst Punic War

Öz

The idea of colonization first appeared as a consequence of lack of local population which needs to support the
settled life. Before the Roman colonization, the Phoenicians and Helens established many colony settlements across
the Mediterranean and Black Sea due to the economic or political reasons. However, the Romans who had a militarist character, established colonies as a solution to the military needs. Especially until the First Punic War in 264
B.C. Romans spread their sovereignty both in Italy and in occupied territories by its colonies. As their military value
proved, the Romans used their colonies against the Carthage in the First Punic Wars. Rome used its colonies in the
defense of coastline as well as in recruiting some of new seamen. From this point of view, the colonies were critical in
the Roman victory in the war. This study aims to reveal how the colonies effected the war and its outcome.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rome,Carthage,First Punic War,Roman Citizen Colonies,Latin Colonies

Roma Kolonizasyon Hareketi Ve Kolonilerin I. Pön Savaşına Etkisi

Öz

İnsanoğlunun yerleşik yaşama geçmesi ile beraber zaman içerisinde yerleşimlerin ortaya çıktığı bölgelerin, yerel nüfusun ihtiyacını karşılayamaması sonucunda kolonizasyon fikri ortaya çıkmıştır. Roma kolonizasyon hareketi öncesinde özellikle Fenikeliler ve Helenler ekonomik ya da siyasi sebeplerle Akdeniz ile Karadeniz’in farklı bölgelerinde pek çok koloni yerleşimi kurmuşlardır. Bununla beraber militarist bir yapıya sahip olan Romalılar, kendilerinden önceki kolonizayon hareketlerinden farklı olarak temelde askeri ihtiyaçlara cevap vermek gayesi ile koloniler inşa etmişlerdir. Özellikle I. Pön Savaşının başladığı M.Ö. 264 tarihine kadar geçen zaman zarfında Roma, tesis etmiş olduğu koloniler vasıtasıyla İtalya’da siyasi egemenliğini yaydığı gibi aynı zamanda ele geçirmiş olduğu bölgelerdeki hâkimiyetini de kuvvetlendirmiştir.  Roma, askeri açıdan işlevsel olduğu çeşitli hadiseler sonucunda kanıtlanmış olan kolonilerin askeri faydalarından Kartaca karşısında I. Pön Savaşı esnasında da yararlanmıştır. Roma,  özellikle kıyı bölgelerin savunmasında kolonilerden yararlandığı gibi aynı zamanda donanma için gerekli denizcilerin bir kısmını da buralardan temin etmiştir. Konu bu açıdan ele alındığında kolonilerin savaşın kazanılmasına ciddi oranda katkı sağladığı görülmektedir. Söz konusu çalışmada kolonilerin savaşın gidişatı ve sonucunu ne oranda etkilediği irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Roma,Kartaca,I. Pön savaşı,Vatandaş Kolonileri,Latin Kolonileri

Kaynakça

1. KAYNAKÇA
2. Ana Kaynaklar
3. Appianos, Historia Romana, çev., H. White, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1955.
4. Cicero, On the Agrarian Law, çev., J.H. Freese, Loeb Classical Library 1930.
5. Diodoros, Bibliotheke, çev. by C. H. Oldfather, Diodorus of Sicily, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1953.
6. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, Vol. 1, Boks 1-2, çev., Earnest Cary, Loeb Classical Library, 1937.
7. Flavius Vegetius Renatus, Epitome of Military Science, çev., N.P. Milner, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 1997.
8. Florus, Epitome of Roman History, çev. E. S. Forster, Loeb Classical Library, 1929.

9. Herodotos, Herodot Tarihi, çev., A. Erhat ve M. Ökmen, Remzi Kitapevi, İstanbul 1973.
10. Ioannis Zonaras, Epitome Historiarum, çev., Ludwig August Dindrof, Nabu Press, 2010. Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, çev.,B.O. Foster, Loeb Classical Library, London 1952.
11. Polybius, Historiai, çev. by W.R. Paton, Harvard University Pres, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1954.
12. Strabon, Geographika (The Geography of Strabon), çev., H. L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1949.
13. Tacitus, Annales, çev., J. Jacson, Loeb Classical Library, London 1963.
14. Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, Volume I: Books 1-2, çev., C. F. Smith, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1919.
15. Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History, çev., Frederick W. Shipley, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1998.
16. Araştırma Eserleri
17. Abbot, Frank Frost, “The Colonizing Policy of the Romans from 123 to 31 B.C” Classical Philology Vol.10, No.4, 1915, s. 365-380.
18. Bagnal, Nigel, The Punic Wars 264-146 BC, Routledge, London and New York, 2003.
19. Bagnal, Nigel, The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle fort he Mediterranean, Pimlico, London, 1990.
20. Chapot, Victor, The Roman World, Routledge, London and New York, 2014.
21. Christ, Karl, The Romans: An Introduction to Their History and Civilization, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1984.
22. De Haas, Tymon C. A., Fields, farms and colonists, Barkhuis, 2011.
23. De Souza, Philip, “Naval battles and sieges”, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, vol., I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007, s. 434-460.
24. De Souza, Philip, “Naval forces”, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, vol., I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007, s. s. 357-367.
25. Dyson, Stephen L., The Creation of the Roman Frontier, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1985.
26. Ebel, Charles, Transalpine Gaul: The Emergence of a Roman Province, Brill, 1976.
27. Ferro, Mare, Colonization: A Global History, Routledge, London and New York, 1997.
28. Figuera, T. J., “Herodotus on the Early History of Aegina”, American Journal of Philology 106, 1985, s. 49-74.
29. Forsythe, Gary, A Critical History of Early Rome, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2006.
30. Fronda, Michael P., Between Roma and Carthage: Southern Italy during the Second Punic War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
31. Gabba, E., “Rome and Italy in the second century B.C., The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 8, Cambridge University Press, 2008, s. 197-243.
32. Goldworthy, Adrian, The Complete Roman Army, Thames and Hudson, London, 2003.
33. Goodman, Penelope J., The Roman City Its Periphery: From Rome to Gaul, Routledge, London and New York, 2007.
34. Heitland, William Everton, The Roman Republic, C. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1909.
35. Hoyos, Dexter, Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.
36. J. H. Rose, The Mediterranean in Ancient Times, Cambridge, 1933.
37. Lazenby, John, The First Punic War, Routledge, London and New York, 1996.
38. Levick, Barbara, Roman Colonies in Southern Asia Minor, Oxford University Press, London 1967.
39. Lomas, Kathryn, “Italy During the Roman Republic, 338–31 B.C.”, The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, Cambridge University Press, 2004, s. 199-224.
40. Lomas, Kathryn, Roman Italy 338 BC-AD 200 A Sourcebook, Routledge, London and New York, 1996.
41. Maccann, Anna Marguerite, The Roman Port and Fishery of Cosa, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1987.
42. Mackay, Christopher S., Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.
43. MacKendrick, P.L., “Roman Colonization”, Phoenix, Vol. 6, No.4, 1952, s. 139-146.Martin, Thomas R., Eski Yunan, çev., Ümit Hüsrev Yolsal, Say Yayınları, 2012.
44. Meiggs, R., Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World, Oxford University Press, 1982.
45. Meiggs, Russell, Roman Ostia, Clarendon Press, Cloucestershire, 1960.Munson, Rosaria Vignolo, “Artemisia in Herodotus”, Classical Antiquity, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1988.
46. Pitassi, Michael, The Navies of Rome, The Boydell Press, Suffolk, 2009.
47. Rankov, Boris, “A War of Phases: Strategies and Stalemates 264-241”, A Companion to the Punic Wars, ed., Dexter Hoyos, Wiley Blackwell, 2015, s. 149-166.
48. Roselaar, Saskia T., Public Land in the Roman Republic, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
49. Rosenstein, Nathan, Rome and the Mediterranean 290 to 146, Edinburg University Press, Edinburg, 2012.
50. Sage, Michael M., The Republican Roman Army, Routledge, London and New York, 2008.
51. Salmon, E. T., Roman Colonisation Under the Republic, Thames and Hudson, London,1969
52. Salmon, E. T., Samnium and the Samnites, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
53. Salmon, E.T., “Roman Expansion and Roman Colonization in Italy”, Phoenix, Vol.9, No.2, 1955, s. 63-75.
54. Scopacasa, Rafael, Ancient Samnium, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.
55. Scullard, H. H., “Carthage and Rome”, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. VII, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
56. Sherwin-White, A.N., The Roman Citizenship, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1958.Star, Chester G., “Coastal Defense in the Roman World”, The American Journal of Philology, Vol.64, No.1, 1943, s. 56-70.
57. Starr, Chester G., Antik Çağda Deniz Gücü, Homer Kitapevi, 2000.
58. Stavely, E. S., “Rome and Italy in the early third century”, Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 7, Part 2, 2008, s. 420-455.
59. Steinby, Christa, Rome Versus Carthage:The War at Sea, Pen and Sword Press, South Yorkshire, 2014.
60. Stek, Tesse D., “Early Roman Colonisation Beyond the Romanising Agrotown”, The Archaeology of Imperial Landscapes: A Comparative Study of Empires in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean World, ed., Bleda S. Düring and Tesse D. Stek, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018, s. 145-172.
61. Strauss, Barry, The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece and Western Civilization, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2005.
62. Tipps G. K., “The Battle of Ecnomus”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 34, H. 4, 1985, s. 432-465.
63. Tol, Gijs Willem, A Fragmented History: A methodological and artefactual approach to the study of ancient settlement in the territories of Satricum and Antium, Barkhuis, Groningen, 2012.