Research Article
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Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 85 - 93, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833035

Abstract

Background: The escalation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae infections poses a severe global health threat, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies such as drug repurposing. This study aims to investigate the intrinsic antibacterial activity of the antidiabetic drug metformin and its adjuvant potential when combined with conventional antibiotics against K. pneumoniae.
Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial effects of metformin were evaluated against the reference strain K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and an MDR clinical isolate obtained from an intensive care unit. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were determined using the microdilution method. Interaction studies between metformin and three antibiotics (Levofloxacin, Amikacin, and Ceftazidime) were conducted using the checkerboard assay. The results were interpreted based on the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI).
Results: Metformin monotherapy exhibited weak intrinsic antibacterial activity (MIC ≥ 500 µg/mL) against both the reference strain and the clinical isolate. In combination assays, metformin demonstrated an antagonistic effect with Levofloxacin, while its interactions with Amikacin and Ceftazidime were classified as indifferent. The observed antagonism with Levofloxacin is attributed to metformin’s antioxidant properties, which likely mitigate the oxidative stress required for the bactericidal action of fluoroquinolones. Furthermore, the lack of synergy with Amikacin suggests that metformin-induced disruption of the Proton Motive Force (PMF) may hinder the intracellular uptake of aminoglycosides.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that metformin is ineffective as a standalone antibacterial agent against K. pneumoniae. Moreover, its adjuvant potential is highly dependent on the antibiotic class and strain-specific resistance mechanisms. Contrary to some reports of synergy, this study highlights the risk of antagonism, particularly with fluoroquinolones. Further standardized mechanistic studies are required to define the specific therapeutic windows for metformin as an antimicrobial adjuvant.

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study as it was conducted exclusively in vitro using standard reference strains and anonymized clinical isolates, involving no human or animal subjects.

References

  • Masadeh MM, Alzoubi KH, Masadeh MM, Aburashed ZO. Metformin as a potential adjuvant antimicrobial agent against multidrug resistant bacteria. Clin Pharmacol. 2021; 11(13): 83-90.
  • Opal SM. Non-antibiotic treatments for bacterial diseases in an era of progressive antibiotic resistance. Crit Care. 2016; 20(1): 397.
  • Martinot JL, Hardy P, Feline A, Huret JD, Mazoyer B, Attar-Levy D, Pappata S, Syrota A. Left prefrontal glucose hypometabolism in the depressed state: a confirmation. Am J Psychiatry. 1990; 147(10): 1313-1317.
  • Ge R, Wang Z, Wu S, Zhuo Y, Otsetov AG, Cai C, et al. Metformin represses cancer cells via alternate pathways in N-cadherin expressing vs. N-cadherin deficient cells. Oncotarget. 2015; 6(30): 28973-87. 
  • Abbas HA, Elsherbini AM, Shaldam MA. Repurposing metformin as a quorum sensing inhibitor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Afr Health Sci. 2017; 17(3):808-819.
  • Al-Qadsy I, Saeed WS, Al-Odayni AB, Ahmed Saleh Al-Faqeeh L, Alghamdi AA, Farooqui M. Novel metformin-based schiff bases: Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial evaluation. Materials (Basel). 2020; 13(3): 514. 
  • Xiao X, Huan Q, Huang Y, Liu Y, Li R, Xu X, Wang Z. Metformin reverses tmexCD1-toprJ1- and tet(A)-mediated high-level tigecycline resistance in K. pneumoniae. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11(2): 162.
  • Abbas H, Shaker G, Khattab R, Askoura M. A new role of metformin as an efflux pump inhibitor in Klebsiella pneumonia. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci. 2021;11(1), e4232-e4232.
  • Shih CJ, Wu YL, Chao PW, Kuo SC, Yang CY, Li SY, et al. Association between use of oral anti-diabetic drugs and the risk of sepsis: A nested case-control study. Sci Rep. 2015; 5: 15260. 
  • Doğanay D, Aydin M, Avşar İ. Investigation of the antibiotic resistance profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates isolated from different clinical specimens: One-year data during. Ank Univ Eczacilik Fak Derg. 2023; 47(1).
  • The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 9.0, 2019. Accessed June 29, 2022, from http://www.eucast.org
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard – 5th ed. Report No.: CLSI document M7-A5.
  • Valadbeigi H, Khoshnood S, Negahdari B, Abdullah MA, Haddadi MH. Antibacterial and immunoregulatory effects of metformin against Helicobacter pylori infection in rat model. Biomed Res Int. 2023; 1: 5583286. 
  • Liu Y, Jia Y, Yang K, Li R, Xiao X, Zhu K, Wang Z. Metformin restores tetracyclines susceptibility against multidrug resistant bacteria. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2020; 7(12): 1902227.
  • Brochado AR, Telzerow A, Bobonis J, Banzhaf M, Mateus A, Selkrig J, et al. Species-specific activity of antibacterial drug combinations. Nature. 2018; 559(7713): 259-263.
  • Yi K, Liu S, Liu P, Luo X, Zhao J, Yan F, et al. Synergistic antibacterial activity of tetrandrine combined with colistin against MCR-mediated colistin-resistant Salmonella. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022; 149: 112873.
  • Dhanda G, Acharya Y, Haldar, J. Antibiotic adjuvants: A versatile approach to combat antibiotic resistance. ACS Omega, 2023; 8(12), 10757–10783
  • Malik F, Mehdi SF, Ali H, Patel P, Basharat A, Kumar A, et al. Is metformin poised for a second career as an antimicrobial?. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018; 34(4): e2975.
  • Marycz K, Tomaszewski KA, Kornicka K, Henry BM, Wroński S, Tarasiuk J, Maredziak M. Metformin decreases reactive oxygen species, enhances osteogenic properties of adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, and increases bone density in vivo. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016; 2016: 9785890.
  • Vaishampayan A, Grohmann E.Antimicrobials functioning through ROS-mediated mechanisms: Current insights. Microorganisms, 2022; 10(1): 61.
  • Yen FS, Wei JC, Shih YH, Hsu CC, Hwu CM. Metformin use and the risk of bacterial pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1):3270.

Metformin ve Seçilmiş Antibiyotiklerin Klebsiella pneumoniae Üzerindeki Kombinasyonel Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 85 - 93, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833035

Abstract

Amaç: Çoklu ilaca dirençli (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae enfeksiyonlarındaki artış ciddi bir küresel halk sağlığı tehdidi oluşturmakta ve ilaç yeniden konumlandırma gibi alternatif tedavi stratejilerinin araştırılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, antidiyabetik bir ilaç olan metforminin K. pneumoniae'ye karşı intrinsik antibakteriyel aktivitesini ve konvansiyonel antibiyotiklerle kombinasyon halindeki adjuvan potansiyelini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Materyal ve Metod: Metforminin antimikrobiyal etkileri, referans suş K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 ve bir yoğun bakım ünitesinden elde edilen MDR klinik izolatına karşı değerlendirilmiştir. Minimum İnhibisyon Konsantrasyonu (MİK) değerleri mikrodilüsyon yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Metformin ile üç farklı antibiyotik (Levofloksasin, Amikasin ve Seftazidim) arasındaki etkileşim çalışmaları checkerboard (dama tahtası) yöntemi kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Sonuçlar, Fraksiyonel İnhibitör Konsantrasyon İndeksi (FİKİ) temel alınarak yorumlanmıştır.
Bulgular: Metformin monoterapisi, hem referans suş hem de klinik izolat karşısında zayıf intrinsik antibakteriyel aktivite (MİK ≥ 500 µg/mL) sergilemiştir. Kombinasyon deneylerinde metformin, Levofloksasin ile antagonist bir etki gösterirken, Amikasin ve Seftazidim ile olan etkileşimleri bağımsız (indifferent) etki olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Levofloksasin ile gözlenen antagonizm, metforminin, florokinolonların bakterisidal etkisi için gerekli olan oksidatif stresi muhtemelen hafifleten antioksidan özelliklerine atfedilmektedir. Ayrıca, Amikasin ile sinerji görülmemesi, metformin kaynaklı Proton Hareket Gücü (PMF) bozulmasının, aminoglikozidlerin hücre içi alımını engelleyebileceğini düşündürmektedir.
Sonuç: Bulgular, metforminin K. pneumoniae'ye karşı tek başına bir antibakteriyel ajan olarak etkisiz olduğunu göstermektedir. Dahası, ilacın adjuvan potansiyeli büyük ölçüde antibiyotik sınıfına ve suşa özgü direnç mekanizmalarına bağlıdır. Literatürdeki bazı sinerji raporlarının aksine, bu çalışma özellikle florokinolonlarla gelişebilecek antagonizm riskini vurgulamaktadır. Metforminin bir antimikrobiyal adjuvan olarak spesifik terapötik pencerelerini tanımlamak için daha ileri standartlaştırılmış mekanistik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, standart referans suşlar ve anonimleştirilmiş klinik izolatlar kullanılarak tamamen in vitro ortamda yürütüldüğü ve insan veya hayvan denek içermediği için etik kurul onayı gerektirmemiştir.

References

  • Masadeh MM, Alzoubi KH, Masadeh MM, Aburashed ZO. Metformin as a potential adjuvant antimicrobial agent against multidrug resistant bacteria. Clin Pharmacol. 2021; 11(13): 83-90.
  • Opal SM. Non-antibiotic treatments for bacterial diseases in an era of progressive antibiotic resistance. Crit Care. 2016; 20(1): 397.
  • Martinot JL, Hardy P, Feline A, Huret JD, Mazoyer B, Attar-Levy D, Pappata S, Syrota A. Left prefrontal glucose hypometabolism in the depressed state: a confirmation. Am J Psychiatry. 1990; 147(10): 1313-1317.
  • Ge R, Wang Z, Wu S, Zhuo Y, Otsetov AG, Cai C, et al. Metformin represses cancer cells via alternate pathways in N-cadherin expressing vs. N-cadherin deficient cells. Oncotarget. 2015; 6(30): 28973-87. 
  • Abbas HA, Elsherbini AM, Shaldam MA. Repurposing metformin as a quorum sensing inhibitor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Afr Health Sci. 2017; 17(3):808-819.
  • Al-Qadsy I, Saeed WS, Al-Odayni AB, Ahmed Saleh Al-Faqeeh L, Alghamdi AA, Farooqui M. Novel metformin-based schiff bases: Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial evaluation. Materials (Basel). 2020; 13(3): 514. 
  • Xiao X, Huan Q, Huang Y, Liu Y, Li R, Xu X, Wang Z. Metformin reverses tmexCD1-toprJ1- and tet(A)-mediated high-level tigecycline resistance in K. pneumoniae. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11(2): 162.
  • Abbas H, Shaker G, Khattab R, Askoura M. A new role of metformin as an efflux pump inhibitor in Klebsiella pneumonia. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci. 2021;11(1), e4232-e4232.
  • Shih CJ, Wu YL, Chao PW, Kuo SC, Yang CY, Li SY, et al. Association between use of oral anti-diabetic drugs and the risk of sepsis: A nested case-control study. Sci Rep. 2015; 5: 15260. 
  • Doğanay D, Aydin M, Avşar İ. Investigation of the antibiotic resistance profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates isolated from different clinical specimens: One-year data during. Ank Univ Eczacilik Fak Derg. 2023; 47(1).
  • The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 9.0, 2019. Accessed June 29, 2022, from http://www.eucast.org
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard – 5th ed. Report No.: CLSI document M7-A5.
  • Valadbeigi H, Khoshnood S, Negahdari B, Abdullah MA, Haddadi MH. Antibacterial and immunoregulatory effects of metformin against Helicobacter pylori infection in rat model. Biomed Res Int. 2023; 1: 5583286. 
  • Liu Y, Jia Y, Yang K, Li R, Xiao X, Zhu K, Wang Z. Metformin restores tetracyclines susceptibility against multidrug resistant bacteria. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2020; 7(12): 1902227.
  • Brochado AR, Telzerow A, Bobonis J, Banzhaf M, Mateus A, Selkrig J, et al. Species-specific activity of antibacterial drug combinations. Nature. 2018; 559(7713): 259-263.
  • Yi K, Liu S, Liu P, Luo X, Zhao J, Yan F, et al. Synergistic antibacterial activity of tetrandrine combined with colistin against MCR-mediated colistin-resistant Salmonella. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022; 149: 112873.
  • Dhanda G, Acharya Y, Haldar, J. Antibiotic adjuvants: A versatile approach to combat antibiotic resistance. ACS Omega, 2023; 8(12), 10757–10783
  • Malik F, Mehdi SF, Ali H, Patel P, Basharat A, Kumar A, et al. Is metformin poised for a second career as an antimicrobial?. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018; 34(4): e2975.
  • Marycz K, Tomaszewski KA, Kornicka K, Henry BM, Wroński S, Tarasiuk J, Maredziak M. Metformin decreases reactive oxygen species, enhances osteogenic properties of adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, and increases bone density in vivo. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016; 2016: 9785890.
  • Vaishampayan A, Grohmann E.Antimicrobials functioning through ROS-mediated mechanisms: Current insights. Microorganisms, 2022; 10(1): 61.
  • Yen FS, Wei JC, Shih YH, Hsu CC, Hwu CM. Metformin use and the risk of bacterial pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1):3270.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Medical Microbiology (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İbrahim Serkan Avşar 0000-0002-0343-8994

Derya Doğanay 0000-0001-9147-4110

Esra Mertoğlu 0009-0005-5759-0958

Submission Date November 30, 2025
Acceptance Date December 14, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Avşar, İ. S., Doğanay, D., & Mertoğlu, E. (2025). Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, 10(4), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833035
AMA Avşar İS, Doğanay D, Mertoğlu E. Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. December 2025;10(4):85-93. doi:10.58854/jicm.1833035
Chicago Avşar, İbrahim Serkan, Derya Doğanay, and Esra Mertoğlu. “Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella Pneumoniae”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10, no. 4 (December 2025): 85-93. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833035.
EndNote Avşar İS, Doğanay D, Mertoğlu E (December 1, 2025) Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10 4 85–93.
IEEE İ. S. Avşar, D. Doğanay, and E. Mertoğlu, “Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae”, J Immunol Clin Microbiol, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 85–93, 2025, doi: 10.58854/jicm.1833035.
ISNAD Avşar, İbrahim Serkan et al. “Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella Pneumoniae”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10/4 (December2025), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833035.
JAMA Avşar İS, Doğanay D, Mertoğlu E. Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2025;10:85–93.
MLA Avşar, İbrahim Serkan et al. “Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella Pneumoniae”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, vol. 10, no. 4, 2025, pp. 85-93, doi:10.58854/jicm.1833035.
Vancouver Avşar İS, Doğanay D, Mertoğlu E. Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2025;10(4):85-93.

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