Araştırma Makalesi

Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae

Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4 31 Aralık 2025
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Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae

Öz

Background: The escalation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae infections poses a severe global health threat, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies such as drug repurposing. This study aims to investigate the intrinsic antibacterial activity of the antidiabetic drug metformin and its adjuvant potential when combined with conventional antibiotics against K. pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial effects of metformin were evaluated against the reference strain K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 and an MDR clinical isolate obtained from an intensive care unit. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were determined using the microdilution method. Interaction studies between metformin and three antibiotics (Levofloxacin, Amikacin, and Ceftazidime) were conducted using the checkerboard assay. The results were interpreted based on the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI). Results: Metformin monotherapy exhibited weak intrinsic antibacterial activity (MIC ≥ 500 µg/mL) against both the reference strain and the clinical isolate. In combination assays, metformin demonstrated an antagonistic effect with Levofloxacin, while its interactions with Amikacin and Ceftazidime were classified as indifferent. The observed antagonism with Levofloxacin is attributed to metformin’s antioxidant properties, which likely mitigate the oxidative stress required for the bactericidal action of fluoroquinolones. Furthermore, the lack of synergy with Amikacin suggests that metformin-induced disruption of the Proton Motive Force (PMF) may hinder the intracellular uptake of aminoglycosides. Conclusion: The findings indicate that metformin is ineffective as a standalone antibacterial agent against K. pneumoniae. Moreover, its adjuvant potential is highly dependent on the antibiotic class and strain-specific resistance mechanisms. Contrary to some reports of synergy, this study highlights the risk of antagonism, particularly with fluoroquinolones. Further standardized mechanistic studies are required to define the specific therapeutic windows for metformin as an antimicrobial adjuvant.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, standart referans suşlar ve anonimleştirilmiş klinik izolatlar kullanılarak tamamen in vitro ortamda yürütüldüğü ve insan veya hayvan denek içermediği için etik kurul onayı gerektirmemiştir.

Kaynakça

  1. Masadeh MM, Alzoubi KH, Masadeh MM, Aburashed ZO. Metformin as a potential adjuvant antimicrobial agent against multidrug resistant bacteria. Clin Pharmacol. 2021; 11(13): 83-90.
  2. Opal SM. Non-antibiotic treatments for bacterial diseases in an era of progressive antibiotic resistance. Crit Care. 2016; 20(1): 397.
  3. Martinot JL, Hardy P, Feline A, Huret JD, Mazoyer B, Attar-Levy D, Pappata S, Syrota A. Left prefrontal glucose hypometabolism in the depressed state: a confirmation. Am J Psychiatry. 1990; 147(10): 1313-1317.
  4. Ge R, Wang Z, Wu S, Zhuo Y, Otsetov AG, Cai C, et al. Metformin represses cancer cells via alternate pathways in N-cadherin expressing vs. N-cadherin deficient cells. Oncotarget. 2015; 6(30): 28973-87. 
  5. Abbas HA, Elsherbini AM, Shaldam MA. Repurposing metformin as a quorum sensing inhibitor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Afr Health Sci. 2017; 17(3):808-819.
  6. Al-Qadsy I, Saeed WS, Al-Odayni AB, Ahmed Saleh Al-Faqeeh L, Alghamdi AA, Farooqui M. Novel metformin-based schiff bases: Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial evaluation. Materials (Basel). 2020; 13(3): 514. 
  7. Xiao X, Huan Q, Huang Y, Liu Y, Li R, Xu X, Wang Z. Metformin reverses tmexCD1-toprJ1- and tet(A)-mediated high-level tigecycline resistance in K. pneumoniae. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022; 11(2): 162.
  8. Abbas H, Shaker G, Khattab R, Askoura M. A new role of metformin as an efflux pump inhibitor in Klebsiella pneumonia. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci. 2021;11(1), e4232-e4232.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

31 Aralık 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

30 Kasım 2025

Kabul Tarihi

14 Aralık 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA
Avşar, İ. S., Doğanay, D., & Mertoğlu, E. (2025). Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, 10(4), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833035
AMA
1.Avşar İS, Doğanay D, Mertoğlu E. Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2025;10(4):85-93. doi:10.58854/jicm.1833035
Chicago
Avşar, İbrahim Serkan, Derya Doğanay, ve Esra Mertoğlu. 2025. “Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10 (4): 85-93. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833035.
EndNote
Avşar İS, Doğanay D, Mertoğlu E (01 Aralık 2025) Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10 4 85–93.
IEEE
[1]İ. S. Avşar, D. Doğanay, ve E. Mertoğlu, “Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae”, J Immunol Clin Microbiol, c. 10, sy 4, ss. 85–93, Ara. 2025, doi: 10.58854/jicm.1833035.
ISNAD
Avşar, İbrahim Serkan - Doğanay, Derya - Mertoğlu, Esra. “Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10/4 (01 Aralık 2025): 85-93. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833035.
JAMA
1.Avşar İS, Doğanay D, Mertoğlu E. Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2025;10:85–93.
MLA
Avşar, İbrahim Serkan, vd. “Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, c. 10, sy 4, Aralık 2025, ss. 85-93, doi:10.58854/jicm.1833035.
Vancouver
1.İbrahim Serkan Avşar, Derya Doğanay, Esra Mertoğlu. Investigation of the Combinatorial Effects of Metformin and Selected Antibiotics on Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 01 Aralık 2025;10(4):85-93. doi:10.58854/jicm.1833035

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