Research Article
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Maggot Debridement Therapy and Its Important Components: Antimicrobial Agent Chymotrypsin and It's Protein Structure

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 107 - 117, 31.12.2019

Abstract

Background:   

Chronic wounds that
do not heal are a major health problem worldwide. The colonization of the
tissues with polymicrobial flora in all chronic wounds is the factor that
retards the healing. Systemic and topical antibiotics or antiseptics are used
to treat clinical infections in non-healing wounds. In recent studies, however,
it has been stated that antibiotics do not support the desired outcome in wound
healing. With the increase in antibiotic use, bacterial resistance problem
arises in the treatment of bacterial colonization. There is an urgent need to
support and define effective strategies in chronic wound therapies that do not
respond to antibiotics. This situation causes the physicians to focus on
different areas and to be interested in treatment modalities. Today, successful
application of Maggot Debridement Treatment (MDT) is very interesting.
n our study; The aim of this study was to isolate the chymotrypsin gene, which is effective in wound treatment, in the laboratory by using molecular methods 

Materials and Methods: The
Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Parasitology, genomic
DNA was isolated from the second stage larvae from the
L. sericata colony in
which we maintain the life cycle. PCR was performed using primers specific to
the
L. sericata chymotrypsin gene region.

Results: ,
After
isolation of genomic DNA (gDNA) from L.
sericata
, Chymotrypsin gene region was amplified using originally designed
primers with PCR.  PCR product of 455 bp was obtained.
The
in-silico analysis of amino acids encoding the protein of Chymotrypsin have
shown that is approximately 25 kDa.













Conclusions: The elimination of drug-resistant pathogens has an
important role in wound treatment. Especially the second stage larvae of L. sericata
release microorganisms by secreting antimicrobial enzymes. Therefore, L. sericata
larvae are important in the treatment of infected wounds. Bacteria in chronic
wounds are usually found in biofilm. These bacteria in biofilm are protected
from antibiotics and immune system. Maggot secretions are effective against
biofilms formed by bacteria such as Staphylococcus
aureus
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Bacteria with biofilm degradation; antibiotics, immune system activities and
worm action is becoming more sensitive. The L.
sericata larvae debride the wound
site and contribute to the deterioration of this biofilm with the secretion of
chymotrypsin, one of the important defensin molecules. At the same time,
chymotrypsin protein has important functions that accelerate wound healing and
induce scar tissue formation. The treatment of chronic and non-healing wounds
is complicated by various reasons, and we think that the experimental animals,
which provide alternative mechanisms and the important mechanisms of these
compounds, are extremely important.

References

  • 1. Bonn D. Maggot therapy: an alternative for wound infection. Lancet. 2000;356(9236):1174.
  • 2. Sherman RA, Hall MJ, Thomas S. Medicinal maggots: an ancient remedy for some contemporary afflictions. Annu Rev Entomol. 2000;45:55-81.
  • 3. Tanyuksel M, Araz E, Dundar K, Uzun G, Gumus T, Alten B, et al. Maggot debridement therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds in a military hospital setup in Turkey. Dermatology. 2005;210(2):115-8.
  • 4. Ramundo J, Gray M. Enzymatic wound debridement. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2008;35(3):273-80.
  • 5. Chambers L, Woodrow S, Brown AP, Harris PD, Phillips D, Hall M, et al. Degradation of extracellular matrix components by defined proteinases from the greenbottle larva Lucilia sericata used for the clinical debridement of non-healing wounds. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(1):14-23.
  • 6. McEvoy GK. Dose adjustment in renal impairment: response from AHFS Drug Information. BMJ. 2005;331(7511):293.
  • 7. Horobin AJ, Shakesheff KM, Woodrow S, Robinson C, Pritchard DI. Maggots and wound healing: an investigation of the effects of secretions from Lucilia sericata larvae upon interactions between human dermal fibroblasts and extracellular matrix components. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(5):923-33.
  • 8. Mumcuoglu KY, Davidson E, Avidan A, Gilead L. Pain related to maggot debridement therapy. J Wound Care. 2012;21(8):400, 2, 4-5.
  • 9. Sherman RA, Mumcuoğlu KY, Grassberger M, Tantawi TI. Biotherapy History Principles and Practice. Springer Sciens Business Media Dordrecht, 2013:5-30.
  • 10. Telford G, Brown AP, Seabra RA, Horobin AJ, Rich A, English JS, et al. Degradation of eschar from venous leg ulcers using a recombinant chymotrypsin from Lucilia sericata. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(3):523-31.
  • 11. Yazar S, Kuk S, Miman Ö, Saygı G. Saygı'nın Temel Tıbbi Parazitoloji'si, Ocak 2016, 1. Baskı. Erciyes Üniversitesi Yayınları, Kayseri, Türkiye.
  • 12. Huberman L, Gollop N, Mumcuoglu KY, Block C, Galun R. Antibacterial properties of whole body extracts and haemolymph of Lucilia sericata maggots. J Wound Care. 2007;16(3):123-7.
  • 13. Huberman L, Gollop N, Mumcuoglu KY, Breuer E, Bhusare SR, Shai Y, et al. Antibacterial substances of low molecular weight isolated from the blowfly, Lucilia sericata. Med Vet Entomol. 2007;21(2):127-31.
  • 14. Van der Plas MJ, Jukema GN, Wai SW, Dogterom-Ballering HC, Lagendijk EL, van Gulpen C, et al. Maggot excretions/secretions are differentially effective against biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(1):117-22.
  • 15. Cucarella C, Solano C, Valle J, Amorena B, Lasa I, Penades JR. Bap, a Staphylococcus aureus surface protein involved in biofilm formation. J Bacteriol. 2001;183(9):2888-96.
  • 16. Singhal A, Reis ED, Kerstein MD. Options for nonsurgical debridement of necrotic wounds. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2001;14(2):96-100.
  • 17. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science. 1999;284(5418):1318-22.
  • 18. Cazander G, van de Veerdonk MC, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Schreurs MW, Jukema GN. Maggot excretions inhibit biofilm formation on biomaterials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(10):2789-96.
  • 19. Drisdelle R. Maggot debridement therapy: a living cure. Nursing. 2003;33(6):17.
  • 20. Baer WS. The treatment of osteomyelitis with the maggot (larva of the blowfl y). J Bone Joint Surg. 1931;13:438–475.
  • 21. Robinson W. Stimulation of healing in non-healing wounds: by allantoin occurring inmaggot secretions and of wide biological distribution. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1935b;17:267–71.
  • 22. Wollina U, Liebold K, Schmidt WD, Hartmann M, Fassler D. Biosurgery supports granulation and debridement in chronic wounds--clinical data and remittance spectroscopy measurement. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(10):635-9.
  • 23. Horobin AJ, Shakesheff KM, Woodrow S, Robinson C, Pritchard DI. Maggots and wound healing: an investigation of the effects of secretions from Lucilia sericata larvae upon interactions between human dermal fibroblasts and extracellular matrix components. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(5):923-33.
  • 24. Sherman RA. Maggot versus conservative debridement therapy for the treatment of pressure ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 2002;10(4):208-14.
  • 25. Wollina U, Karte K, Herold C, Looks A. Biosurgery in wound healing--the renaissance of maggot therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000;14(4):285-9.
  • 26. Steenvoorde P, Jacobi CE, Oskam J. Maggot debridement therapy: free-range or contained? An in-vivo study. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2005;18(8):430-5.
  • 27. Jeffcoate WJ. Screening to identify individuals at high risk of developing diabetic foot ulcers. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4(5):256-7.
  • 28. Gurlek A, Bayraktar M, Savas C, Gedik O. Amputation rate in 147 Turkish patients with diabetic foot: the Hacettepe University Hospital experience. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998;106(5):404-9.
  • 29. Yesil S, Akinci B, Yener S, Bayraktar F, Karabay O, Havitcioglu H, et al. Predictors of amputation in diabetics with foot ulcer: single center experience in a large Turkish cohort. Hormones (Athens). 2009;8(4):286-95.
  • 30. Valachova I, Bohova J, Palosova Z, Takac P, Kozanek M, Majtan J. Expression of lucifensin in Lucilia sericata medicinal maggots in infected environments. Cell Tissue Res. 2013;353(1):165-71.
Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 107 - 117, 31.12.2019

Abstract

References

  • 1. Bonn D. Maggot therapy: an alternative for wound infection. Lancet. 2000;356(9236):1174.
  • 2. Sherman RA, Hall MJ, Thomas S. Medicinal maggots: an ancient remedy for some contemporary afflictions. Annu Rev Entomol. 2000;45:55-81.
  • 3. Tanyuksel M, Araz E, Dundar K, Uzun G, Gumus T, Alten B, et al. Maggot debridement therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds in a military hospital setup in Turkey. Dermatology. 2005;210(2):115-8.
  • 4. Ramundo J, Gray M. Enzymatic wound debridement. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2008;35(3):273-80.
  • 5. Chambers L, Woodrow S, Brown AP, Harris PD, Phillips D, Hall M, et al. Degradation of extracellular matrix components by defined proteinases from the greenbottle larva Lucilia sericata used for the clinical debridement of non-healing wounds. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(1):14-23.
  • 6. McEvoy GK. Dose adjustment in renal impairment: response from AHFS Drug Information. BMJ. 2005;331(7511):293.
  • 7. Horobin AJ, Shakesheff KM, Woodrow S, Robinson C, Pritchard DI. Maggots and wound healing: an investigation of the effects of secretions from Lucilia sericata larvae upon interactions between human dermal fibroblasts and extracellular matrix components. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(5):923-33.
  • 8. Mumcuoglu KY, Davidson E, Avidan A, Gilead L. Pain related to maggot debridement therapy. J Wound Care. 2012;21(8):400, 2, 4-5.
  • 9. Sherman RA, Mumcuoğlu KY, Grassberger M, Tantawi TI. Biotherapy History Principles and Practice. Springer Sciens Business Media Dordrecht, 2013:5-30.
  • 10. Telford G, Brown AP, Seabra RA, Horobin AJ, Rich A, English JS, et al. Degradation of eschar from venous leg ulcers using a recombinant chymotrypsin from Lucilia sericata. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(3):523-31.
  • 11. Yazar S, Kuk S, Miman Ö, Saygı G. Saygı'nın Temel Tıbbi Parazitoloji'si, Ocak 2016, 1. Baskı. Erciyes Üniversitesi Yayınları, Kayseri, Türkiye.
  • 12. Huberman L, Gollop N, Mumcuoglu KY, Block C, Galun R. Antibacterial properties of whole body extracts and haemolymph of Lucilia sericata maggots. J Wound Care. 2007;16(3):123-7.
  • 13. Huberman L, Gollop N, Mumcuoglu KY, Breuer E, Bhusare SR, Shai Y, et al. Antibacterial substances of low molecular weight isolated from the blowfly, Lucilia sericata. Med Vet Entomol. 2007;21(2):127-31.
  • 14. Van der Plas MJ, Jukema GN, Wai SW, Dogterom-Ballering HC, Lagendijk EL, van Gulpen C, et al. Maggot excretions/secretions are differentially effective against biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(1):117-22.
  • 15. Cucarella C, Solano C, Valle J, Amorena B, Lasa I, Penades JR. Bap, a Staphylococcus aureus surface protein involved in biofilm formation. J Bacteriol. 2001;183(9):2888-96.
  • 16. Singhal A, Reis ED, Kerstein MD. Options for nonsurgical debridement of necrotic wounds. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2001;14(2):96-100.
  • 17. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science. 1999;284(5418):1318-22.
  • 18. Cazander G, van de Veerdonk MC, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Schreurs MW, Jukema GN. Maggot excretions inhibit biofilm formation on biomaterials. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468(10):2789-96.
  • 19. Drisdelle R. Maggot debridement therapy: a living cure. Nursing. 2003;33(6):17.
  • 20. Baer WS. The treatment of osteomyelitis with the maggot (larva of the blowfl y). J Bone Joint Surg. 1931;13:438–475.
  • 21. Robinson W. Stimulation of healing in non-healing wounds: by allantoin occurring inmaggot secretions and of wide biological distribution. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1935b;17:267–71.
  • 22. Wollina U, Liebold K, Schmidt WD, Hartmann M, Fassler D. Biosurgery supports granulation and debridement in chronic wounds--clinical data and remittance spectroscopy measurement. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(10):635-9.
  • 23. Horobin AJ, Shakesheff KM, Woodrow S, Robinson C, Pritchard DI. Maggots and wound healing: an investigation of the effects of secretions from Lucilia sericata larvae upon interactions between human dermal fibroblasts and extracellular matrix components. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148(5):923-33.
  • 24. Sherman RA. Maggot versus conservative debridement therapy for the treatment of pressure ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 2002;10(4):208-14.
  • 25. Wollina U, Karte K, Herold C, Looks A. Biosurgery in wound healing--the renaissance of maggot therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000;14(4):285-9.
  • 26. Steenvoorde P, Jacobi CE, Oskam J. Maggot debridement therapy: free-range or contained? An in-vivo study. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2005;18(8):430-5.
  • 27. Jeffcoate WJ. Screening to identify individuals at high risk of developing diabetic foot ulcers. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4(5):256-7.
  • 28. Gurlek A, Bayraktar M, Savas C, Gedik O. Amputation rate in 147 Turkish patients with diabetic foot: the Hacettepe University Hospital experience. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998;106(5):404-9.
  • 29. Yesil S, Akinci B, Yener S, Bayraktar F, Karabay O, Havitcioglu H, et al. Predictors of amputation in diabetics with foot ulcer: single center experience in a large Turkish cohort. Hormones (Athens). 2009;8(4):286-95.
  • 30. Valachova I, Bohova J, Palosova Z, Takac P, Kozanek M, Majtan J. Expression of lucifensin in Lucilia sericata medicinal maggots in infected environments. Cell Tissue Res. 2013;353(1):165-71.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emrah Erdoğan This is me 0000-0002-2551-4775

Abdüssamed Akşit 0000-0001-7250-3123

Ahmet Gürgel This is me

Serkan Karaca This is me

Bora Özkan This is me

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Erdoğan, E., Akşit, A., Gürgel, A., Karaca, S., et al. (2019). Maggot Debridement Therapy and Its Important Components: Antimicrobial Agent Chymotrypsin and It’s Protein Structure. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, 4(4), 107-117.
AMA Erdoğan E, Akşit A, Gürgel A, Karaca S, Özkan B. Maggot Debridement Therapy and Its Important Components: Antimicrobial Agent Chymotrypsin and It’s Protein Structure. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. December 2019;4(4):107-117.
Chicago Erdoğan, Emrah, Abdüssamed Akşit, Ahmet Gürgel, Serkan Karaca, and Bora Özkan. “Maggot Debridement Therapy and Its Important Components: Antimicrobial Agent Chymotrypsin and It’s Protein Structure”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 4, no. 4 (December 2019): 107-17.
EndNote Erdoğan E, Akşit A, Gürgel A, Karaca S, Özkan B (December 1, 2019) Maggot Debridement Therapy and Its Important Components: Antimicrobial Agent Chymotrypsin and It’s Protein Structure. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 4 4 107–117.
IEEE E. Erdoğan, A. Akşit, A. Gürgel, S. Karaca, and B. Özkan, “Maggot Debridement Therapy and Its Important Components: Antimicrobial Agent Chymotrypsin and It’s Protein Structure”, J Immunol Clin Microbiol, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 107–117, 2019.
ISNAD Erdoğan, Emrah et al. “Maggot Debridement Therapy and Its Important Components: Antimicrobial Agent Chymotrypsin and It’s Protein Structure”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 4/4 (December 2019), 107-117.
JAMA Erdoğan E, Akşit A, Gürgel A, Karaca S, Özkan B. Maggot Debridement Therapy and Its Important Components: Antimicrobial Agent Chymotrypsin and It’s Protein Structure. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2019;4:107–117.
MLA Erdoğan, Emrah et al. “Maggot Debridement Therapy and Its Important Components: Antimicrobial Agent Chymotrypsin and It’s Protein Structure”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, vol. 4, no. 4, 2019, pp. 107-1.
Vancouver Erdoğan E, Akşit A, Gürgel A, Karaca S, Özkan B. Maggot Debridement Therapy and Its Important Components: Antimicrobial Agent Chymotrypsin and It’s Protein Structure. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2019;4(4):107-1.

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