THE EXAMPLE OF US LEVITTOWN SUBURBS, ONE OF THE NEW BUILDING TYPES EMERGING WITH THE SOCIOCULTURAL EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Abstract

Suburbs, located further away from city centers, in their modern sense, emerged in America in the 1950s. The historical development of the suburbs, which claim to offer the opportunity to get away from the chaos of city centers and live in a safer environment, has been tried to be explained through the American suburbs of Long Island-Levittown in New York and Levittown in New Jersey. In this context, the focus is on the relationship between suburbanization and population growth, public investments, means of transportation, race and gender. As a result, although suburbanization has relieved city centers in terms of population and building stock, it has also led to a structure that limits women's daily lives to the home, reproduces racial discrimination, and fosters loneliness with its homogeneous population and building stock.

Keywords

• Industrial Revolution
• Suburbia
• Levittown Suburbs

ENDÜSTRİ DEVRİMİ’NİN SOSYOKÜLTÜREL ETKİLERİ İLE ORTAYA ÇIKAN YENİ YAPI TÜRLERİNDEN ABD LEVİTTOWN BANLİYÖLERİ ÖRNEĞİ

Abstract

Kent merkezlerinden daha uzağa konumlanmış banliyöler, modern anlamı ile, 1950’lerde Amerika’da ortaya çıkmıştır. Kent merkezlerinin karmaşasından uzaklaşma, daha güvenli bir ortamda yaşama fırsatı sunduğu iddiasında olan banliyölerin tarihsel gelişimi Amerika banliyölerinden New York’ta bulunan Long Island-Levittown banliyösü ile New Jersey’de bulunan Levittown banliyösü üzerinden anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Sonrasında ise banliyöleşmenin sosyokültürel etkileri irdelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda banliyöleşme ile nüfus artışı, kamusal yatırımlar, ulaşım araçları, ırk ve toplumsal cinsiyet kavramları arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak banliyöleşme her ne kadar kent merkezlerini nüfus ve yapı stoğu açısından rahatlatmışsa da, kadınların gündelik hayatlarını ev ile sınırlandıran, ırk ayrımını yeniden üreten, sahip olduğu homojen nüfus ve yapı stoğuyla da yalnızlaşmayı besleyen bir yapılanmaya da yol açmıştır.

Keywords

• Endüstri Devrimi
• Banliyö
• Levittown Banliyöleri

References

1. Brunsman, H. G. (1952). A Report of the Seventeenth Decennial Census of the United States: Census of Population: 1950. Washıngton: Unıted States Government Prıntıng Offıce.
2. Bucholtz, S. (03.08.2020). Urban. Suburban. Rural. How Do Households Describe Where They Live?. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-frm-asst-sec-080320.html, Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2024.
3. Can, T. (06.11.2022). Suburbia. https://kalbursaman.wordpress.com/2022/11/06/suburbia/, Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2024.
4. Click Americana Team. (2021). What did a typical 1950s suburban house look like? Feast your eyes on this fab prefab home built in 1958. https://clickamericana.com/topics/home-garden/look-whats-happening-to-prefabs-1958, Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2024.
5. Cohen, L. (29.01.2018). CitiesX. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpO3qRYn52A&ab_channel=CitiesX, Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2024.
6. Çetin, M. (2021). “Amerikan Rüyası”. Markut (7). https://markut.net/sayi-7/amerikan-ruyasi/, Erişim Tarihi: 06.04.2024.
7. Dayanim, S. L. (2015). “Levittowns (Pennsylvania and New Jersey)”. https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/levittowns/, Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2024
8. Floyd, B. vd. (2016-2017). “House and Home: The Intersection of Domestic Architecture and Social History, 1870-1970”. B. Floyd (Ed.). An Exhibition, Ward M. Canaday Center for Special Collections. University Libraries The University of Toledo.

9. Galyean, C. [2015]. Levittown The Imperfect Rise of the American Suburbs. https://ushistoryscene.com/article/levittown/, Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2024.
10. Glass, A. (06.22.2017). FDR signs GI Bill, June 22, 1944. Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2017/06/22/this-day-in-politics-june-22-1944-239693, Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2024
11. Hell, M. (18.12.2016). A Pictorial History of Suburbia. https://mcmansionhell.com/post/154653904191/a-pictorial-history-of-suburbia, Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2024.
12. “House Builder Levitt”. (03.07.1950). Time: The Weekly Newsmagazine.
13. Hulton Arşivi, 29.10.2021, “When the baby boomers were actually in diapers, 1945-1955”, https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/boomer-generation-1945-1955/, Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2024.
14. Hutchins, R. M. (1974). The GI Bill The Veterans and the Colleges. University of Kentucky Yayınları, Jauhiainen, J. S. (2013). “Suburbs”. Clark, P. (Ed.). The Oxford Handbook on Cities in History. Oxford: Oxford University, 791-808.
15. Jurnal.İst. (23.11.2015). 1950'lerin Amerika'sında ideal eş nasıldı?. https://www.gzt.com/jurnalist/1950lerin-amerikasinda-ideal-es-nasildi-2344914, Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2024.
16. Just A Car Guy. (2015). https://justacarguy.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-gypsy-coeds-and-silver-streak-from.html?m=0&variant=27968892600343, Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2024.
17. Kurtuluş, H. (2010). “Kent Sosyolojisinde Değişen Kavrayışlar ve Türkiye’nin Kentleşme Deneyimi”. Ö. Uğurlu, N. Ş. Pınarcıoğlu, A. Kanbak ve M. Şiriner (Der.). Türkiye Perspektifinden Kent Sosyolojisi Çalışmaları. İstanbul: Örgün Yayınevi, 177-225.
18. “Levittown: Achieving The American Dream”. https://thehistoryoflevittown.weebly.com/pre-levittown.html, Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2024.
19. “Levittown, the prototypical American suburb – a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 25”. (28.04.2015). https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/apr/28/levittown-america-prototypical-suburb-history-cities, Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2024.
20. Meares, H. (27.02.2020). In the summer of ’63, black students led protests against the South Bay’s white-only neighborhoods. https://la.curbed.com/2020/2/27/21153265/torrance-fair-housing-protests, Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2024. Mumford, L. (2013). Tarih Boyunca Kent: Kökenleri, Geçirdiği Dönüşümler ve Geleceği. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
21. Nelson, B. (17.03.2010). “Business of Learning Part 3 – Levitt Homes”. https://www.prosoundtraining.com/2010/03/17/business-of-learning-part-3-levittown/, Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2024
22. Olito, F. (2020). Vintage photos that show what life was like in America's first suburb in the '50s. https://www.businessinsider.com/vintage-photos-levittown-suburbs-50s, Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2024
23. Patterson, J. T. (1996). Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974. New York Oxford University Yayınları. Rosenberg, M. [2001]. Levittown Konut Gelişmeleri Tarihi. https://tr.eferrit.com/levittown-konut-gelismeleri-tarihi/, Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2024.
24. Rosenberg, M. (03.07.2019). A History of the Levittown Housing Developments. https://www.thoughtco.com/levittown-long-island-1435787, Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2024.
25. Savage McAlester, V. (2015). A Field Guide to American Houses: The Definitive Guide to Identifying and Understanding America’s Domestic Architecture. New York: Penguin Random House LLC.
26. Sheidlower, N. (2020). The Controversial History of Levittown, America's First Suburb. https://untappedcities.com/2020/07/31/the-controversial-history-of-levittown-americas-first-suburb/, Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2024.
27. Squires, G. D. (2002). “Urban Sprawl and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan America”. Gregory Squires (Ed.). Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses. Washington DC: Urban Institute Press, 1-22.
28. State Museum of Pennsylvania. (26.04.2017). Levittown Pa. Building the Suburban Dream. https://archive.org/details/levittownpabuild00stat, Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2024.
29. “William Levitt and Levittown”, 19.02.2017, https://waverlyhs.weebly.com/us-history-blog-may-2016---may-2017/william-levitt-and-levittown, Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2024
30. Williamson, J. ve Kühl, K. (2016). “Parking: How Design Produces a Future for Long Island’s Suburban Downtowns”. Articulo - Journal of Urban Research, (13).
31. “1950s Retro american kitchen”. (2009) Home Designing. https://www.home-designing.com/2009/05/retro-kitchen-design-sets-and-ideas/1953-american-kitchen, Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2024. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/ 31.12.2022.