Effect of Brewing Time Factor on Antioxidant Properties and Heavy Metal Composition in Lyophilized Infusions Obtained from Some Plants

Abstract

Herbal infusions are widely consumed beverages worldwide due to the beneficial properties provided by their polyphenol ingredients. In this study, seven different plants, consisting of quince (Cydonia oblonga) leaf, linden (Tilia cordata) flower and leaves, golden grass (Helichrysum arenarium), French lavender (Lavandula stoechas) flower, marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) flower, and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) leaves were studied, which are widely used and their infusions are prepared by people in our country. Extraction yields, color, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antiradical activities, and heavy metal contents (Hg, Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Al, and Cd) of lyophilized infusions obtained at 3, 9, 15 and 21 minutes of brewing times were evaluated. Extraction yields of marshmallow flower and blackberry leaves were higher than other plants. The increase in brewing time caused a decrease in the L* value, an increase in the a* value, and a general decrease in the b* value of the samples. Total phenolic content of lyophilized infusions determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure ranged from 8.05 to 53.92 mg GAE g-1. The highest total flavonoid amount was detected as 22.40 mg QE g-1 in lyophilized French lavender infusion at the 21st minute. The antiradical activity was determined by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity analyses. All herbal infusions exhibited antiradical activity, strongly correlated with total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In DPPH radical scavenging activity analysis, IC50 values of lyophilized infusions varied between 20.42 and 40.65 µg ml-1. The French lavender herb exhibited the highest antiradical activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals. Heavy metal contents of lyophilized infusions determined by ICP-MS were listed as Mn>Zn>Al>Ni>Cu>Cr, and the brewing time factor was influential on the mineral transfer at p<0.05 level. Hg, Pb, and Cd heavy metals were not detected in any samples. The findings in this study suggest that it would be useful to analyze the end product (consumer-prepared infusions) to determine the actual antioxidant properties and heavy metal contents.

Keywords

• Antioxidant
• heavy metal
• herbal infusion
• brewing
• color

Bazı Bitkilerden Elde Edilen Liyofilize İnfüzyonlarda Demleme Süresi Faktörünün Antioksidan Özellikler ve Ağır Metal Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Bitki infüzyonları, genellikle polifenol içeriklerinden kaynaklanan faydalı özelliklerinden dolayı dünya çapında yaygın olarak tüketilen içeceklerdir. Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde halk tarafından yaygın olarak kullanılan ve genelde infüzyonları tüketilen; ayva (Cydonia oblonga) yaprağı, ıhlamur (Tilia cordata) çiçeği ve yaprağı, altın otu (Helichrysum arenarium), karabaş otu (Lavandula stoechas) çiçeği, hatmi (Althaea officinalis) çiçeği ve böğürtlen (Rubus fruticosus) yaprağından oluşan yedi farklı bitki ile çalışılmıştır. Bitkilerin 3, 9, 15 ve 21 dk demleme sürelerinde elde edilen liyofilize infüzyonların verim, renk, toplam fenolik ve toplam flavonoid madde, antiradikal aktivite ve ağır metal içerikleri (Hg, Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Al ve Cd) değerlendirilmiştir. Hatmi çiçeği ve böğürtlen yaprağının ekstraksiyon verimleri diğer bitkilere kıyasla daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Demleme süresindeki artışın numunelerin L* değerini azalttığı, a* değerini artırdığı, b* değerini ise genel olarak azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Liyofilize infüzyonların Folin-Ciocalteu prosedürü ile belirlenen toplam fenolik madde içerikleri 8.05 ile 53.92 mg GAE g-1 aralığında değişim göstermiştir. En yüksek toplam flavonoid madde miktarı karabaş otu infüzyonunda 21. dakikada 22.40 mg KE g-1 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Antiradikal aktivite, ABTS ve DPPH radikal giderme aktivite analizleri ile belirlenmiştir. Tüm bitki infüzyonları toplam fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri ile güçlü bir şekilde ilişkili olarak antiradikal aktivite sergilemiştir. DPPH radikali giderme aktivitesi analizinde liyofilize infüzyonların IC50 değerleri 20.42-40.65 µg mL-1 aralığında değişim göstermiştir. DPPH ve ABTS serbest radikallerine karşı en yüksek antiradikal aktivite karabaş otu tarafından sergilenmiştir. Liyofilize infüzyonların ICP-MS ile belirlenen ağır metal içerikleri Mn>Zn>Al>Ni>Cu>Cr şeklinde sıralanmış ve demleme süresi faktörü mineral geçişi üzerinde p<0.05 düzeyinde ekili olmuştur. Hg, Pb ve Cd ağır metalleri ise hiçbir örnekte tespit edilememiştir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular, gerçek antioksidan özellikler ve ağır metal içeriğini belirlemek için son ürünü (tüketici tarafından hazırlanan infüzyonlar) analiz etmenin faydalı olacağını göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Antioksidan
• ağır metal
• bitki infüzyonu
• demleme
• renk

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