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Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): An Orchid Pest

Year 2026, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 119 - 126, 01.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1761096
https://izlik.org/JA47MP58GU

Abstract

This study reveals that Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae) has been recorded for the first time as a harmful species in salep orchid cultivation in Turkey, and has been definitively identified using both morphological and molecular methods. During the ex vitro symbiotic germination process, larvae were observed feeding on root tissues, plant parts, and symbiotic fungal hyphae, causing direct damage; adult individuals, on the other hand, were determined to cause indirect losses by transmitting fungal pathogens. This dual mode of damage poses a serious threat to salep production carried out by the symbiotic cultivation method. Pest specimens were collected from ex vitro cultivation pots at the Department of Biology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, between 2015 and 2018. Species identification was based on morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic position was confirmed by molecular analysis using the 679 bp cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mt COI) gene region. The findings reveal that in order to ensure the sustainability of salep orchid cultivation in Turkey, targeted pest management strategies for B. impatiens need to be urgently developed.

References

  • Caldwell, J. S., & Leigh, A. (2024). Pest management in greenhouse orchid production: Current challenges and emerging solutions. Journal of Applied Entomology, 148(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13145
  • Chase, M. W., Cameron, K. M., Freudenstein, J. V., Pridgeon, A. M., Salazar, G., Van den Berg, C., & Schuiteman, A. (2015). An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 177(2), 151–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234
  • Fay, M. F., & Chase, M. W. (2018). Orchid conservation: How can we meet the challenges in the twenty-first century? Botanical Studies, 59(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-018-0232-z
  • Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3(5), 294–299.
  • Ghorbani, A., Gravendeel, B., Naghibi, F., & de Boer, H. J. (2014). Illegal wild collection and international trade of orchids in Iran. Traffic Bulletin, 26(2), 56–60.
  • Han, H. Y., Kim, S., & Lee, S. (2015). First record of Bradysia difformis (Diptera: Sciaridae) as a pest of Phalaenopsis orchids in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 18(3), 657–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2015.05.010
  • Harris, R. J., Xi, Y., & Mohrig, W. (2019). Phylogenetic relationships of Bradysia species based on mitochondrial COI sequences. Zootaxa, 4567(2), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.4
  • Kreziou, A., De Boer, H. J., & Gravendeel, B. (2015). Harvesting of salep orchids in northwestern Greece continues to threaten natural populations. Oryx, 50(3), 393–396. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000074
  • Menzel, F., & Mohrig, W. (2000). Revision der paläarktischen Trauermücken (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia Dipterologica Supplement, 6, 1–761.
  • Mohrig, W., Heller, K., Hippa, H., Vilkamaa, P., & Menzel, F. (2013). Revision of black fungus gnats (Bradysia Winnertz) of North Europe (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia Dipterologica, 20(2), 293–394.
  • Shin, S., Jung, S., Lee, S., & Han, H. Y. (2015). Morphological characteristics and identification of Bradysia species (Diptera: Sciaridae) in greenhouse crops. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 18(4), 745–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2015.09.012
  • Shin, S., Lee, S., & Han, H. Y. (2018). Molecular identification and phylogenetic relationships of Bradysia species (Diptera: Sciaridae) based on COI sequences. Entomological Research, 48(2), 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12282
  • Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(12), 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
  • Xi, Y., Harris, R. J., & Mohrig, W. (2021). Global pest status of Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae) and its impact on horticulture. Insects, 12(5), 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050441.

Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): Bir Orkide Zararlısı

Year 2026, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 119 - 126, 01.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1761096
https://izlik.org/JA47MP58GU

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae) türünün Türkiye’de salep orkidesi yetiştiriciliğinde zararlı bir tür olarak ilk kez kaydedildiğini ve morfolojik ile moleküler yöntemler kullanılarak kesin olarak tanımlandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ex vitro simbiyotik çimlenme sürecinde larvaların kök dokuları, bitki kısımları ve simbiyotik mantar hifleri üzerinde beslenerek doğrudan zarar oluşturduğu; ergin bireylerin ise mantar patojenlerini taşıyarak dolaylı kayıplara yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Bu çift yönlü zararlılık, simbiyotik yetiştirme yöntemiyle yürütülen salep üretimi için ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Zararlı örnekleri, 2015–2018 yılları arasında Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü’ndeki ex vitro yetiştirme saksılarından toplanmıştır. Tür teşhisi morfolojik özelliklere dayandırılmış ve 679 bp uzunluğundaki sitokrom c oksidaz alt birim 1 (mt COI) gen bölgesi kullanılarak yapılan moleküler analiz ile filogenetik konumu doğrulanmıştır. Bulgular, B. impatiens’in Türkiye’de salep orkidesi yetiştiriciliğinin sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak amacıyla hedefe yönelik zararlı yönetim stratejilerinin acilen geliştirilmesi gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Ethical Statement

etik beyan bulunmamaktadır.

Thanks

Bu araştırma Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu tarafından desteklendi (Proje No: 14Z218)

References

  • Caldwell, J. S., & Leigh, A. (2024). Pest management in greenhouse orchid production: Current challenges and emerging solutions. Journal of Applied Entomology, 148(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13145
  • Chase, M. W., Cameron, K. M., Freudenstein, J. V., Pridgeon, A. M., Salazar, G., Van den Berg, C., & Schuiteman, A. (2015). An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 177(2), 151–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234
  • Fay, M. F., & Chase, M. W. (2018). Orchid conservation: How can we meet the challenges in the twenty-first century? Botanical Studies, 59(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-018-0232-z
  • Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3(5), 294–299.
  • Ghorbani, A., Gravendeel, B., Naghibi, F., & de Boer, H. J. (2014). Illegal wild collection and international trade of orchids in Iran. Traffic Bulletin, 26(2), 56–60.
  • Han, H. Y., Kim, S., & Lee, S. (2015). First record of Bradysia difformis (Diptera: Sciaridae) as a pest of Phalaenopsis orchids in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 18(3), 657–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2015.05.010
  • Harris, R. J., Xi, Y., & Mohrig, W. (2019). Phylogenetic relationships of Bradysia species based on mitochondrial COI sequences. Zootaxa, 4567(2), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4567.2.4
  • Kreziou, A., De Boer, H. J., & Gravendeel, B. (2015). Harvesting of salep orchids in northwestern Greece continues to threaten natural populations. Oryx, 50(3), 393–396. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000074
  • Menzel, F., & Mohrig, W. (2000). Revision der paläarktischen Trauermücken (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia Dipterologica Supplement, 6, 1–761.
  • Mohrig, W., Heller, K., Hippa, H., Vilkamaa, P., & Menzel, F. (2013). Revision of black fungus gnats (Bradysia Winnertz) of North Europe (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia Dipterologica, 20(2), 293–394.
  • Shin, S., Jung, S., Lee, S., & Han, H. Y. (2015). Morphological characteristics and identification of Bradysia species (Diptera: Sciaridae) in greenhouse crops. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 18(4), 745–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2015.09.012
  • Shin, S., Lee, S., & Han, H. Y. (2018). Molecular identification and phylogenetic relationships of Bradysia species (Diptera: Sciaridae) based on COI sequences. Entomological Research, 48(2), 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12282
  • Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(12), 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
  • Xi, Y., Harris, R. J., & Mohrig, W. (2021). Global pest status of Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae) and its impact on horticulture. Insects, 12(5), 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050441.
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Entomology in Agriculture, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yasemin Özdener Kömpe 0000-0003-1649-4298

Vildan Akın Mutlu 0000-0002-6330-105X

Ünal Zeybekoğlu 0000-0001-7595-9572

İbrahim Özkoç 0000-0001-8179-0961

Submission Date August 8, 2025
Acceptance Date October 15, 2025
Publication Date March 1, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1761096
IZ https://izlik.org/JA47MP58GU
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özdener Kömpe, Y., Akın Mutlu, V., Zeybekoğlu, Ü., & Özkoç, İ. (2026). Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): Bir Orkide Zararlısı. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 16(1), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1761096
AMA 1.Özdener Kömpe Y, Akın Mutlu V, Zeybekoğlu Ü, Özkoç İ. Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): Bir Orkide Zararlısı. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2026;16(1):119-126. doi:10.21597/jist.1761096
Chicago Özdener Kömpe, Yasemin, Vildan Akın Mutlu, Ünal Zeybekoğlu, and İbrahim Özkoç. 2026. “Bradysia Impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): Bir Orkide Zararlısı”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16 (1): 119-26. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1761096.
EndNote Özdener Kömpe Y, Akın Mutlu V, Zeybekoğlu Ü, Özkoç İ (March 1, 2026) Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): Bir Orkide Zararlısı. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16 1 119–126.
IEEE [1]Y. Özdener Kömpe, V. Akın Mutlu, Ü. Zeybekoğlu, and İ. Özkoç, “Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): Bir Orkide Zararlısı”, J. Inst. Sci. and Tech., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 119–126, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.21597/jist.1761096.
ISNAD Özdener Kömpe, Yasemin - Akın Mutlu, Vildan - Zeybekoğlu, Ünal - Özkoç, İbrahim. “Bradysia Impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): Bir Orkide Zararlısı”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16/1 (March 1, 2026): 119-126. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1761096.
JAMA 1.Özdener Kömpe Y, Akın Mutlu V, Zeybekoğlu Ü, Özkoç İ. Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): Bir Orkide Zararlısı. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2026;16:119–126.
MLA Özdener Kömpe, Yasemin, et al. “Bradysia Impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): Bir Orkide Zararlısı”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 119-26, doi:10.21597/jist.1761096.
Vancouver 1.Yasemin Özdener Kömpe, Vildan Akın Mutlu, Ünal Zeybekoğlu, İbrahim Özkoç. Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) (Diptera: Sciaridae): Bir Orkide Zararlısı. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2026 Mar. 1;16(1):119-26. doi:10.21597/jist.1761096