Research Article

Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Volume: 16 Number: 1 March 1, 2026
TR EN

Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Abstract

Salt stress represents a major abiotic constraint affecting global crop productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid environments. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is known for its moderate salt tolerance; however, cultivar-specific physiological and biochemical mechanisms remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing salinity levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS /m EC) on morphological growth and antioxidant responses of the Turkish Hasankendi safflower cultivar under controlled greenhouse conditions. A completely randomized design was applied, and morphological traits (plant height, root length, stem diameter, leaf number, fresh and dry weights) together with biochemical parameters (total antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins) were analyzed. Increasing salinity led to significant reductions in plant height (45%), root length (62%), and dry biomass (86%), while total phenolic and flavonoid contents rose by 134% and 303%, respectively, compared with the control. The results indicate that Hasankendi exhibits a moderate tolerance to salinity through the activation of non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms, particularly the synthesis of phenolic and flavonoid compounds that mitigate oxidative damage. These findings provide valuable insights into the biochemical adaptation strategies of safflower under salt stress and highlight Hasankendi as a promising genetic resource for improving both stress tolerance and antioxidant potential in breeding programs.

Keywords

Project Number

1919B012208270

Thanks

This study was supported by TÜBİTAK 2209-A project with the number 1919B012208270.

References

  1. Aasim, M., Yıldırım, B., Say, A., Ali, S. A., Aytaç, S. & Nadeem, M. A. (2024). Artificial intelligence models for validating and predicting the impact of chemical priming of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and light emitting diodes on in vitro grown industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Plant Molecular Biology, 114(2), 33.
  2. Arslan, Y., Katar, D., Güler, S., Subaşı, A. S., Subaşı, İ., & Bülbül, A. (2012). Çimlenme ve erken fide gelişimi döneminde aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) çeşitlerinin tuza toleransının belirlenmesi. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 26(2), 6-11.
  3. Aydın, İ. & Atıcı, Ö. (2015). Tuz stresinin bazı kültür bitkilerinde çimlenme ve fide gelişimi üzerine etkileri. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 1-15.
  4. Chandran, C. I. K. & Indira, G. (2016). Quantitative estimation of total phenolic, flavonoids, tannin and chlorophyll content of leaves of Strobilanthes kunthiana (Neelakurinji). Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 4(4), 282-286.
  5. Çavumirza, M., & Demir, İ. (2023). Bazı Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Çeşitlerinde Farklı Tuz Konsantrasyonlarının Çimlenme ve Çıkış Üzerine Etkisi. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 13(1), 24-30.
  6. Çulha, Ş. & Çakırlar, H. (2011). Effect of salt stress induced by NaCl on safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. cultivars at early seedling stages. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 39(1), 61-64.
  7. Faller, A. L. K. & Fialho, E. (2009). The antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content of organic and conventional retail vegetables after domestic cooking. Food Research International, 42 (1), 210-215.
  8. Hussain, M. I., Lyra, D. A., Farooq, M., Nikoloudakis, N. & Khalid, N. (2016). Salt and drought stresses in safflower: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36(1), 4.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Industrial Crops

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 1, 2026

Submission Date

August 25, 2025

Acceptance Date

October 17, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 16 Number: 1

APA
Demirel, F., Okumuş, O., Mert, Ş. B., Demirel, S., & Say, A. (2026). Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 16(1), 356-364. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1771105
AMA
1.Demirel F, Okumuş O, Mert ŞB, Demirel S, Say A. Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2026;16(1):356-364. doi:10.21597/jist.1771105
Chicago
Demirel, Fatih, Onur Okumuş, Şerife Buse Mert, Serap Demirel, and Ahmet Say. 2026. “Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.)”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16 (1): 356-64. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1771105.
EndNote
Demirel F, Okumuş O, Mert ŞB, Demirel S, Say A (March 1, 2026) Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16 1 356–364.
IEEE
[1]F. Demirel, O. Okumuş, Ş. B. Mert, S. Demirel, and A. Say, “Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)”, J. Inst. Sci. and Tech., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 356–364, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.21597/jist.1771105.
ISNAD
Demirel, Fatih - Okumuş, Onur - Mert, Şerife Buse - Demirel, Serap - Say, Ahmet. “Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.)”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16/1 (March 1, 2026): 356-364. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1771105.
JAMA
1.Demirel F, Okumuş O, Mert ŞB, Demirel S, Say A. Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2026;16:356–364.
MLA
Demirel, Fatih, et al. “Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.)”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 356-64, doi:10.21597/jist.1771105.
Vancouver
1.Fatih Demirel, Onur Okumuş, Şerife Buse Mert, Serap Demirel, Ahmet Say. Impact of Salinity on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Defense in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2026 Mar. 1;16(1):356-64. doi:10.21597/jist.1771105