Research Article

Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study

Volume: 16 Number: 1 March 1, 2026
TR EN

Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study

Abstract

Normality tests are widely used in statistical practice; however, their finite-sample behavior—shaped by the interaction between sample size, critical value calibration, and distributional structure—remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates how sample size governs the reliability of empirical and asymptotic critical values and, in turn, shapes the empirical power of widely used normality tests under symmetric and asymmetric departures from normality. A large-scale Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted for sixteen widely used normality tests. Empirical and asymptotic critical values were evaluated across sample sizes n=25, 50, 100 and 500, together with the asymptotic benchmark. Empirical power was assessed at significance levels α=0.05 and α=0.10, with results summarized by averaging across structurally similar symmetric and asymmetric alternative distributions. Substantial discrepancies between empirical and asymptotic critical values were observed for several tests at small and moderate sample sizes. These discrepancies translated directly into heterogeneous power behavior. Under symmetric alternatives, many tests exhibited rapid power gains up to moderate sample sizes, followed by clear saturation. In contrast, asymmetric alternatives showed delayed power accumulation, with meaningful gains persisting at larger sample sizes. Increasing the significance level increased power uniformly but did not alter relative test rankings. Sample size effects in normality testing are strongly distribution-dependent and cannot be adequately captured by asymptotic theory alone. Moderate samples may suffice for detecting symmetric deviations, whereas asymmetric departures require larger samples to achieve reliable power. These findings underscore the importance of finite-sample considerations in normality testing and provide a mechanistic basis for more informed test selection.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Ethics approval was not required for this study as it involves only simulation-based analyses using synthetic data generated under predefined statistical models

References

  1. Anderson, T. W., & Darling, D. A. (1952). Asymptotic theory of certain “goodness-of-fit” criteria based on stochastic processes. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 23(2), 193–212.
  2. Conover, W. J. (1999). Practical nonparametric statistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
  3. Cox, D. R., & Hinkley, D. V. (1974). Theoretical statistics. London, England: Chapman & Hall.
  4. Cramér, H. (1946). Mathematical methods of statistics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  5. D’Agostino, R. B., & Stephens, M. A. (1986). Goodness-of-fit techniques. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
  6. Darling, D. A. (1957). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramér–von Mises tests. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 28(4), 823–838.
  7. Davison, A. C., & Hinkley, D. V. (1997). Bootstrap methods and their application. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  8. Epps, T. W., & Pulley, L. B. (1983). A test for normality based on the empirical characteristic function. Biometrika, 70(3), 723–726.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Bioengineering (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 1, 2026

Submission Date

December 21, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 15, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 16 Number: 1

APA
Huyut, M. T. (2026). Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 16(1), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1846196
AMA
1.Huyut MT. Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2026;16(1):127-140. doi:10.21597/jist.1846196
Chicago
Huyut, Mehmet Tahir. 2026. “Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16 (1): 127-40. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1846196.
EndNote
Huyut MT (March 1, 2026) Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16 1 127–140.
IEEE
[1]M. T. Huyut, “Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study”, J. Inst. Sci. and Tech., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 127–140, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.21597/jist.1846196.
ISNAD
Huyut, Mehmet Tahir. “Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16/1 (March 1, 2026): 127-140. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1846196.
JAMA
1.Huyut MT. Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2026;16:127–140.
MLA
Huyut, Mehmet Tahir. “Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 127-40, doi:10.21597/jist.1846196.
Vancouver
1.Mehmet Tahir Huyut. Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study. J. Inst. Sci. and Tech. 2026 Mar. 1;16(1):127-40. doi:10.21597/jist.1846196