Araştırma Makalesi

Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study

Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1 1 Mart 2026
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Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study

Öz

Normality tests are widely used in statistical practice; however, their finite-sample behavior—shaped by the interaction between sample size, critical value calibration, and distributional structure—remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates how sample size governs the reliability of empirical and asymptotic critical values and, in turn, shapes the empirical power of widely used normality tests under symmetric and asymmetric departures from normality. A large-scale Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted for sixteen widely used normality tests. Empirical and asymptotic critical values were evaluated across sample sizes n=25, 50, 100 and 500, together with the asymptotic benchmark. Empirical power was assessed at significance levels α=0.05 and α=0.10, with results summarized by averaging across structurally similar symmetric and asymmetric alternative distributions. Substantial discrepancies between empirical and asymptotic critical values were observed for several tests at small and moderate sample sizes. These discrepancies translated directly into heterogeneous power behavior. Under symmetric alternatives, many tests exhibited rapid power gains up to moderate sample sizes, followed by clear saturation. In contrast, asymmetric alternatives showed delayed power accumulation, with meaningful gains persisting at larger sample sizes. Increasing the significance level increased power uniformly but did not alter relative test rankings. Sample size effects in normality testing are strongly distribution-dependent and cannot be adequately captured by asymptotic theory alone. Moderate samples may suffice for detecting symmetric deviations, whereas asymmetric departures require larger samples to achieve reliable power. These findings underscore the importance of finite-sample considerations in normality testing and provide a mechanistic basis for more informed test selection.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

Ethics approval was not required for this study as it involves only simulation-based analyses using synthetic data generated under predefined statistical models

Kaynakça

  1. Anderson, T. W., & Darling, D. A. (1952). Asymptotic theory of certain “goodness-of-fit” criteria based on stochastic processes. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 23(2), 193–212.
  2. Conover, W. J. (1999). Practical nonparametric statistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
  3. Cox, D. R., & Hinkley, D. V. (1974). Theoretical statistics. London, England: Chapman & Hall.
  4. Cramér, H. (1946). Mathematical methods of statistics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  5. D’Agostino, R. B., & Stephens, M. A. (1986). Goodness-of-fit techniques. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
  6. Darling, D. A. (1957). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramér–von Mises tests. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 28(4), 823–838.
  7. Davison, A. C., & Hinkley, D. V. (1997). Bootstrap methods and their application. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  8. Epps, T. W., & Pulley, L. B. (1983). A test for normality based on the empirical characteristic function. Biometrika, 70(3), 723–726.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Biyomühendislik (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

1 Mart 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

21 Aralık 2025

Kabul Tarihi

15 Ocak 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Huyut, M. T. (2026). Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 16(1), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1846196
AMA
1.Huyut MT. Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2026;16(1):127-140. doi:10.21597/jist.1846196
Chicago
Huyut, Mehmet Tahir. 2026. “Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16 (1): 127-40. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1846196.
EndNote
Huyut MT (01 Mart 2026) Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16 1 127–140.
IEEE
[1]M. T. Huyut, “Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study”, Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der., c. 16, sy 1, ss. 127–140, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.21597/jist.1846196.
ISNAD
Huyut, Mehmet Tahir. “Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 16/1 (01 Mart 2026): 127-140. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1846196.
JAMA
1.Huyut MT. Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2026;16:127–140.
MLA
Huyut, Mehmet Tahir. “Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, c. 16, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 127-40, doi:10.21597/jist.1846196.
Vancouver
1.Mehmet Tahir Huyut. Empirical and Asymptotic Perspectives on Sample Size Adequacy in Normality Testing: A Monte Carlo Study. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 01 Mart 2026;16(1):127-40. doi:10.21597/jist.1846196