The Usage of Ghrelin and Leptin Hormones in Livestock

Abstract

Ghrelin plays important role on the regulation of feeding in livestock by stimulating the releasing of growth hormone as both of in vitro and in vivo, which is the latest discoreved as an anabolic hormone by Japanese scientists in 1999. The hormone increases appetite, fat accumulation and gluconeogenesis. In addition, it has an important task in feeding behavior in animals. Scienti c studies related to ghrelin on the activity of growth hormone are available in sheep, goats, cattle and chickens. Leptin is an hormone structed from protein and plays important roles on controlling of feed intake, regulation of energy homeostasis and fat deposisition, and also adaptation for the nutrition, which was discovered in 1994. Leptin shows a natural characteristic upon regulation of appetite, deposition and expenditure of energy, and reproductive-immune systems by ensuring the adaptation of animals against malnutrition. It was reported that body weight is balanced by leptin. Regulation of the synthesis and secretion of leptin varies in direct proportion to the amount of adipocytes. Leptin level is effective on nutrition, and physiological and endocrine factors. Signi cant works in recent years in the elds of livestock have been proposed that the effects of leptin are well worth considering. Ghrelin and leptin act in organisms with feedback, and body weight is controlled with this way. Both hormones levels are set in the organism depends on several factors. Hormones levels may vary in opposite directions with each other. The intent of this presentation is to give information about the use of hormones ghrelin and leptin in livestock, as well as a possible future animal husbandry practices. 

Keywords

• Ghrelin,hormone,leptin,livestock

Hayvancılıkta Grelin ve Leptin Hormonlarının Kullanımı

Abstract

En son bulunan anabolik hormon olan grelin, Japon bilim adamları tarafından 1999 yılında keşfedilmiştir. Grelin, evcil hayvanlarda büyüme hormonu salınımını hem in vitro hem de in vivo ortamda uyararak beslenmenin düzenlenmesinde rol oynamaktadır. İştah, yağ birikimi ve glukoneogenezisi artırıcı etkisiyle birlikte, hayvanlarda beslenme davranışlarında; koyun, keçi, sığır ve tavuklarda büyüme hormonu aktivitesi ile ilgili önemli bir görevi bulunmaktadır. İlk kez 1994 yılında bulunan protein yapılı bir hormon olan leptin; hayvanlarda yem tüketiminin kontrolünde, enerji homeostazisinin ve yağ depolarını düzenlemesinde ve hayvanların beslenme adaptasyonunda önemli rolü olan bir hormondur. Leptin hayvanların yetersiz beslenmeye karşı adaptasyonunda etkili olarak, iştahın düzenlenmesi yanında enerjinin depolanması ve kullanılması ile üreme ve bağışıklık sistemi için gerekli bir protein niteliği göstermektedir. Vücut ağırlığı dengesi, leptin aracılığı ile sağlanmaktadır. Leptin sentezinin düzenlenmesi adiposit miktarı ile doğru orantılı olarak değişmektedir. Ruminantlarda leptin düzeyi beslenme ve zyolojik endokrin faktörler üzerine de etkili olmaktadır. Son yıllarda çiftlik hayvanlarında yapılan önemli çalışmalar leptinin dikkate değer etkilerinin olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Grelin ve leptin, feed-back mekanizma ile organizmada görev yapar ve vücut ağırlığını da bu yolla kontrol altında tutar. Her iki hormonun düzeyleri organizmadaki birçok faktöre bağlı olarak düzenlenir. Hormonların seviyeleri ise birbirleri ile zıt yönlü olarak değişebilmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu derlemede, çiftlik hayvanlarında grelin ve leptin hormonlarının kullanımına yönelik çalışmalarla ilgili bilgilendirme yapılarak, gelecekteki hayvancılık uygulamaları ile yapılacak çalışmalar için bilgiler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

• Çiftlik hayvanları,grelin,hormon,leptin

References

1. Ahima RS, Prabakaran D, Mantzoros C, Qu D, Lowell B, Maratos- Flier E, Flier JS, 1996. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature, 382: 250-252.
2. Arıkan F, Uysal H, 2011. Sağlıkta ve Hastalıkta Ghrelin’in Rolü, Lalahan Hay Arast Enst. Derg, 51 (1): 41-53.
3. Arvat E, Di Vito L, Broglio F, Papotti M, Muccioli G, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF, Deghenghi R, Camanni, F, Ghigo E, 2000. Preliminary evidence that Ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans, J Endocrinol Invest, 23: 493–495
4. Arvat E, Maccario M, Di Vito L, Broglio F, Benso A, Gottero C, Papotti M, Muccioli G, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF, Deghenghi R, Camanni F, Ghigo E 2001. Endocrine activities of ghrelin, a natural growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), in humans: comparison and interactions with hexarelin, a nonnatural peptidyl GHS, and GH-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86 : 1169–1174
5. Auwerx J, Staels B, 1998. Leptin. The Lancet, 351: 737-742.
6. Aydin S, 2007. Grelin Hormonunun Keş : Araştırmaları ve Klinik Uygulamaları, Türk Biyokimya Dergisi, 32 (2): 76–89. Aydin S, Aydin S, Ozkan Y, Kumru S. 2006a. Grelin is present in human colostrum, transitional and mature milk. Peptides. 27: 878-882.
7. Aydin S, Ozercan İH, Dagli F, Aydin S, Kumru S, Kilic N, Sahin İ, Ozercan MR. 2007 Grelin is present in human teeth. J Biochem Mol Biol. (accepted).
8. Aydin S, Ozkan Y, Caylak E, Aydin S, 2006b. Grelin and its biochemical functions. Turkiye Klinikleri. J Med Sci. 26: 272- 283.

9. Bado A, Levasseur S, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Lewin MJM 1998. The stomach is a source of Leptin, Nature, 394: 790-793.
10. Baile CA, Della-Fera MA, Martin RJ, 2000. Regulation of metabolism and body fat mass by leptin. Annual Review of Nutrition, 20: 105-127.
11. Barb CR, Hausmane GJ, Houseknecht KL, 2001. Biology of leptin in the pig. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 21: 297-317.
12. Barreiro ML, Gaytan F, Caminos JE, Pinilla L, Casanueva FF, Aguilar E, Dieguez C, Tena-Sempere M, 2002: Cellular location and hormonal regulation of ghrelin expression in rat testis. Biology of Reproduction, 67: 1768–1776.
13. Bartness TJ, Bamshad M 1998. Innervation of mammalian white adipose tissue: implications for the regulation of total body fat. American Journal of Physiology, 275: 1399-1411.
14. Baudet ML, Harvey S, 2003. Ghrelin-induced GH secretion in domestic fowl in vivo and in vitro, Journal of Endocrinology, 179: 97–105.
15. Bennet BD, Solar GP, Yuan JO, Thomas GR, 1996. A role for leptin and its cognate receptor in haematopoiesis. Curr Biol, 6: 1170- 1180.
16. Bowers CY, Momany F, Reynolds GA, Chang D, Hong A, Chang K, 1980. Structure-activity relationships of a syntheticpentapeptide that speci cally releases growthhormone in vitro. Endocrinology, 106: 663–667
17. Bowers CY, Momany F, Reynolds GA, Hong A, 1984. On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to speci cally release growth hormone. Endocrinology, 114: 1537–1545
18. Caprio M, Fabbrini E, Isidori AM, Aversa A, Fabbri A, 2001. Leptin in reproduction. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 12: 65-72.
19. Cha MC, Jones PJ, 1998. Dietary fat type and energy restriction interactively in uence plasma leptin concentration in rats. Journal of Lipit Research, 39: 1655-1660.
20. Chehab FF, Lim ME, Lu R, 1996. Correction of the sterility defect in homozygous obese female mice by treatment with the human recombinant Leptin. Nat Genet, 12: 318-320.
21. Chelikani PK, Ambrose JD, Keisler DH, Kennelly JJ, 2004. Effect of short term fasting on plasma concentrations of leptin and other hormones and metabolites in dairy cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 26: 33-48.
22. Chilliard Y, Bonnet M, Delavaud C, Faulconniera Y, Lerouxb C, Djianec J, Bocquierd F, 2001. Leptin in ruminants. Gene expression in adipose tissue and mammary gland, and regulation of plasma concentration. Dom Anim Endocrinol, 21: 271–295.
23. Chilliard Y, Ferlay A, Faulconnier Y, Bonnet M, Rouel J, Bocquier F, 2000. Adipose tissue metabolism and its role in adaptations to undernutrition in ruminants. Proceedings of The Nutrition Society, 59: 127-134.
24. Christos S, Mantzoros MD, 1999. The role of leptin in human obesity and disease: A review of current evidience. Ann Intern Med, 13: 671-680.
25. Comba A, 2014. Farklı koyun ırklarında leptin ve lipit pro li düzeylerinin belirlenmesi, YYÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, Van, 2014.
26. Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS, 2001. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes, 50: 1714–1719
27. Date Y, Nakazato M, Hashiguchi S, Dezaki K, Mondal MS, Hosoda H, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Arima T, Matsuo H, Yada T, Matsukura S, 2002. Ghrelin is present in pancreatic alpha- cells of humans and rats and stimulates insulin secretion. Diabetes, 51: 124–129.
28. Date Y, Nakazato M, Murakami N, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Matsukura S, 2001. Ghrelin acts in the central nervous system to stimulate gastric acid secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 280: 904–907
29. Delavaud C, Bocquier F, Chilliard Y, Keisler DH, Gertler A, Kann G, 2000. Plasma leptin determination in ruminants: effect of nutritional status and body fatness on plasma leptin concentration assessed by a speci c RIA in sheep. Journal of Endocrinology, 165: 519-526.
30. Delavaud C, Ferlay A, Faulconnier Y, Bocquier F, Kann G, Chilliard Y, 2002. Plasma leptin concentration in adult cattle: effects of breed, adiposity, feeding level, and meal intake. J Anim Sci, 80: 1317-1328.
31. Dornonville De La Cour C, Lindstrom E, Norlen P, Hakanson R, 2004. Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying but is without effect on acid secretion and gastric endocrine cells. Regul Pept, 120: 23–32
32. Dulloo AG, Stock MJ, Solinas G, Boss O, Montani JP, Seydoux J, 2002. Leptin directly stimulates thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. FEBS Letters, 515: 109-113.
33. Friedman JM, Halaas JL, 1998. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature, 395: 763-70. Fruhbeck G, Jebb SA, Prentice AM, 1998. Leptin: physiology and pathophysiology. Clinical Physiology, 18: 399-419.
34. Garcia MR, Amstalden M, Keisler DH, Raver N, Gertler A, Williams GL, 2004. Leptin attenuates the acute effects of centrally administered neuropeptide Y on somatotropin but not gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 27: 89.
35. Gnanapavan S, Kola B, Bustin SA, Morris DG, Mcgee P, Fairclough P, Bhattacharya S, Carpenter R, Grossman AB, Korbonits M, 2002. The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87: 2988- 2991
36. Goumenou AG, Matalliotakis IM, Koumantakis GE, Panidis DK, 2002. The role of leptin in fertility. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 106: 118-124,
37. Guan XM, Yu H, Palyha OC, Mckee KK, Feighner, SD, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Smith RG, Van Der Ploeg LH, Howard AD, 1997. Distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in brain and peripheral tissues. Brain Res, 48: 23–29
38. Guerre-Millo M, 2002. Adipose tissue hormones. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 25: 855-861.
39. Hayashida T, Murakami K, Mogic K, Nishihara M, Nakazato M, Mondal MS, Horii Y, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Murakami K, 2001. Ghrelin in domestic animals: distribution in stomach and its possible role. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 21: 17- 24.
40. Healy JE, Bateman JL, Ostrom CE, Florant GL, 2011. Peripheral ghrelin stimulates feeding behavior and positive energy balance in a sciurid hibernator. Hormones and Behavior, 59: 512–519
41. Hosoda H, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K, 2000. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin: two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 279: 909–913
42. Houseknecht KL, Baile CA, Matterı RI, Spurlocks ME, 1998. The biology of leptin: a review. Journal of Animal Science, 76: 1405-1420.
43. Howard AD, Feighner SD, Cully DF, Arena JP, Liberator PA, Rosenblum CI, Hamelin M, Hreniuk DL, Palyha OC, Anderson J, Paress PS, Diaz C, Chou M, Liu KK, McKee KK, Pong SS, Chaung LY, Elbrecht A, Dashkevicz M, Heavens R, Rigby M, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Dean DC, Melillo DG, Patchett AA, Nargund R, Patrick RG, DeMartino JA, Gupta SK, Schaeffer JM, Smith RG, Van der Ploeg LH, 1996. A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science, 273: 974–977
44. Iqbal J, Kurose Y, Canny B, Clarke LJ, 2006. Effects of central ınfusion of ghrelin on food ıntake and plasma levels of growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and cortisol secretion in sheep, Endocrinology, 147(1): 510–519.
45. Itoh F, Komatsu T, Yonai M, Sugino T, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Hasegawa Y, Terashima Y, Hodate K, 2004. GH secretory responses to ghrelin and GHRH in growing and lactating dairy cattle, Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 28: 34-45.
46. Iwaniec UT, Heaney RP, Cullen DM, Yee JA, 1998. Leptin increases the number of mineralized bone nodules in vitro. J Bone Miner Res, 13: 2-12.
47. Jin L, Burguera BG, Couce ME, Scheıthauer BW, Lamsan J, Eberhardt NL, Kulig E, Lloyd RV, 1999. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in normal and neoplastic human pituitary: evidence of a regulatory role for leptin on pituitary cell proliferation. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 84: 2903-2911.
48. Kaiya H, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Koda A, Yamamoto K, Kitajima Y, Matsumoto M, Minamitake Y, Kikuyama S, Kangawa K, 2001. Bullfrog ghrelin is modi ed by noctanoic acid at its third threonine residue. J Biol Chem, 276: 40441–40448
49. Kaiya H, Van Der Geyten S, Kojıma M, Hosoda H, Kitajima Y, Matsumoto M, Geelıssen S, Darras VM, Kangawa K, 2002. Chicken Ghrelin: Puri cation, cDNA Cloning, and Biological Activity, Endocrinology 143 (9): 3454–3463.
50. Karlsson C, 2000. Leptin-a slimmer’s dream that crashed? The Journal of The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 12: 1-9.
51. Kirel B, Doğruel N, 1998. Yeni bir hormon: Leptin. Sürekli Tıp Eğitim Dergisi, 7: 421-423.
52. Klaus S, 2004. Adipose tissue as a regulatorof energy balance. Curr Drug Targets, 5: 241-50.
53. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K, 1999. Grelin is a growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach, Nature, 402: 656-659.
54. Kojima M, Kangawa K, 2005. Grelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev. 85: 495-522.
55. Kumar B, Francis SM, Suttie JM, Thompson MP, 1998. Expression of obese mRNA in genetically lean and fat selection lines of sheep. Comp Biochem Physiol Part B, 120: 543-548.
56. Mantzoros C.S., Prasad A.S., Beck F.W.J., Grabowski S, Kaplan J, Adair C, Brewer G. J, 1998. Zinc may regulate serum leptin concentrations in humans. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 17: 270–275.
57. Mccowen KC, Maykel JA, Bistrian BR, Ling PR, 2002. Circulating ghrelin concentrations are lowered by intravenous glucose or hyperinsulinemic euglycemic conditions in rodents, J Endocrinol, 175: 7–11.
58. Meier U, Gressner AM, 2004. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and resistin. Chinical Chemistry, 50 (9): 1511-1525.
59. Moran O, Phillip M, 2003. Leptin: obesity, diabetes, and other peripheral effects- a review. Pediatric Diabetes, 4: 101-109.
60. Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K, Matsukura S, 2001. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature, 409: 194–198
61. Pelleymounter M, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, Hecht R, Winters D, Bone T, Collins F, 1995. effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science, 269: 540-543.
62. Pratley RE, Nicolson M, Bogardus C, Ravussin E, 1997. Plasma leptin responses to fasting in Pima Indians. Am J Physiol, 273, E644–E649.
63. Sakata I, Nakamura K, Yamazaki M, Matsubara M, Hayashi Y, Kangawa K, Sakai T, 2002. Ghrelin-producing cells exist as two types of cells, closed- and opened-type cells, in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Peptides, 23: 531–536
64. Schoeller DA, Cella LK, Sinha MK, Caro JF, 1997. Entrainment of the diurnal rhythm of plasma leptin to meal timing. J Clin Invest, 100: 1882–1887.
65. Teker Z, Özer G, Topaloglu K, Mungan NÖ, Yüksel B, 2002. Leptin yapı ve zyolojisi. Arşiv, 11: 30-40.
66. Thong FSL, Graham TE, 1999. Leptin and reproduction: is it a critical link between adipose tissue, nutrition, and reproduction? Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 24: 317-336.
67. Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, Brynes AE, Frost GS, Murphy KG, Dhillo WS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. 2001a. Grelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86 (12): 5992.
68. Wren AM, Small CJ, Abbott CR, Dhillo WS, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, Batterham RL, Taheri S, Stanley SA, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, 2001b. Ghrelin causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats. Diabetes, 50: 2540–2547
69. Yıldız S, Blache D, Çelebi F, Kaya I, Saatçi M, Çenesiz M, Güven B, 2003. Effects of short-term high carbohydrate or fat intakes on leptin, growth hormone and luteinizing hormone secretions in prepubertal fat-tailed tuj lambs. Reprod Dom Anim, 38: 182-186.
70. Yılmaz İ, Sayın EO, Ozdemir Y, 2007. Hayvansal üretimde hormon kullanımı ve tüketici sağlığı üzerine etkileri, Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, (3) 51-61.
71. Yu Wh, Kimura M, Walczewska A, Karanth S, Mccann SM, 1997. Role of leptin in hypothalamic-pituitary function. Proceedings of The National Academy Sciences of The United States of America, 94: 1023-1028.
72. Zhang JV, Ren PG, Avsian-Kretchmer O, Luo CW, Rauch R, Klein C, Hsueh AJ, 2005. Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the grelin gene, opposes grelin’s effects on food intake. Science. 310 (5750): 996-999.
73. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM, 1994. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue, Nature, 372: 425-432.