Süt Sığırlarında Korunmuş Metiyonin ve Lizin Beslemesinin Rumen Mikroflorası İle Süt Verim ve Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Bu çalışma ile süt sığırlarında amino asit (AA) dengesi, emilebilir AA kaynakları, esansiyel AA ihtiyacı, kaplanmış metiyonin (MET) ve lizin (LİZ) ile kaplama teknolojileri ve korunmuş MET (KMET) ve LİZ (KLİZ), rumen mikroflorası ve verim ilişkileri irdelenerek, KMET ve KLİZ beslemesinin rumen mikroflorası ile süt verim (SV) ve kompozisyonu üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlemesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, mikrobiyal proteinlerin ideal AA dengesine sahip olmadıkları, mikrobiyal proteindeki AA kompozisyonunu yemle alınan rumende yıkıma dirençli protein (RYDP) ve rumende yıkılabilir protein (RYP)’nin belirlediği, maksimum performans ve verim için rasyonun RYDP, RYP ve AA bakımından dengelenmesi gerektiği, duodenal AA kompozisyonun mikrobiyal populasyon ve rasyon proteinindeki varyasyonlardan etkilendiği, buğdaygil ağırlıklı hazırlanmış rasyonlarda LİZ’in baklagil ve hayvansal ağırlıklı rasyonlarda ise MET’in sınırlayıcı AA’ler olacağı, KMET ve KLİZ kullanımının sentetiklere göre daha etkili olduğu, KMET’in süt yağı ve verimini artırdığı, erken laktasyon döneminde kaplanmış formda MET ve LİZ’in birlikte kullanıldığı araştırmalarda SV ile birlikte süt protein ve yağında artışlar bulunduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, KMET ve KLİZ’in rumen mikroflorası üzerine herhangi bir olumsuz etkisi olmaksızın SV ile birlikte süt protein ve yağında artışlara neden olduğundan, özellikle erken laktasyon dönemindeki süt sığırlarında birlikte kullanılabileceği kanatine varılmıştır.

Keywords

• süt sığırı,korunmuş,metiyonin,lizin,rumen mikroflorası

Effects of Feeding Protected Methionine And Lysine In Dairy Cattle On Rumen Microflora and Milk Yield And Composition

Abstract

In this study, amino acid (AA) balance in dairy cattle, absorbable AA sources, essential AA requirements, coated methionine (MET), coated lysine (LYS) and coating technologies, relationships between protected MET (PMET), protected LİZ (PLYS), rumen microflora and yield is examined thoroughly. In this way, it is aimed to investigate the effect of PMET and PLYS feeding on rumen microflora and milk yield (MY) and composition. As a result of the study, it is indicated that microbial protein does not have ideal AA balance; AA composition in microbial protein is determined by rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and rumen degradable protein (RDP); for the maximum performance and yield, formulation needs to be balanced in terms of RDP, RUP and AA; duodenal AA composition is influenced by microbial populations and protein variation of formulation; MET is limiting aminoacid in grain based formulation and LYS is limiting AA in formulation based on legumes and animal protein source; protected AA are more effective than syntetic AA, PMET has positive effect on milk fat and MY; using MET and LYS, protected on early lactation period, increased milk fat and MY. As a consequence, since PMET and PLYS have no negative impact on rumen microorganisms, it is concluded that especially early lactation period PMET and PLYS can be used together to increase milk protein and fat and MY.

Keywords

• dairy cattle,protected,methionine,lysine,rumen microflora

References

1. Abbasi IHR, Abbasi F, Abd El‑Hack ME, Swelum AA, Yao J, Cao Y, 2018. Post Ruminal Effects of Rumen Protected Methionine Supplementation with Low Protein Diet Using Long Term Simulation and In Vitro Digestibility Technique. US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 8 (1): 36.
2. Anonymus, 1992. Nutritive Requirements of Ruminant Animals. Protein Nutrient. Agricultural and Food Research Council, Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Series B (62), 787-835.
3. Anonymus, 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, https://profsite.um.ac.ir/~kalidari/software/NRC/HELP/NRC%202001.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2019).
4. Anonymus, 2018. The Principles of Balancing Diets for Amino Acids and Their Impact on N Utilization Efficiency. http://dairy.ifas.ufl.edu/rns/2012/1SchwabRNS2012.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 03.04.2018).
5. Armentano LE, Bertics SJ, Ducharme GA, 1997. Response of Lactating Cows to Methionine or Methionine Plus Lysine Added to High Protein Diets Based on Alfalfa and Heated Soybeans. Journal of Dairy Science, 1194-1199.
6. Baker DH, 1994. Utilization of Precursors for L-Amino Acids. In: D.Mello JPF (ed.). Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition. Wallingford, UK: CAB. International, pp. 37-62.
7. Bernard JK, Chandler PT, West JW, Parks AH, Amos HA, Froetschel MA, Trammell DS, 2004. Effect of Supplemental L-Lysine-HCL and Corn Sources on Rumen Fermentation and Amino Acid Flow to the Small Intestine, Journal of Dairy Science, 87(2): 399-405.
8. Bernard JK, Pas PT, Chandler C, Sniffen J, Chalupa WR, 2014. Response of Cows to Rumen Protected Lysine After Peak Lactation, The Professional Animal Scientist, 30 (4): 407-412.

9. Boisen S, Hvelplund T, Weisbjerg MR, 1999. Ideal Amino Acid Profiles as a Basis for Feed Protein Evaluation. Livestock Production Science, 64 (2000): 239–251.
10. Bozak CK, Schwab CG, Nocek JE, 1986. Changes in Amino Acid Pattern of Feed Proteins Upon Exposure to Rumen Fermentation Using the In Situ Bag Technique. Jornal of Dairy Science, 69 (1): 108 (Abstr.)
11. Broderick GA, Wallace RJ, Orskov ER, 1991. Control of Rate and Extent of Protein Degradation In Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants (T. Tsuda, Y. Sasaki, and R. Kawashima, eds). Academic Press, pp. 541-592, Tokyo, Japan.
12. Broderick GA, Stevenson MJ, Patton RA, Lobos NE, Olmos Colmenero JJ, 2008. Effect of Supplementing Rumen Protected Methionine on Production and Nitrogen Excretion in Lactating Dairy Cows. Jornal of Dairy Science, 91, 1092–1102.
13. Brusemeister F, Südekum KH, 2006. Rumen Protected Choline for Dairy Cows: The In Situ Evaluation of a Commercial Source and Literatüre Evaluation of Effects on Performance and Interactions Between Methionine and Choline Metabolism. Animal Research, 55 (2006): 93-104.
14. Calsamiglia S, Stern MD, 1993. A Three Step Procedure to Estimate Postruminal Protein Digestion in Ruminants. Journal of Dairy Science, 76 (1): 176.
15. Camac JL, 1983. Effect of Protected Methionine on Milk Production in Dairy Cows. Kansas State University Department of AnimalScience ans Industry, Master Thesis (Printed).
16. Casper DP, Schingoethe DJ, Yang CM, Mueller CR, 1987. Protected Methionine Supplementation with Extruded Blend of Soybeans and Soybean Meal for Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 70 (2): 321.
17. Casper DP, Schingoethe DJ, 1988. Protected Methionine Supplementation to a Barley Based Diet for Cows During Early Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 71, 164- 172.
18. Castillo AR, Kebreab DE, Beever J, France J, 2000. A Review of Efficiency of Nitrogen Utilization in Lactating Dairy Cows and Its Relationship with Environmental Pollution. Journal of Animal Feed Science, 9 (1): 1-32.
19. Chalupa W, 1975. Rumen Bypass and Protection of Proteins and Amino Acids. Journal of Dairy Science, 58 (8): 1198-1218.
20. Chandar, R, Clapham, HM, McNaught, ML, Owen, EC, 1951. The Digestibility of Carotene by the Cow and the Goat as Affected by Thyroxine and Thiouracil. Biochemical Journal, 50 (1); 95-9.
21. Charles G, Schwab R, Ordway S, 2013. Methionine Supplementation Options Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824.
22. Chow JM, DePeters EJ, Baldwin RL, 1990. Effect of Rumen Protected Methionine and Lysine on Casein in Milk When Diets High in Fat or Concentrate are Fed. Journal of Dairy Science, 73 (4): 1051-1061.
23. Crooker BA, Clark JH, Shank RD, Hatfield EE, 1986. Effect of Ruminal Exposure on the Amino Acid Profile of Heated and Formaldehyde Treated Soybean Meal. Journal of Dairy Science, 69 (10): 2648-2657.
24. Crooker BA, Fahey CG, 1987. Effects of Ruminal Exposure Upon the Amino Acid Profile of Feeds. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 67 (4): 1143-1148.
25. Gil LA, Shirley RL, Moore JE, 1973. Effects of Methionine Hyrdoxy Analog on Growth, Amino Acid Content and Catabolic Products of Glucolytic Rumen Bacteria In Vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 56 (6): 757-762.
26. Illg DJ, Sommerfeldt JL, Schingoethe DJ, 1987. Lactational and Systemic Responses of High Producing Dairy Cows to The Addition of Protected Methionine in Soybean Meal Diets. Journal of Dairy Science, 70 (3): 620-629.
27. King KJ, Bergen WG, Sniffen CJ, Grant AL, Grieve DBV, King L, Ames NK, 1991. An Assessment of Absorbable Lysine Requirements in Lactating Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 74 (8): 2530-2539.
28. Moorby J, Theobald M (1999). Short communiation: The Effect of Duodenal Ammonia Infusion on Milk Production and Nitrogen Balance of the Dairy Cow. Journal of Dairy Science, 82 (11): 2440-2442.
29. Nimrick K, Hatfield EE, Kaminski J, Owens FN, 1970. Qualitative Assessment of Supplemental Amino Acid Needs for Growing Lambs Fed Urea as the Sole Nitrogen Source. Journal of Nutrition, 100 (11): 1293-300.
30. Noftsger S, St Pierre NR, Sylvester JT, 2005. Determination of Rumen Degradability and Ruminal Effects of Three Sources of Methionine in Lactating Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 88 (1): 223-237.
31. Onodera R, Kandatsu M, 1972. Conversion of Lysine to Pipecolic Acid by Rumen Ciliate Protozoal. Agricultural and Biological Chemisrty, 36 (11): 1989-1985.
32. Onodera R, Kandatsu M, 1973. Synthesis of lysine from α, ε-Diaminopimelic Acid by Mixed Ciliated Rumen Protozoa. Nature New Biology, 244, 31-32.
33. Onodera R, Kandatsu M, 1974. Formation of Lysine from α, e-Diaminopimelic Acid and Negligible Synthesis of Lysine from Some Other Precursors by Rumen Ciliate Protozoa. Agricultural and Biological Chemisrty, 38 (5): 913-920.
34. Or Rashid MM, Onodera R, Wadud S, 2001. Biosynthesis of Methionine from Homocysteine, Cystathionine, and Homoserine Plus Cysteine by Mixed Rumen Microorganisms In Vitro. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology, 55 (6): 758-764.
35. Ordway R, Aines G, 2010. Feeding Lysine a Nutritionist and Dairy Producer’s. High Plains Dairy Conference, Amarillo, Texas, March 06-07, 2010, pp:109-116.
36. Overton TR, La Count DW, Cicela TM, Clark JH, 1996. Evaluation of a Ruminally Protected Methionine Product for Lactating Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 79 (5): 631– 638.
37. Overton TR, Emmert LS, Clark JH, 1998. Effects of Sources of Carbohydrate and Protein and Rumen Protected Methionin on Performance of Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(1): 221-228.
38. Papas A, Sniffen CJ, Muscato TV, 1984. Effectiveness of Rumen Protected Methionine for Delivering Methionine Postruminally in Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 67 (3): 545-552.
39. Patton RA, McCArthy RR, Griel Jr LC, 1968. Lipid Synthesis by Rumen Microorganisms. I. Situmulation by Methionine In Vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 51, 1310-1311.
40. Phipps RH, Reynolds CK, Givens DI, Jones AK, Geraert PA, Devillard E, Bennett R, 2008. Effect of 2- Hydroxy-4-(methylthio) Butanoic Acid Isopropyl Ester on Milk Production and Composition of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 91 (10): 4002-4005.
41. Piepenbrink MS, Marr AL, Waldron MR, Butler WR, Overton TR, Vázquez Añón M, Holt MD, 2004. Feeding 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)- Butanoic Acid to Periparturient Dairy Cows Improves Milk Production But Not Hepatic Metabolism. Journal of Dairy Science, 87 (4): 1071-1084.
42. Polan CE, Chandler PT, Miller CN, 1970. Methionine Hydroxy Analog: Varying Levels for Lactating Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 53 (5): 607-610.
43. Polan CE, Cummins KA, Sniffen CJ, Muscato T, Vicini JL, Crooker BA, Clark JH, Johnson DG, Otterby DE, Guillaume B, Muller LD, Varga GA, Murray RA, Peirce Sandner S, 1991. Responses of Dairy Cows to Supplemental Rumen Protected Forms of Methionine and Lysine. Journal of Dairy Science, 74 (9): 2997-3013.
44. Rebouche CJ, Seim H, 1998. Carnitine Metabolism and Its Regulation in Microorganisms and Mammals. Annual Review of Nutrition, 18 (1): 39-61.
45. Robert JC, Sloan BK, 1994. The Effect of Supplementation of Corn Silage Plus Soybean Meal Diets with Rumen Protected Methionine on the Lactational Performance of Dairy Cows In Early Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 77 (1): 92.
46. Robinson PH, Chalupa W, Sniffen CJ, Julien WE, Sato H, Watanabe K‚ Fujieda T‚ Suzuki H, 1998. Ruminally Protected Lysine or Lysine and Methionine for Lactating Dairy Cows Fed a Ration Designed to Meet Requirements for Microbial and Postruminal Protein. Journal of Dairy Science, 81 (5): 1364-1373.
47. Rulquin H, Pisulewski PM, Verite R, Guinard J, 1993. Milk Production and Composition as Function of Postruminal Lysine and Methionine Supply: A Nutrient-Response Approach. Livestock Production Science, 37 (1): 69–90.
48. Rulquin H, Verite R, 1993. Amino Acid Nutrition of Dairy Cows: Productive Effects and Animal Requirements. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition chap: 4, pp. 55-77. Edited Nottingham University Press, Nottingham. France.
49. Salsbury RL, Marvil DK, Woodmansee CW, Haenler GFW, 1971. Utilization of Methionine and Methionine Hydroxy Analog by Rumen Microorganism In Vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 54 (3): 390-396.
50. Schingoethe DJ, Casper DP, Yang CM, Illg DJ, Sommerfeldt JL, Mueller CR, 1988. Lactational Response to Soybean Meal, Heated Soybean Meal, and Extruded Soybeans with Ruminally Protected Methionine. Journal of Dairy Science, 71 (1): 173-180.
51. Schwab CG, Satter LD, Clay AB, 1976. Response of Lactating Dairy Cows to Abomasal Infusion of Amino Acids. Journal Dairy Science, 59 (7): 1254-1270.
52. Schwab CG, Bozak CK, Nocek JE, 1986. Change in Amino Acid Pattern of Soybean Meal and Corn Gluten Meal Upon Exposure to Rumen Fermentation. Journal of Animal Science, 63 (1): 158.
53. Schwab CG, Bozak CK, Whitehouse NL, Mesbah MMA, 1992. Amino Acid Limitation and Flow to Duodenum at Four Stages of Lactation. 1. Sequence of Lysine and Methionine Limitation. Journal of Dairy Science, 75 (12): 3486–3502.
54. Sloan B, 2002. Amino Acid Feeding Concepts. International Dairy Topics, 5 (6): 11-14.
55. Spears RA, Kohn RA, Young AJ, 2003. Whole Farm Nitrogen Balance on Western Dairy Farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 86 (12): 4178-4186.
56. Storm E, Orskov ER, 1984. The Nutritive Value of Rumen Micro Organisms in Ruminants. 4. The Limiting Amino Acids of Microbial Protein in Growing Sheep Determined by a New Approach. British Journal of Nutriton, 52 (3): 613-620.
57. Třinacty J, Křižova L, Richter M, Černy V, Řiha J, 2009. Effect of Rumen Protected Methionine, Lysine or Both on Milk Production and Plasma Amino Acids of High Yielding Dairy Cows. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 54(6): 239–248.
58. Wright TC, Moscardini S, Luimes PH, Susmel P, Mcbride BW, 1998. Effects of Rumen Undegradable Protein and Feed Intake on Nitrogen Balance and Milk Protein Production in Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 81 (3): 784-793.
59. Wu Z, Bernard JK, Eggleston EB, Jenkins TC, 2012. Ruminal Escape and Intestinal Digestibility of Ruminally Protected Lysine Supplements Differing in Oleic Acid and Lysine Concentrations. Journal of Dairy Science, 95 (5): 2680-2684.
60. Yang CMJ, Schingoethe DJ, Casper DF, 1986. Protected Methionine and Heat Treated Soybean Meal for High Producing Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 69 (9): 2348-2357.
61. Yavuz HM, 2001. Süt Sığırlarında Beslemenin Döl Verimi Üzerine Etkileri. Çiftlik Hayvanlarının Beslemesinde Temel Prensipler ve Karma Yem Üretiminde Bazı Bilimsel Yaklaşımlar. s. 221–224. İstanbul.
62. Yi Hua C, 2003. Effects of Free Methionine and Lysine on In Vitro Fermentation and In Vivo Performance and Ruminal Fermentation of Late Lactation Holstein Cows. Louisiana State University LSU Master's Thesis (Printed).