Contact of People Wıth Cyanotoxins and Effects on Health

Abstract

Cyanobacteria is the only group of prokaryotic organisms containing gram negative, 16S rRNA and chlorophyll-a, capable of fixed carbon dioxide and atmospheric nitrogen, photosynthetic, producing organic carbon and oxygen. Recent years changing climatic conditions and increasing human activities in increase the frequency of harmful cyanobacterial “bloom” formation worldwide. Cyanobacterial “blooms” can produce harmful toxins and foul-smelling compounds, creating a threat to drinking and recreational waters. In addition, the formation of “bloom” causes hypoxia and food network degradation. Knowing the role of various environmental factors in the regulation of cyanotoxin synthesis is essential for the effective management of toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Cyanotoxins are a group of secondary metabolites produced by various strains of cyanobacteria and are highly toxic to many eukaryotic organisms, including algae, plants, animals and humans. Cyanotoxins are synthesized non-ribosomally by enzymes encoded by a group of genes organized in gene clusters. Toxin can be produced at all stages of development. In this review, the contact of people with cyanotoxins and their effects on health are summarized.

Keywords

• cyanobacteria
• cyanotoxin
• human health
• toxicological risk

İnsanların Siyanotoksinler ile Teması ve Sağlığa Etkileri

Abstract

Siyanobakteriler; gram negatif, 16S rRNA ve klorofil-a içeren, karbondioksit ve atmosferik azotu fiske edebilen, fotosentetik, organik karbon ve oksijen üretebilen tek prokaryotik organizmadır. Son yıllarda değişen iklim koşulları ve artan insan faaliyetleri, tüm dünyada zararlı siyanobakteriyel bloom oluşum sıklığını artırmaktadır. Siyanobakteriyel bloomlar, zararlı toksinler ve kötü kokulu bileşikler üreterek içme suyu ve eğlence suları için bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca bloom oluşumu, hipoksiye ve ekosistemdeki besin ağının bozulmasına neden olur. Çeşitli çevresel faktörlerin siyanotoksin sentezinin düzenlenmesindeki rollerinin bilinmesi, toksik siyanobakteriyel bloomların etkin yönetimi için gereklidir. Siyanotoksinler, siyanobakterilerin çeşitli cinsleri tarafından üretilen sekonder metabolitler grubu olup algler, bitkiler, hayvanlar ve insan dâhil olmak üzere birçok ökaryotik organizma için son derece zehirlidir. Siyanotoksinler, gen kümeleri şeklinde organize olmuş bir grup gen tarafından kodlanan enzimlerle non-ribozomal olarak sentezlenirler. Siyanotoksin, gelişmenin tüm aşamalarında üretilmektedir. Bu derlemede, insanların siyanotoksinler ile teması ve sağlığa etkileri özetlenmektedir.

Keywords

• siyanobakteri
• siyanotoksin
• insan sağlığı
• toksikolojik risk

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