Citrus Limon L. Peel Powder Incorporated Polyvinyl Alcohol/Corn Starch Antioxidant Active Films

Abstract

Active food packaging films has gain more significance over conventional packaging. In this study, novel active composite films were prepared by incorporating lemon peel to a polyvinyl alcohol-starch matrix. The morphological, thermal and antioxidant activity evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol-starch-lemon peel composite films were discussed to determine whether the presence and content of lemon peel influenced the film’s characteristics. The results indicated that tested properties of composite films depended on the content of lemon peel. It was found that the thermal stability and antioxidant activity of films considerably improved upon the incorporation of peel. The prepared films with enhanced antioxidant activity may be used for preservation of oxidation-sensitive food products. The results showed that lemon by-product has great potential to be evaluated into added-value products for functional packaging applications. The developed packaging films will be new alternatives for food preservation materials.

Keywords

• Active packaging
• agro-waste
• biodegradable polymer
• lemon husk
• radical scavenging

References

1. Apicella A, Adiletta G, Di Matteo M, Incarnato L, 2019. Valorization of Olive Industry Waste Products for Development of New Eco-sustainable, Multilayer Antioxidant Packaging for Food Preservation. Chemical Engineering Transactions 75:85-90.
2. Anticona M, Blesa J, Frigola A, Esteve MJ, 2020. High Biological Value Compounds Extraction from Citrus Waste with Non-Conventional Methods. Foods 9:811.
3. Başaran E, Sıcak Y, Sogukomerogullari HG, Karaküçük‐Iyidoğan A, Oruç‐Emre EE, Sönmez M, Öztürk M, 2019. Synthesis of novel chiral metal complexes derived from chiral thiosemicarbazide ligands as potential antioxidant agents. Chirality 31: 434-444.
4. Belan DL, Mopera LE, Flores FP, 2019. Development and characterisation of active antioxidant packaging films. International Food Research Journal 26(2): 411-420.
5. Boonsuk P, Sukolrat A, Kaewtatip K, Chantarak S, Kelarakis A, Chaibundit C, 2020. Modified cassava starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend films plasticized by glycerol: Structure and properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 137 (26):48848.
6. Chen Z, Zong L,Chen C, Xie J, 2020. Development and characterization of PVA-Starch active films incorporated with β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex embedding lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 26:100565.
7. Choulitoudi E, Velliopoulou A, Tsimogiannis D, Oreopoulou V, 2020. Effect of active packaging with Satureja thymbra extracts on the oxidative stability of fried potato chips. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 23:100455.
8. Crizel TM, Rios AO, Alves VD, Bandarra N, Moldao-Martins M, Flores SH, 2018. Active food packaging prepared with chitosan and olive pomace. Food Hydrocolloids 74:139-150.

9. Das K, Ray D, Bandyopadhyay NR, Gupta A, Sengupta S, Sahoo S, Mohanty A, Misra M, 2010. Preparation and Characterization of Cross-Linked Starch/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Green Films with Low Moisture Absorption. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49: 2176-2185.
10. De Moraes Crizel T, de Oliveira Rios A, Alves DV, Bandarra N, Moldão-Martins M, Flôres SH, 2018. Biodegradable Films Based on Gelatin and Papaya Peel Microparticles with Antioxidant Properties. Food and Bioprocess Technology 11:536-550.
11. El-ghfar MHAA, Ibrahim HM, Hassan IM, Fattah AAA, Mahmoud MH, 2016. Peels of Lemon and Orange as Value-Added Ingredients: Chemical and Antioxidant Properties. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5(12): 777-794.
12. Elkhatim KAS, Elagib RAA, Hassan AB, 2018. Content of phenolic compounds and vitamin C and antioxidant activity in wasted parts of Sudanese citrus fruits. Food Science and Nutrition 6:1214-1219.
13. Ferreira AS, Nunes C, Castro A, Ferreira P, Coimbra MA, 2014. Influence of grape pomace extract incorporation on chitosan films properties. Carbohydrate Polymers 113:490–499.
14. Gaikwad KK, Lee JY, Lee YS, 2016. Development of polyvinyl alcohol and apple pomace bio-composite film with antioxidant properties for active food packaging application. Journal of Food Science and Technology 53(3): 1608–1619.
15. Gómez-Estaca J, López-de-Dicastillo C, Hernández-Muñoz P, Catalá R, Gavara R, 2014. Advances in antioxidant active food packaging. Trends in Food Science & Technology 35(1):42-51.
16. Jagannath A, Biradar R, 2019. Comparative Evaluation of Soxhlet and Ultrasonics on the Structural Morphology and Extraction of Bioactive Compounds of Lemon (Citrus limon L.) Peel. Journal of Food Chemistry and Nanotechnology 5(3): 56-64.
17. Junlapong K, Boonsuk P, Chaibundit C, Chantarak S, 2019. Highly water resistant cassava starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 137:521-527.
18. Hanani ZAN, Yee FC, Nor-Khaizura MAR, 2019. Effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel powder on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of fish gelatin films as active packaging. Food Hydrocolloids 89: 253-259.
19. Hiremani VD, Gasti T, Sataraddi S, Vanjeri VN, Goudar N, Masti SP, Chougale RB, 2020. Characterization of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Glycerol Mixed Oxidized Maize Starch/Polyvinyl alcohol Blend Films. Chemical Data Collections 28:100416.
20. Kong R, Wang J, Cheng M, Lu W, Chen M, Zhang R, Wang X, 2020. Development and characterization of corn starch/PVA active films incorporated with carvacrol nanoemulsions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 164:1631-1639.
21. Ludwicka K, Kaczmarek M, Białkowska A, 2020. Bacterial Nanocellulose—A Biobased Polymer for Active and Intelligent Food Packaging Applications: Recent Advances and Developments. Polymers 12(10):2209.
22. Marvdashti LM, Koocheki A, Yavarmanesh M, 2017. Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum-polyvinyl alcohol biodegradable composite film: Physicochemical, mechanical, thermal and barrier properties. Carbohydrate Polymers 155: 280-293.
23. Moghadam M, Salami M, Mohammadian M, Khodadadi M, Emam-Djomeh Z, 2020. Development of antioxidant edible films based on mung bean protein enriched with pomegranate peel. Food Hydrocolloids 104:105735.
24. Moreirinha C, Vilela C, Silva NHCS, Pinto RJB, Almeida A, Rocha MAM, Coelho E, Coimbra MA, Silvestre AJD, Freire CSR, 2020. Antioxidant and antimicrobial films based on brewers spent grain arabinoxylans, nanocellulose and feruloylated compounds for active packaging. Food Hydrocolloids 108:105836.
25. Moreno O, Atares L, Chiralt A, 2015. Effect of the incorporation of antimicrobial/antioxidant proteins on the properties of potato starch films. Carbohydrate Polymers 133:353-364.
26. Nemes SA, Szabo K, Vodnar DC, 2020. Applicability of Agro-Industrial By-Products in Intelligent Food Packaging. Coatings 10(6):550.
27. Papoutsis K, Pristijono P, Golding JB, Stathopoulos CE, Scarlett CJ, Bowyer MC, Vuong QV, 2016. Impact of different solvents on the recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties from lemon (Citrus limon L.) pomace waste. Food Science and Biotechnology 25(4): 971-977.
28. Parın FN, Yıldırım K, Terzioğlu P, 2020. Biochar loaded chitosan/gelatin/poly(ethylene glycol) biocomposite beads: Morphological, thermal and swelling properties. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 4(2): 56-68.
29. Picchio ML, Ronco LI, Passeggi MCG, Minari RJ, Gugliottaet LM, 2018. Poly(n-butyl acrylate)–Casein Nanocomposites as Promising Candidates for Packaging Films. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 26:2579-2587.
30. Popescu MC, Dogaru BI, Goanta M, Timpu D, 2018. Structural and morphological evaluation of CNC reinforced PVA/Starch biodegradable films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 116:385-393.
31. Rešček A, Katančić Z, Krehula LK, Ščetar M, Hrnjak‐Murgić Z, Galić K, 2018. Development of Double‐Layered PE/PCL Films for Food Packaging Modified with Zeolite and Magnetite Nanoparticles. Advances in Polymer Technology 37(3):837-842.
32. Riaz A, Lagnika C, Abdin M, Hashim MM, Ahmed W, 2020. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Gelatin-Based Active Food Packaging Films Containing Apple Peel Nanoparticles. Journal of Polymers and Environment 28:411–420.
33. Saleem M, Saeed MT, 2020. Potential application of waste fruit peels (orange, yellow lemon and banana) as wide range natural antimicrobial agent. Journal of King Saud University- Science 32(1): 805-810.
34. Sharmin E, Kafyah MT, Alzaydi AA, Fatani AA, Hazazzi FA, Babgi SK, Alqarhi NM, Sindi AAH, Akram D, Alam M, Alam J, Al-Madboly LA, Shoeib NA, Alqahtani AM, Mojally M, 2020. Synthesis and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol/corn starch/linseed polyol-based hydrogel loaded with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 163:2236-2247.
35. Simeone GDR, Di Matteo A, Rao MA, Di Vaio C, 2020. Variations of peel essential oils during fruit ripening in four lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F.) cultivars. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100:193-200.
36. Singha AS, Priya B, Pathania D, 2015. Cornstarch/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Biocomposite Blend Films: Mechanical Properties, Thermal Behavior, Fire Retardancy, and Antibacterial Activity. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 20(4): 357-366.
37. Sin LT, Rahman WA, Rahmat AR, Mokhtar M, 2011. Determination of thermal stability and activation energy of polyvinyl alcohol–cassava starch blends. Carbohydrate Polymers 83:303–305.
38. Terzioğlu P, Parın FN, 2020. Polyvinyl Alcohol-Corn Starch-Lemon Peel Biocomposite Films as Potential Food Packaging. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science 16(4):373-378.
39. Tomar O, Akarca G, 2019. Effects of Ice Cream Produced with Lemon, Mandarin, and Orange Peel Essential Oils on Some Physicochemical, Microbiological and Sensorial Properties. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 12(1):62-70.
40. Wang J, Bian Y, Cheng Y, Sun R, Li G, 2020. Effect of lemon peel flavonoids on UVB-induced skin damage in mice. RSC Advances 10:31470-31478.
41. Wrona M, Silva F, Salafranca J, Nerín C, Alfonso MJ, Caballero MA, 2021. Design of new natural antioxidant active packaging: Screening flowsheet from pure essential oils and vegetable oils to ex vivo testing in meat samples. Food Control 120:107536.
42. Wu Z, Huang Y, Xiao L, Lin D, Yang Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Wu D, Chen H, Zhang Q, Qin W, Pu S, 2019. Physical properties and structural characterization of starch/polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide composite films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 123:569–575.
43. Yu Z, Wang W, Kong F, Lin M, Mustapha A, 2019. Cellulose nanofibril/silver nanoparticle composite as an active food packaging system and its toxicity to human colon cells. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 129:887-894.
44. Zhang LL, Lv S, Xu JG, Zhang LF, 2018. Influence of drying methods on chemical compositions, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of essential oil from lemon peel. Natural Product Research 32(10) :1184-1188.
45. Zhang X, Liu J, Yong H, Qin Y, Liu J, Jin C. 2020. Development of antioxidant and antimicrobial packaging films based on chitosan and mangosteen (Garciniamangostana L.) rind powder. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 145:1129-1139.