Morphological and Molecular Identification of Biofilm Forming Fungi from Fish Farms and Fish Benches in Aydın Province

Year 2022, Volume 12, Issue 1, 115 - 124, 01.03.2022

Bahadır TÖRÜN Hacı Halil BIYIK Esin POYRAZOĞLU

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.916284

Abstract

Biofilm formation is one of the major problems in many industries. The marine environment is rich in nutrients for microbial growth. It also makes it easier for microorganisms to form biofilms. This study aims to identify biofilm-forming fungi in the marine environment and assess their ability to form biofilm. We identified biofilm-forming fungi species using morphological and molecular methods. ITS regions were used for molecular identification. The qualitative assessment of biofilms was carried out using the Petri dish method, and quantitative measurements of biofilms were carried out using the microplate method. We identified 69 isolates; 37 were yeast, and 32 of them were fungi. Only ten of them were found to have biofilm. Most of them were adherents, and only two of them were strong adherents. Biofilms can have positive or negative effects on fish health. Identifying biofilm-forming agents will help us identify the nature of the effect. Microorganisms that have positive effects can be used as biocontrol agents.

Keywords

Biofilm, Fungi, ITS, Seabass, Seabream

Abstract

References

• Arunkumar M, Lewis-Oscar F, Thajuddin N, Pugazhendhi A, Nithya C, 2020. In vitro and in vivo biofilm forming Vibrio sp: A significant threat in aquaculture. Process Biochemistry 94:213-223.
• Barnett H.L, 2003. Illustrated genera of Imperfect fungi. Burgess Publishing Company Minneapolis-USA.
• Barnharst T, Rajendran A, Hu B, 2018. Bioremediation of synthetic intensive aquaculture wastewater by a novel feed-grade composite biofilm. Int Biodeterioior and Biodegradation 126:131–142.
• Brogden K. A, Guthmiller J. M, Taylor C. E, 2005. Human polymicrobial infections. The Lancet 365(9455):253-255.
• Cai W, Arias, CR, 2017. Biofilm formation on aquaculture substrates by selected bacterial fish pathogens. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 29(2): 95–104.
• Calderone RA, Clancy C J, 2011. Candida and candidiasis. American Society for Microbiology Press Baltimore-USA.
• Choudhury GT, Singh SK, Parhi J, Barman D, Das B. 2014. Common Fungal Diseases of Fish: A Review. Environment and Ecology. 32. 450-456.
• Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JA, Baddour LM, Barrett FF, Melton DM et al, 1985. Adherence of coagulase negative staphylococci to plastic tissue cultures: A quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 22(6): 906-1006.
• Connell JL, Wessel AK, Parsek MR, Ellington AD, Whiteley M, Shear JB, 2010. Probing prokaryotic social behaviors with bacterial “lobster traps”. MBio 1(4):1-8.
• Costa-Orlandi CB, Sardi JC, Santos CT, Fusco-Almeida AM, 2014. In vitro characterization of Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes biofilms. Biofouling 30(6):719-727.
• Dinçtürk E., Tanrıkul T.T., Türk Çulha S. 2018. Fungal and Bacterial Co-Infection of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Linnaeus 1758) in a Recirculating Aquaculture System: Saprolegnia parasitica and Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 33(3): 67-71
• Doyle J.J, Doyle J. L, 1987. Isolation of Plant DNA From Fresh Tissue. Focus, 12, 13-15.
• Gaikowski M. P., Rach J. J., Drobish M., Hamilton J., Harder T., Lee L. A., Moen C., Moore A. 2003. Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with saprolegniasis on walleye, white sucker, and paddlefish eggs. North American Journal of Aquaculture 65(4), 349-355.
• Gonzalez-Ramirez AI, Ramirez-Granillo A, Medina-Canales MG, Rodriguez-Tovar AV, 2016. Analysis and description of the stages of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation using scanning electron microscopy. BMC Microbiology, 16(1): 243.
• Imamura Y, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Lattif AA, Szczotka-Flynn LB, Pearlman E, Lass JH, O’Donnell K, GMA, 2008. Fusarium and Candida albicans biofilms on soft contact lenses: Model development, influence of lens type, and susceptibility to lens care solutions. AAC, 51(1): 171-182.
• Karunasagar I, Otta S. K, Karunasagar I, 1996. Biofilm formation by Vibrio harveyi on surfaces. Aquaculture 140(3):241–245.
• Koch R, 1999. Über die neuen Untersuchungsmethoden zum Nachweis derMikrokosmen in Boden, Luft und Wasser. Vortrag auf dem XI. Deutschen Ärztetagin Berlin. Vereinsblatt für Deutschland, Komnüssions-Verlag von F. C. W. Vogel,Leipzig 137:274-284.
• Kohlmeyer J, 1974. On the definition and taxonomy of higher marine fungi. Veroff. Inst. Meerforsh. Bremerhaven. Suppl, 5: 263–286.
• Luque J, Parladé J, Pera J, 2000. Pathogenicity of fungi isolated from Quercus suber in Catalonia (NE Spain). Forest Pathology 30(5): 247-263.
• Miao L, Qian PY, 2005. Antagonistic antimicrobial activity of marine fungi and bacteria isolated from marine biofilm and seawaters of Hong Kong. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 38: 231–238.
• Op De Beeck M, Lievens B, Busschaert P, Declerck S, Vangronsveld J, et al, 2014. Comparison and Validation of Some ITS Primer Pairs Useful for Fungal Metabarcoding Studies. PlosOne. 9(6): e97629.
• Pandey P. K, Bharti, V, Kumar K, 2014. Biofilm in aquaculture production. African Journal of Microbiological Research 8(13):1434–1443.
• Panigrahi A, Azad, IS, 2007. Microbial intervention for better fish health in aquaculture: the Indian scenario. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 33(4):429-440.
• Roberts RJ. 2012. Fish pathology. 4th ed. Wiley- Blackwell, USA.
• Romano C, Valenti L, Miracco C, Alessandrini C, Paccagnini E, Faggi E, Difonzo E. M, 1997. Two cases of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis by Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima. Mycopathologia, 137(2):65–74.
• Salamone A. L, Robicheau B. M, Walker A. K, 2016. Fungal diversity of marine biofilms on artificial reefs in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Botanica Marina 59(5): 291–305.
• Santhakumari S, Kannappan A, Pandian S. K, Thajuddin N, Rajendran R. B, Ravi A. V, 2016. Inhibitory effect of marine cyanobacterial extract on biofilm formation and virulence factor production of bacterial pathogens causing vibriosis in aquaculture. Journal of Applied Phycology 28(1):313-324.
• Sardi JC, Pitangui NS, Voltan AR, Braz JD, Machado MP, Fusco Almeida AM, 2015. In vitro Paracoccidioides brasiliensis biofilm and gene expression of adhesins and hydrolytic enzymes. Virulance, 6(6):642-651
• Siqueira VM, Lima N, 2013. Biofilm Formation by Filamentous Fungi Recovered from a Water System. Journal of Mycology Article ID 152941.
• Turgay E, Stenium T, Colguhoun D, Karataş S, 2019. Environmental biofilm communities associated with early‐stage common dentex (Dentex dentex) culture. Journal of Applied Microbiology 126(4):1032-1043.
• Vert M, Doi Y, Hellwich K. H, Hess M, Hodge P, Kubisa P, et al, 2012. Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC Recommendations). Pure Applied Chemistry 84(2):377-410.
• Wesseling W, Wittka S, Kroll S, Soltmann C, Kegler P, Kunzmann A, Lohmeyer M, 2015. Functionalised ceramic spawning tiles with probiotic Pseudoalteromonas biofilms designed for clownfish aquaculture Aquaculture 446:57–66.
• Wietz M, Hall M. R, Høj L, 2009. Effects of seawater ozonation on biofilm development in aquaculture tanks. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 32(4):266–277.
• You J, Xue X, Cao L, Lu X, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhou S, 2007. Inhibition of Vibrio biofilm formation by a marine actinomycete strain A66. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 76(5):1137-1144.