Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

A Comparison of Primary School Children's Attitudes Toward Reading from Print Books, E-Readers, and The Internet

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 664 - 692, 29.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1733280

Abstract

Giderek daha yaygınlaşan dijital cihazlardan okumanın geleneksel basılı materyallerin yerini aldığı günümüzde, ilkokul çocuklarının basılı ve dijital okumaya yönelik tutumlarının tespit edilmesi ve okuma öğretiminin öğrencilerin duygusal ihtiyaçlarına göre düzenlenmesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı ilkokul öğrencilerinin basılı kitap, e-okuyucu ve internetten okumaya yönelik tutumlarını incelemektir. Ayrıca sınıf düzeyi, cinsiyet ve internette geçirilen sürenin basılı kitap, e-okuyuculardan ve internetten okumaya yönelik tutum üzerinde farklılık gösterip göstermediği araştırılmıştır. Çalışma grubunu 138 ilkokul öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda öğrencilerin basılı okumaya yönelik tutumları hem e-okuyucu hem de internetten okumaya yönelik tutumlarına göre anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur. Ancak e-okuyuculardan ve internetten okumaya yönelik tutumlar da pozitiftir. Cinsiyet basılı kitap, e-okuyucu ve internetten okumaya yönelik tutumları üzerinde anlamlı bir farklılık yaratmamıştır. Bununla birlikte sınıf düzeyi ilerledikçe öğrencilerin e-okuyuculardan ve internetten okumaya yönelik tutumları olumsuzlaşmış ancak basılı okumaya yönelik tutumları değişmemiştir. Son olarak internette daha fazla zaman geçiren öğrencilerin basılı okumaya yönelik tutumları daha düşüktür.

References

  • Ackerman, R., ve Goldsmith, M. (2011). Metacognitive regulation of text learning: On screen versus on paper. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022086
  • Alexander, J.E. ve Filler, R.C. (1976). Attitudes and reading. Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Ajzen, I., ve Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, ve M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173–221). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Allen, D.D. (2013). Attitude toward digital and print-based reading: A survey for elementary students [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida]. Scholar Commons. 4858. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4858/.
  • Anmarkrud, Ø., ve Bråten, I. (2009). Motivation for reading comprehension. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(2), 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2008.09.002
  • Askov, E. N., ve Fischbach, T. J. (1973). An Investigation of primary pupils’ attitudes toward reading. The Journal of Experimental Education, 41(3), 1-7. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20150861
  • Aydemir, Z., ¨Öztürk, E., ve Horzum, M. B. (2013). The effect of reading from screen on the 5th grade elementary students’ level of reading comprehension on informative and narrative type of texts. Educational Sciences: Theory ve Practice, 13, 2272–2276. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2013.4.1294
  • Barnett, J. E., ve Irwin, L. (1994). The effects of classroom activities on elementary students' reading attitudes. Reading Improvement, 31(2), 113.
  • Baron, N. S. (2015). Words onscreen: The fate of reading in a digital world. Oxford University Press.
  • Barron, P. (2011). E-readers in the classroom. Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy, 22(1), 133–138
  • Borokhovski, E., Pickup, D., El Saadi, L., Rabah, J., ve Tamim, R. M. (2018). Gender and ICT: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Commonwealth of Learning.
  • Brandle, S., Katz, S., Hays, A., Beth, A., Cooney, C., DiSanto, J., Miles, L., Morrison, A. (2019). But what do the students think: results of the CUNY cross-campus zero textbook cost student survey. Open Praxis, 11 (1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.11.1.932.
  • Bresó-Grancha, N., Jorques-Infante, M. J., ve Moret-Tatay, C. (2022). Reading digital- versus print-easy texts: a study with university students who prefer digital sources. Psicol. Refl. Crít. 35, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-022-00212-4
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak-Kılıç, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (13. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Cai, Z., Fan, X., ve Du, J. (2017). Gender and attitudes toward technology use: A metaanalysis. Computers ve Education, 105, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compedu.2016.11.003.
  • Chall, J. (1983). Stages of reading development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Chiu, M. M., ve Chow, B. W.-Y. (2015). Classmate characteristics and student achievement in 33 countries: Classmates’ past achievement, family socioeconomic status, educational resources, and attitudes toward reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(1), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036897
  • Ciğerci, F. M., Kesik, C., ve Yıldırım, M. (2022). The Attitude toward (digital and print-based) reading scale: An adaptation, validity, and reliability study. Journal of Mother Tongue Education, 10(3), 530-546. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.1097755
  • Clinton, V. (2019). Reading from paper compared to screens: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Research in Reading, 42(2), 288–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12269
  • Clinton-Lisell, V., Taylor, T., Carlson, S.E., Davison, M.L., Seipel, B. (2022). Performance on reading comprehension assessments and college achievement: a meta-analysis. J. College Read. Learn. 52 (3), 191–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10790195.2022.2062626
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Erlbaum.
  • Coiro, J. (2012). Understanding dispositions toward reading on the Internet. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 55(7), 645–648. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41827751?seq=1
  • Coiro, J., Knobel, M., Lankshear, C., ve Leu, D. J. (2008). Central issues in new literacies and new literacies research. In J. Coiro, M. Knobel, C. Lankshear, ve D. J. Leu (Eds.), The handbook of research on new literacies (pp. 1–22). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coles, M., ve Hall, C. (2002). Gendered readings: Learning from children’s reading choices. Journal of Research in Reading, 25(1), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.00161.
  • Conradi, K., Jang, B. G., Bryant, C., Craft, A., ve McKenna, M. C. (2013). Measuring adolescents' attitudes toward reading A: classroom survey. Journal of Adolescent ve Adult Literacy, 56(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/JAAL.183
  • Cullinan, B. E. (1987). Children’s literature in the reading program. Newark: International Reading Association.
  • Daniel, D. ve Woody, W. (2013). E-textbooks at what cost? Performance and use of electronic v. print texts. Computers ve Education, 62, 18–23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.016.
  • Delgado, P., ve Salmerón, L. (2022). Cognitive effort in text processing and reading comprehension in print and on tablet: An eye-tracking study. Discourse Processes, 59(4), 237-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2022.2030157
  • Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., ve Salmerón, L. (2018). Don’t throw away your printed books: A meta-analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension. Educational Research Review, 25, 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.003
  • Eijansantos, A. M., Alieto, E. O., Ram, J. D., ve Rama, C. D. (2020). Print-based texts or digitized versions: An attitudinal investigation among senior high school students. Asian EFL Journal, 27(2–3), 308–339. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3615800
  • Eyre, J., Berg, M., Mazengarb, J., ve Lawes, E. (2017). Mode equivalency in PAT: Reading comprehension. Wellington: NZCER. http://www.nzcer.org.nz/system/files/ PAT%20Modes_report.pdf.
  • Foasberg, N. M. (2014, September). Student reading practices in print and electronic media. College ve Research Libraries, 75(5),705-723. https://doi.org/10.5860/ crl.75.5.705
  • Furenes, M. I., Kucirkova, N., ve Bus, A. G. (2021). A comparison of children’s reading on paper versus screen: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 91(4), 483–517. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654321998074
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8. ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
  • Ghaith, G. M., ve Bouzeineddine, A. R. (2003). Relationship between reading attitudes, achievement, and learners' perceptions of their Jigsaw II cooperative learning experience. Reading Psychology, 24(2), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702710308234
  • Gnambs, T. (2021). The development of gender differences in information and communication technology (ICT) literacy in middle adolescence. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106533
  • Golan, D. D., Barzillai, M., ve Katzir, T. (2018). The effect of presentation mode on children's reading preferences, performance, and self-evaluations. Computers ve Education, 126, 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.08.001
  • Gunobgunob-Mirasol, R. (2020). A survey of grade 5 and 6 pupils’ attitudes toward reading. Reading Psychology, 41(3), 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2020.1768982
  • Halamish, V., ve Elbaz, E. (2020). Children's reading comprehension and metacomprehension on screen versus on paper. Computers ve Education, 145, 103737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103737
  • Hancock, G., Schmidt-Daly, T., Fanfarelli, J., Wolfe, J. ve Szalma, J. (2016). Is e-reader technology killing or kindling the reading experience? Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications,24(1), 25–30 https://doi.org/10.1177/1064804615611269.
  • He, Z., Shao, S., Zhou, J., Ke, J., Kong, R., Guo, S., ... ve Song, R. (2014). Does long time spending on the electronic devices affect the reading abilities? A cross-sectional study among Chinese school-aged children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12), 3645-3654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.037
  • Hou, J., Rashid, J., ve Lee, K. M. (2017). Cognitive map or medium materiality? Reading on paper and screen. Computers in Human Behavior, 67, 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.014
  • Huang, Y.-M., Liang, T.-H., Su, Y.-N., ve Chen, N.-S. (2012). Empowering personalized learning with an interactive e-book learning system for elementary school students. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60(4), 703–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-012-9237-6
  • Hyman, J., Moser, M. ve Segala, L. (2014). Electronic reading and digital library technologies: Understanding learner expectation and usage intent for mobile learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 62(1), 35–52 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-013-9330-5.
  • IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 25.0. IBM Corp.
  • Jang, B. G., ve Henretty, D. (2019). Understanding multiple profiles of reading attitudes. Middle School Journal, 50(3), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940771.2019.1603803
  • Jang, B.G., Ryoo, J.H. ve Smith, K.C. (2021). Latent profiles of attitudes toward print and digital reading among adolescents. Reading and Writing, 34, 1115-1139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-020-10104-7
  • Jeong, H. (2012). A comparison of the influence of electronic books and paper books on reading comprehension, eye fatigue, and perception. The Electronic Library, 30(3), 390–408. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 02640471211241663
  • Jeong, Y. J., ve Gweon, G. (2021). Advantages of print reading over screen reading: A comparison of visual patterns, reading performance, and reading attitudes across paper, computers, and tablets. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 37(17), 1674-1684.https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1908668
  • Katzir, T., Lesaux, N. K., ve Kim, Y. S. (2009). The role of reading self-concept and home literacy practices in fourth grade reading comprehension. Journal of Reading and Writing, 22(3), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-007-9112-8
  • Kerr, M. A., ve Symons, S. E. (2006). Computerized presentation of text: Effects on children’s reading of informational material. Reading and Writing, 19(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-003-8128-y
  • Kingston, N. M. (2009). Comparability of computer- and paper-administered multiple-choice tests for K-12 populations: A synthesis. Applied Measurement in Education, 22(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/08957340802558326
  • Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kinzer, C.K. and Leu, D.J. (2016). new literacies, New Literacies. In: Peters, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-532-7_111-1
  • Kirby, J. R., Ball, A., Geier, B. K., Parrila, R., ve Wade-Woolley, L. (2011). The development of reading interest and its relation to reading ability. Journal of Research in Reading, 34(3), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 9817.2010.01439.x
  • Kline, T. J. B. (2005). Psychological testing, a practical approach to design and evaluation. Sage Publications.
  • Kolić-Vehovec, S., Zubković, B. R., ve Pahljina-Reinić, R. (2014). Development of metacognitive knowledge of reading strategies and attitudes toward reading in early adolescence: The effect on reading comprehension. Psihologijske Teme, 23(1), 77–98.
  • Kong, Y., Seo, Y. S., ve Zhai, L. (2018). Comparison of reading performance on screen and on paper: A meta-analysis. Computers ve Education, 123, 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.05.005
  • Köpper, M., Mayr, S., ve Buchner, A. (2016). Reading from computer screen versus reading from paper: Does it still make a difference? Ergonomics, 59(5), 615–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1100757
  • Kretzschmar, F., Pleimling, D., Hosemann, J., Füssel, S., Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I., ve Schlesewsky, M. (2013). Subjective impressions do not mirror online reading effort: concurrent EEG-eyetracking evidence from the reading of books and digital media. PloS One, 8(2), e56178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056178
  • Kush, J. C., ve Watkins, M. W. (1996). Long-term stability of children’s attitudes toward reading. The Journal of Educational Research, 89(5), 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1996.9941333
  • Kush, J. C., Watkins, M. W., ve Brookhart, S. M. (2005). The Temporal-ınteractive influence of reading achievement and reading attitude. Educational Research and Evaluation, 11(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803610500110141
  • Lankshear, C., ve Knobel, M. (2011). New literacies: Everyday practices and social learning (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Open University Press
  • Latini, N., ve Bråten, I. (2022). Strategic text processing across mediums: A verbal protocol study. Reading Research Quarterly, 57(2), 493-514. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.418
  • Leu, D. J., Jr., Kinzer, C. K., Coiro, J., ve Cammack, D. (2004). Toward a theory of new literacies emerging from the internet and other information and communication technologies. In R. B. Ruddell ve N. Unrau (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (5th ed., pp. 1568– 1611). Newark, DE: International Reading Association
  • Leu, D. J., Kinzer, C. K., Coiro, J., Castek, J., ve Henry, L. A. (2013). New literacies: A dual-level theory of the changing nature of literacy instruction and assessment. In D. E. Alvermann, R. B. Ruddell, ve N. Unrau (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (6th ed., pp. 1150– 1181). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
  • Ley, T. C., Schaer, B. B., and Dismukes, B. W. (1994). Longitudinal study of the reading attitudes and behaviors of middle school students. Read. Psychol. 15, 11-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/0270271940150102
  • Liu, Z. (2005). Reading behavior in the digital environment: Changes in reading behavior over the past ten years. Journal of Documentation, 61 (6), 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410510632040
  • Logan, S., ve Johnston, R. (2009). Gender differences in reading ability and attitudes: Examining where these differences lie. Journal of Research in Reading, 32(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2008.01389.x.
  • Loh, C., ve Sun, B. (2019). "I'd still prefer to read the hard copy": Adolescents' print and digital reading habits. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 62(6), 663-672.https://www.jstor.org/stable/48554925
  • Lupo, S., Jang, B.G., ve McKenna, M. (2017). The relationship between reading achievement and attitudes toward print and digital texts in adolescent readers. Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice, 66(1), 264–278. https ://doi.org/10.1177/23813 36917 719254
  • Magen, H. (2017). The relations between executive functions, media multitasking and polychronicity. Computers in Human Behavior, 67, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.011
  • Mangen, A., ve Kuiken, D. (2014). Lost in an iPad: Narrative engagement on paper and tablet. Scientifc Study of Literature, 4(2), 150–177. https://doi. org/10.1075/ssol.4.2.02man
  • Mangen, A., Walgermo, B. R., ve Brønnick, K. (2013). Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension. International Journal of Educational Research, 58, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2012.12.002
  • Margolin, S. J., Driscoll, C., Toland, M. J., ve Kegler, J. L. (2013). E‐readers, computer screens, or paper: Does reading comprehension change across media platforms? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27(4), 512–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2930
  • Marinak, B. A., ve Gambrell, L. B. (2010). Reading motivation: Exploring the elementary gender gap. Literacy Research and Instruction, 49(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388070902803795
  • Martínez, R., Aricak, O., ve Jewell, J. (2008). Influence of reading attitude on reading achievement: a test of the temporal-interaction model. Psychology in the Schools, 45, 1010–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-013-9245-z
  • McCrea-Andrews, H. J. (2014). A comparison of adolescents’ digital and print reading experiences: Does mode matter? (Doctoral dissertation). http://tigerprints.clemson. edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2337vecontext=all_dissertations.
  • McGeown, S. P., Norgate, R., ve Warhurst, A. (2012). Exploring intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation among very good and very poor readers. Educational Research, 54, 309-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2012.710089
  • McGeown, S., Johnston, R.S., Walker, J., Howatson, K., Stockburn, A., ve Dufton, P. (2015). The relationship between young children’s enjoyment of learning to read, reading attitudes, confidence and attainment. Educational Research, 57(4), 389-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2015.1091234
  • McKenna, M. C., Conradi, K., Lawrence, C., Jang, B. G., ve Meyer, J. P. (2012). Reading attitudes of middle school students: Results of a U.S. Survey. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(3), 283–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.021
  • McKenna, M. C., Kear, D. J., ve Ellsworth, R. A. (1995). Children’s attitudes toward reading: A national survey. Reading Research Quarterly, 30(4), 934–956. https://doi.org/10.2307/748205
  • Miranda, A. M., Nunes-Pereira, E. J., Baskaran, K., ve Macedo, A. F. (2018). Eye movements, convergence distance and pupil-size when reading from smartphone, computer, print and tablet. Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science, 11(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5384/sjovs.vol11i1p1-5
  • Mizrachi, D., Salaz, A. M., Kurbanoglu, S., Boustany, J., ve ARFIS Research Group. (2018). Academic reading format preferences and behaviors among university students worldwide: A comparative survey analysis. PLoS ONE, 13(5), Article e0197444. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197444
  • Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., ve Hooper, M. (2017). PIRLS 2016 International Results in Reading. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College. http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2016/international-results/
  • Nevo, E., Vaknin-Nusbaum, V., ve Gambrell, L. (2019). Reading motivation in kindergartners and 1st-graders. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 33(4), 610–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2019.1647316
  • Nonte, S., Hartwich, L. ve Willems, A.S.(2018). Promoting reading attitudes of girls and boys: a new challenge for educational policy? Multi-group analyses across four European countries. Large-scale Assessments in Education, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-018-0057-y
  • Nootens, P., Morin, M. F., Alamargot, D., Gonçalves, C., Venet, M., ve Labrecque, A. M. (2019). Differences in attitudes toward reading: A survey of pupils in grades 5 to 8. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2773. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02773
  • O'Brien, D., Beach, R., ve Scharber, C. (2007). “Struggling” middle schoolers: Engagement and literate competence in a reading writing intervention class. Reading Psychology, 28(1), 51-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702710601115463
  • OECD. (2016). PISA 2015 results (volume I): Excellence and equity in education. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264266490-en
  • Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using the SPSS program (4th ed.). Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen ve Unwin.
  • Petscher, Y. (2010). A meta-analysis of the relationship between student attitudes towards reading and achievement in reading. Journal of Research in Reading, 33(4), 335–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2009.01418.x.
  • Picton, I. (2014). The impact of e-books on the reading motivation and reading skills of children and young people: A rapid literature review. London: National Literacy Trust https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED560635.
  • Porion, A., Aparicio, X., Megalakaki, O., Robert, A., ve Baccino, T. (2016). The impact of paper-based versus computerized presentation on text comprehension and memorization. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.002.
  • Putman, S. M. (2014). Exploring dispositions toward online reading: Analyzing the survey of online reading attitudes and behaviors. Reading Psychology, 35(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2012.664250
  • Putro, N. H. P. S., ve Lee, J. (2017). Reading interest in a digital age. Reading Psychology, 38(8), 778–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2017.1341966
  • Quinn, J. M., ve Wagner, R. K. (2015). Gender differences in reading impairment and in the identification of impaired readers: Results from a large-scale study of at-risk readers. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48(4), 433–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0022219413508323
  • Salmerón, L., Delgado, P., Vargas, C., ve Gil, L. (2021). Tablets for all? Testing the screen inferiority effect with upper primary school students. Learning and Individual Differences, 86, 101975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2021. 101975
  • Sang, Y. (2017). Expanded territories of ‘literacy’: New literacies and multiliteracies. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(8), 16–19. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1139059.pdf
  • Shenoy, P., ve Aithal, P. S. (2016). A study on history of paper and possible paper free world. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 6(1), 337-355. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2779181.
  • Smith, M. C. (1990). A longitudinal ınvestigation of reading attitude development from childhood to adulthood. The Journal of Educational Research, 83(4), 215–219. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27540386
  • Spence, C. (2020). The multisensory experience of handling and reading books. Multisensory Research, 33(8), 902–928. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10015
  • Spencer, M., Richmond, M.C., ve Cutting, L.E. (2020). Considering the role of executive function in reading comprehension: A structural equation modeling approach. Scientific Studies of Reading, 24, 179-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2019.1643868
  • Sperling, R. A., ve Head, D. M. (2002). Reading attitudes and literacy skills in prekindergarten and kindergarten children. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(4), 233–236. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015129623552
  • Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21(4), 360–407. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.21.4.1
  • Stiegler-Balfour, J. J., Roberts, Z. S., LaChance, A. S., Sahouria, A. M., ve Newborough, E. D. (2023). Is reading under print and digital conditions really equivalent? Differences in reading and recall of expository text for higher and lower ability comprehenders. International Jurnal of Human-Computer Studies, 176, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103036
  • Støle, H., Mangen, A., ve Schwippert, K. (2020). Assessing children’s reading comprehension on paper and screen: A mode-effect study. Computers ve Education, 151, 103861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103861
  • Strouse, G. A., ve Ganea, P. A. (2017). A print book preference: Caregivers report higher child enjoyment and more adult–child interactions when reading print than electronic books. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 12, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2017.02.001
  • Sung, Y.Y.C. and Chiu, D.K.W. (2022). E-book or print book: parents' current view in Hong Kong. Library Hi Tech, 40 (5) 289-1304. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-09-2020-0230
  • Tabachnick, B. G., ve Fidell, L. D. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • TUİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) (2021). Research on the use of information technologies in children. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132
  • Ulvinen, E., Psyridou, M., Lerkkanen, M. K., Poikkeus, A. M., Siekkinen, M., ve Torppa, M. (2024). Developmental leisure reading profiles and their association with reading skills across Grades 1–9. Learning and Individual Differences, 109, 102387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102387
  • van der Sande, L., Dobber, M., van Schaik, J. E., ve van Steensel, R. (2023). Attitudes towards reading amongst kindergarten and Grade 1 children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 31(3), 399-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2022.2108096
  • Vujic, A. (2017). Switching on or switching off? Everyday computer use as a predictor of sustained attention and cognitive reflection. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 152–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.040
  • Wallbrown, F. H., Levine, M. A., ve Engin, A. W. (1981). Sex differences in reading attitudes. Reading Improvement, 18(3), 226.
  • West, J. A. (2019). Using new literacies theory as a lens for analyzing technology-mediated literacy classrooms. E-Learning and Digital Media, 16(2), 151-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753019828355
  • Wigfield, A., ve Guthrie, J. T. (1997). Relations of children’s motivation for reading to the amount and breadth or their reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 420–432. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.89.3.420
  • Wigfield, A., Gladstone, J., ve Turci, L. (2016). Beyond cognition: Reading motivation and reading comprehension. Child Development Perspectives, 10(3), 190-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12184.
  • Wolf, M. (2018). Reader, come home: The reading brain in a digital world. Harper
  • Zambarbieri, D., ve Carniglia, E. (2012). Eye movement analysis of reading from computer displays, eReaders and printed books. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 32(5), 390–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2012.00930.x

İlkokul Çocuklarının Basılı Kitap, E-okuyucu ve İnternetten Okumaya Yönelik Tutumlarının Karşılaştırılması

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 664 - 692, 29.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1733280

Abstract

Giderek daha yaygınlaşan dijital cihazlardan okumanın geleneksel basılı materyallerin yerini aldığı günümüzde, ilkokul çocuklarının basılı ve dijital okumaya yönelik tutumlarının tespit edilmesi ve okuma öğretiminin öğrencilerin duygusal ihtiyaçlarına göre düzenlenmesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı ilkokul öğrencilerinin basılı kitap, e-okuyucu ve internetten okumaya yönelik tutumlarını incelemektir. Ayrıca sınıf düzeyi, cinsiyet ve internette geçirilen sürenin basılı kitap, e-okuyuculardan ve internetten okumaya yönelik tutum üzerinde farklılık gösterip göstermediği araştırılmıştır. Çalışma grubunu 138 ilkokul öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda öğrencilerin basılı okumaya yönelik tutumları hem e-okuyucu hem de internetten okumaya yönelik tutumlarına göre anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur. Ancak e-okuyuculardan ve internetten okumaya yönelik tutumlar da pozitiftir. Cinsiyet basılı kitap, e-okuyucu ve internetten okumaya yönelik tutumları üzerinde anlamlı bir farklılık yaratmamıştır. Bununla birlikte sınıf düzeyi ilerledikçe öğrencilerin e-okuyuculardan ve internetten okumaya yönelik tutumları olumsuzlaşmış ancak basılı okumaya yönelik tutumları değişmemiştir. Son olarak internette daha fazla zaman geçiren öğrencilerin basılı okumaya yönelik tutumları daha düşüktür.

References

  • Ackerman, R., ve Goldsmith, M. (2011). Metacognitive regulation of text learning: On screen versus on paper. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022086
  • Alexander, J.E. ve Filler, R.C. (1976). Attitudes and reading. Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Ajzen, I., ve Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, ve M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173–221). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Allen, D.D. (2013). Attitude toward digital and print-based reading: A survey for elementary students [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida]. Scholar Commons. 4858. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4858/.
  • Anmarkrud, Ø., ve Bråten, I. (2009). Motivation for reading comprehension. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(2), 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2008.09.002
  • Askov, E. N., ve Fischbach, T. J. (1973). An Investigation of primary pupils’ attitudes toward reading. The Journal of Experimental Education, 41(3), 1-7. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20150861
  • Aydemir, Z., ¨Öztürk, E., ve Horzum, M. B. (2013). The effect of reading from screen on the 5th grade elementary students’ level of reading comprehension on informative and narrative type of texts. Educational Sciences: Theory ve Practice, 13, 2272–2276. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2013.4.1294
  • Barnett, J. E., ve Irwin, L. (1994). The effects of classroom activities on elementary students' reading attitudes. Reading Improvement, 31(2), 113.
  • Baron, N. S. (2015). Words onscreen: The fate of reading in a digital world. Oxford University Press.
  • Barron, P. (2011). E-readers in the classroom. Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy, 22(1), 133–138
  • Borokhovski, E., Pickup, D., El Saadi, L., Rabah, J., ve Tamim, R. M. (2018). Gender and ICT: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Commonwealth of Learning.
  • Brandle, S., Katz, S., Hays, A., Beth, A., Cooney, C., DiSanto, J., Miles, L., Morrison, A. (2019). But what do the students think: results of the CUNY cross-campus zero textbook cost student survey. Open Praxis, 11 (1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.11.1.932.
  • Bresó-Grancha, N., Jorques-Infante, M. J., ve Moret-Tatay, C. (2022). Reading digital- versus print-easy texts: a study with university students who prefer digital sources. Psicol. Refl. Crít. 35, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-022-00212-4
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak-Kılıç, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (13. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Cai, Z., Fan, X., ve Du, J. (2017). Gender and attitudes toward technology use: A metaanalysis. Computers ve Education, 105, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compedu.2016.11.003.
  • Chall, J. (1983). Stages of reading development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Chiu, M. M., ve Chow, B. W.-Y. (2015). Classmate characteristics and student achievement in 33 countries: Classmates’ past achievement, family socioeconomic status, educational resources, and attitudes toward reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(1), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036897
  • Ciğerci, F. M., Kesik, C., ve Yıldırım, M. (2022). The Attitude toward (digital and print-based) reading scale: An adaptation, validity, and reliability study. Journal of Mother Tongue Education, 10(3), 530-546. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.1097755
  • Clinton, V. (2019). Reading from paper compared to screens: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Research in Reading, 42(2), 288–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12269
  • Clinton-Lisell, V., Taylor, T., Carlson, S.E., Davison, M.L., Seipel, B. (2022). Performance on reading comprehension assessments and college achievement: a meta-analysis. J. College Read. Learn. 52 (3), 191–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10790195.2022.2062626
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Erlbaum.
  • Coiro, J. (2012). Understanding dispositions toward reading on the Internet. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 55(7), 645–648. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41827751?seq=1
  • Coiro, J., Knobel, M., Lankshear, C., ve Leu, D. J. (2008). Central issues in new literacies and new literacies research. In J. Coiro, M. Knobel, C. Lankshear, ve D. J. Leu (Eds.), The handbook of research on new literacies (pp. 1–22). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coles, M., ve Hall, C. (2002). Gendered readings: Learning from children’s reading choices. Journal of Research in Reading, 25(1), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.00161.
  • Conradi, K., Jang, B. G., Bryant, C., Craft, A., ve McKenna, M. C. (2013). Measuring adolescents' attitudes toward reading A: classroom survey. Journal of Adolescent ve Adult Literacy, 56(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/JAAL.183
  • Cullinan, B. E. (1987). Children’s literature in the reading program. Newark: International Reading Association.
  • Daniel, D. ve Woody, W. (2013). E-textbooks at what cost? Performance and use of electronic v. print texts. Computers ve Education, 62, 18–23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.016.
  • Delgado, P., ve Salmerón, L. (2022). Cognitive effort in text processing and reading comprehension in print and on tablet: An eye-tracking study. Discourse Processes, 59(4), 237-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2022.2030157
  • Delgado, P., Vargas, C., Ackerman, R., ve Salmerón, L. (2018). Don’t throw away your printed books: A meta-analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension. Educational Research Review, 25, 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.003
  • Eijansantos, A. M., Alieto, E. O., Ram, J. D., ve Rama, C. D. (2020). Print-based texts or digitized versions: An attitudinal investigation among senior high school students. Asian EFL Journal, 27(2–3), 308–339. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3615800
  • Eyre, J., Berg, M., Mazengarb, J., ve Lawes, E. (2017). Mode equivalency in PAT: Reading comprehension. Wellington: NZCER. http://www.nzcer.org.nz/system/files/ PAT%20Modes_report.pdf.
  • Foasberg, N. M. (2014, September). Student reading practices in print and electronic media. College ve Research Libraries, 75(5),705-723. https://doi.org/10.5860/ crl.75.5.705
  • Furenes, M. I., Kucirkova, N., ve Bus, A. G. (2021). A comparison of children’s reading on paper versus screen: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 91(4), 483–517. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654321998074
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8. ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
  • Ghaith, G. M., ve Bouzeineddine, A. R. (2003). Relationship between reading attitudes, achievement, and learners' perceptions of their Jigsaw II cooperative learning experience. Reading Psychology, 24(2), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702710308234
  • Gnambs, T. (2021). The development of gender differences in information and communication technology (ICT) literacy in middle adolescence. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106533
  • Golan, D. D., Barzillai, M., ve Katzir, T. (2018). The effect of presentation mode on children's reading preferences, performance, and self-evaluations. Computers ve Education, 126, 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.08.001
  • Gunobgunob-Mirasol, R. (2020). A survey of grade 5 and 6 pupils’ attitudes toward reading. Reading Psychology, 41(3), 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2020.1768982
  • Halamish, V., ve Elbaz, E. (2020). Children's reading comprehension and metacomprehension on screen versus on paper. Computers ve Education, 145, 103737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103737
  • Hancock, G., Schmidt-Daly, T., Fanfarelli, J., Wolfe, J. ve Szalma, J. (2016). Is e-reader technology killing or kindling the reading experience? Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications,24(1), 25–30 https://doi.org/10.1177/1064804615611269.
  • He, Z., Shao, S., Zhou, J., Ke, J., Kong, R., Guo, S., ... ve Song, R. (2014). Does long time spending on the electronic devices affect the reading abilities? A cross-sectional study among Chinese school-aged children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12), 3645-3654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.037
  • Hou, J., Rashid, J., ve Lee, K. M. (2017). Cognitive map or medium materiality? Reading on paper and screen. Computers in Human Behavior, 67, 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.014
  • Huang, Y.-M., Liang, T.-H., Su, Y.-N., ve Chen, N.-S. (2012). Empowering personalized learning with an interactive e-book learning system for elementary school students. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60(4), 703–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-012-9237-6
  • Hyman, J., Moser, M. ve Segala, L. (2014). Electronic reading and digital library technologies: Understanding learner expectation and usage intent for mobile learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 62(1), 35–52 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-013-9330-5.
  • IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 25.0. IBM Corp.
  • Jang, B. G., ve Henretty, D. (2019). Understanding multiple profiles of reading attitudes. Middle School Journal, 50(3), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940771.2019.1603803
  • Jang, B.G., Ryoo, J.H. ve Smith, K.C. (2021). Latent profiles of attitudes toward print and digital reading among adolescents. Reading and Writing, 34, 1115-1139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-020-10104-7
  • Jeong, H. (2012). A comparison of the influence of electronic books and paper books on reading comprehension, eye fatigue, and perception. The Electronic Library, 30(3), 390–408. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 02640471211241663
  • Jeong, Y. J., ve Gweon, G. (2021). Advantages of print reading over screen reading: A comparison of visual patterns, reading performance, and reading attitudes across paper, computers, and tablets. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 37(17), 1674-1684.https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1908668
  • Katzir, T., Lesaux, N. K., ve Kim, Y. S. (2009). The role of reading self-concept and home literacy practices in fourth grade reading comprehension. Journal of Reading and Writing, 22(3), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-007-9112-8
  • Kerr, M. A., ve Symons, S. E. (2006). Computerized presentation of text: Effects on children’s reading of informational material. Reading and Writing, 19(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-003-8128-y
  • Kingston, N. M. (2009). Comparability of computer- and paper-administered multiple-choice tests for K-12 populations: A synthesis. Applied Measurement in Education, 22(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/08957340802558326
  • Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kinzer, C.K. and Leu, D.J. (2016). new literacies, New Literacies. In: Peters, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-532-7_111-1
  • Kirby, J. R., Ball, A., Geier, B. K., Parrila, R., ve Wade-Woolley, L. (2011). The development of reading interest and its relation to reading ability. Journal of Research in Reading, 34(3), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 9817.2010.01439.x
  • Kline, T. J. B. (2005). Psychological testing, a practical approach to design and evaluation. Sage Publications.
  • Kolić-Vehovec, S., Zubković, B. R., ve Pahljina-Reinić, R. (2014). Development of metacognitive knowledge of reading strategies and attitudes toward reading in early adolescence: The effect on reading comprehension. Psihologijske Teme, 23(1), 77–98.
  • Kong, Y., Seo, Y. S., ve Zhai, L. (2018). Comparison of reading performance on screen and on paper: A meta-analysis. Computers ve Education, 123, 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.05.005
  • Köpper, M., Mayr, S., ve Buchner, A. (2016). Reading from computer screen versus reading from paper: Does it still make a difference? Ergonomics, 59(5), 615–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1100757
  • Kretzschmar, F., Pleimling, D., Hosemann, J., Füssel, S., Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I., ve Schlesewsky, M. (2013). Subjective impressions do not mirror online reading effort: concurrent EEG-eyetracking evidence from the reading of books and digital media. PloS One, 8(2), e56178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056178
  • Kush, J. C., ve Watkins, M. W. (1996). Long-term stability of children’s attitudes toward reading. The Journal of Educational Research, 89(5), 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1996.9941333
  • Kush, J. C., Watkins, M. W., ve Brookhart, S. M. (2005). The Temporal-ınteractive influence of reading achievement and reading attitude. Educational Research and Evaluation, 11(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803610500110141
  • Lankshear, C., ve Knobel, M. (2011). New literacies: Everyday practices and social learning (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Open University Press
  • Latini, N., ve Bråten, I. (2022). Strategic text processing across mediums: A verbal protocol study. Reading Research Quarterly, 57(2), 493-514. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.418
  • Leu, D. J., Jr., Kinzer, C. K., Coiro, J., ve Cammack, D. (2004). Toward a theory of new literacies emerging from the internet and other information and communication technologies. In R. B. Ruddell ve N. Unrau (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (5th ed., pp. 1568– 1611). Newark, DE: International Reading Association
  • Leu, D. J., Kinzer, C. K., Coiro, J., Castek, J., ve Henry, L. A. (2013). New literacies: A dual-level theory of the changing nature of literacy instruction and assessment. In D. E. Alvermann, R. B. Ruddell, ve N. Unrau (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (6th ed., pp. 1150– 1181). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
  • Ley, T. C., Schaer, B. B., and Dismukes, B. W. (1994). Longitudinal study of the reading attitudes and behaviors of middle school students. Read. Psychol. 15, 11-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/0270271940150102
  • Liu, Z. (2005). Reading behavior in the digital environment: Changes in reading behavior over the past ten years. Journal of Documentation, 61 (6), 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410510632040
  • Logan, S., ve Johnston, R. (2009). Gender differences in reading ability and attitudes: Examining where these differences lie. Journal of Research in Reading, 32(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2008.01389.x.
  • Loh, C., ve Sun, B. (2019). "I'd still prefer to read the hard copy": Adolescents' print and digital reading habits. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 62(6), 663-672.https://www.jstor.org/stable/48554925
  • Lupo, S., Jang, B.G., ve McKenna, M. (2017). The relationship between reading achievement and attitudes toward print and digital texts in adolescent readers. Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice, 66(1), 264–278. https ://doi.org/10.1177/23813 36917 719254
  • Magen, H. (2017). The relations between executive functions, media multitasking and polychronicity. Computers in Human Behavior, 67, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.011
  • Mangen, A., ve Kuiken, D. (2014). Lost in an iPad: Narrative engagement on paper and tablet. Scientifc Study of Literature, 4(2), 150–177. https://doi. org/10.1075/ssol.4.2.02man
  • Mangen, A., Walgermo, B. R., ve Brønnick, K. (2013). Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension. International Journal of Educational Research, 58, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2012.12.002
  • Margolin, S. J., Driscoll, C., Toland, M. J., ve Kegler, J. L. (2013). E‐readers, computer screens, or paper: Does reading comprehension change across media platforms? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27(4), 512–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2930
  • Marinak, B. A., ve Gambrell, L. B. (2010). Reading motivation: Exploring the elementary gender gap. Literacy Research and Instruction, 49(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388070902803795
  • Martínez, R., Aricak, O., ve Jewell, J. (2008). Influence of reading attitude on reading achievement: a test of the temporal-interaction model. Psychology in the Schools, 45, 1010–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-013-9245-z
  • McCrea-Andrews, H. J. (2014). A comparison of adolescents’ digital and print reading experiences: Does mode matter? (Doctoral dissertation). http://tigerprints.clemson. edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2337vecontext=all_dissertations.
  • McGeown, S. P., Norgate, R., ve Warhurst, A. (2012). Exploring intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation among very good and very poor readers. Educational Research, 54, 309-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2012.710089
  • McGeown, S., Johnston, R.S., Walker, J., Howatson, K., Stockburn, A., ve Dufton, P. (2015). The relationship between young children’s enjoyment of learning to read, reading attitudes, confidence and attainment. Educational Research, 57(4), 389-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2015.1091234
  • McKenna, M. C., Conradi, K., Lawrence, C., Jang, B. G., ve Meyer, J. P. (2012). Reading attitudes of middle school students: Results of a U.S. Survey. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(3), 283–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.021
  • McKenna, M. C., Kear, D. J., ve Ellsworth, R. A. (1995). Children’s attitudes toward reading: A national survey. Reading Research Quarterly, 30(4), 934–956. https://doi.org/10.2307/748205
  • Miranda, A. M., Nunes-Pereira, E. J., Baskaran, K., ve Macedo, A. F. (2018). Eye movements, convergence distance and pupil-size when reading from smartphone, computer, print and tablet. Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science, 11(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5384/sjovs.vol11i1p1-5
  • Mizrachi, D., Salaz, A. M., Kurbanoglu, S., Boustany, J., ve ARFIS Research Group. (2018). Academic reading format preferences and behaviors among university students worldwide: A comparative survey analysis. PLoS ONE, 13(5), Article e0197444. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197444
  • Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., ve Hooper, M. (2017). PIRLS 2016 International Results in Reading. Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College. http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2016/international-results/
  • Nevo, E., Vaknin-Nusbaum, V., ve Gambrell, L. (2019). Reading motivation in kindergartners and 1st-graders. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 33(4), 610–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2019.1647316
  • Nonte, S., Hartwich, L. ve Willems, A.S.(2018). Promoting reading attitudes of girls and boys: a new challenge for educational policy? Multi-group analyses across four European countries. Large-scale Assessments in Education, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-018-0057-y
  • Nootens, P., Morin, M. F., Alamargot, D., Gonçalves, C., Venet, M., ve Labrecque, A. M. (2019). Differences in attitudes toward reading: A survey of pupils in grades 5 to 8. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2773. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02773
  • O'Brien, D., Beach, R., ve Scharber, C. (2007). “Struggling” middle schoolers: Engagement and literate competence in a reading writing intervention class. Reading Psychology, 28(1), 51-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702710601115463
  • OECD. (2016). PISA 2015 results (volume I): Excellence and equity in education. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264266490-en
  • Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using the SPSS program (4th ed.). Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen ve Unwin.
  • Petscher, Y. (2010). A meta-analysis of the relationship between student attitudes towards reading and achievement in reading. Journal of Research in Reading, 33(4), 335–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2009.01418.x.
  • Picton, I. (2014). The impact of e-books on the reading motivation and reading skills of children and young people: A rapid literature review. London: National Literacy Trust https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED560635.
  • Porion, A., Aparicio, X., Megalakaki, O., Robert, A., ve Baccino, T. (2016). The impact of paper-based versus computerized presentation on text comprehension and memorization. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.002.
  • Putman, S. M. (2014). Exploring dispositions toward online reading: Analyzing the survey of online reading attitudes and behaviors. Reading Psychology, 35(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2012.664250
  • Putro, N. H. P. S., ve Lee, J. (2017). Reading interest in a digital age. Reading Psychology, 38(8), 778–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2017.1341966
  • Quinn, J. M., ve Wagner, R. K. (2015). Gender differences in reading impairment and in the identification of impaired readers: Results from a large-scale study of at-risk readers. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 48(4), 433–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0022219413508323
  • Salmerón, L., Delgado, P., Vargas, C., ve Gil, L. (2021). Tablets for all? Testing the screen inferiority effect with upper primary school students. Learning and Individual Differences, 86, 101975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2021. 101975
  • Sang, Y. (2017). Expanded territories of ‘literacy’: New literacies and multiliteracies. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(8), 16–19. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1139059.pdf
  • Shenoy, P., ve Aithal, P. S. (2016). A study on history of paper and possible paper free world. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 6(1), 337-355. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2779181.
  • Smith, M. C. (1990). A longitudinal ınvestigation of reading attitude development from childhood to adulthood. The Journal of Educational Research, 83(4), 215–219. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27540386
  • Spence, C. (2020). The multisensory experience of handling and reading books. Multisensory Research, 33(8), 902–928. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10015
  • Spencer, M., Richmond, M.C., ve Cutting, L.E. (2020). Considering the role of executive function in reading comprehension: A structural equation modeling approach. Scientific Studies of Reading, 24, 179-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2019.1643868
  • Sperling, R. A., ve Head, D. M. (2002). Reading attitudes and literacy skills in prekindergarten and kindergarten children. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(4), 233–236. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015129623552
  • Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21(4), 360–407. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.21.4.1
  • Stiegler-Balfour, J. J., Roberts, Z. S., LaChance, A. S., Sahouria, A. M., ve Newborough, E. D. (2023). Is reading under print and digital conditions really equivalent? Differences in reading and recall of expository text for higher and lower ability comprehenders. International Jurnal of Human-Computer Studies, 176, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103036
  • Støle, H., Mangen, A., ve Schwippert, K. (2020). Assessing children’s reading comprehension on paper and screen: A mode-effect study. Computers ve Education, 151, 103861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103861
  • Strouse, G. A., ve Ganea, P. A. (2017). A print book preference: Caregivers report higher child enjoyment and more adult–child interactions when reading print than electronic books. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 12, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2017.02.001
  • Sung, Y.Y.C. and Chiu, D.K.W. (2022). E-book or print book: parents' current view in Hong Kong. Library Hi Tech, 40 (5) 289-1304. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-09-2020-0230
  • Tabachnick, B. G., ve Fidell, L. D. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • TUİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) (2021). Research on the use of information technologies in children. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132
  • Ulvinen, E., Psyridou, M., Lerkkanen, M. K., Poikkeus, A. M., Siekkinen, M., ve Torppa, M. (2024). Developmental leisure reading profiles and their association with reading skills across Grades 1–9. Learning and Individual Differences, 109, 102387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102387
  • van der Sande, L., Dobber, M., van Schaik, J. E., ve van Steensel, R. (2023). Attitudes towards reading amongst kindergarten and Grade 1 children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 31(3), 399-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2022.2108096
  • Vujic, A. (2017). Switching on or switching off? Everyday computer use as a predictor of sustained attention and cognitive reflection. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 152–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.040
  • Wallbrown, F. H., Levine, M. A., ve Engin, A. W. (1981). Sex differences in reading attitudes. Reading Improvement, 18(3), 226.
  • West, J. A. (2019). Using new literacies theory as a lens for analyzing technology-mediated literacy classrooms. E-Learning and Digital Media, 16(2), 151-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753019828355
  • Wigfield, A., ve Guthrie, J. T. (1997). Relations of children’s motivation for reading to the amount and breadth or their reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 420–432. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.89.3.420
  • Wigfield, A., Gladstone, J., ve Turci, L. (2016). Beyond cognition: Reading motivation and reading comprehension. Child Development Perspectives, 10(3), 190-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12184.
  • Wolf, M. (2018). Reader, come home: The reading brain in a digital world. Harper
  • Zambarbieri, D., ve Carniglia, E. (2012). Eye movement analysis of reading from computer displays, eReaders and printed books. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 32(5), 390–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2012.00930.x
There are 119 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Turkish Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Kocaarslan 0000-0003-3918-6589

Burçin Çetin Elsıkma 0000-0003-4157-3334

Early Pub Date October 29, 2025
Publication Date October 29, 2025
Submission Date July 2, 2025
Acceptance Date September 5, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kocaarslan, M., & Çetin Elsıkma, B. (2025). İlkokul Çocuklarının Basılı Kitap, E-okuyucu ve İnternetten Okumaya Yönelik Tutumlarının Karşılaştırılması. Dil Eğitimi Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 664-692. https://doi.org/10.31464/jlere.1733280