Research Article
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Year 2018, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 190 - 210, 15.12.2018

Abstract

References

  • Allan, G. (2003). A critique of using grounded theory as a research method. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 2(1), 1-10.
  • Aston, G. (2000). Corpora and language teaching. In L. Burnard and T. McEnery (Eds), Rethinking Language Pedagogy from a Corpus Perspective: Papers from the Third International Conference on Teaching and Language Corpora. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, pp. 7-17.
  • Aşık, A., Vural, A. S., & Akpınar, K. D. (2016). Lexical awareness and development through data driven learning: Attitudes and beliefs of EFL learners. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(3), 87–96. DOI:10.11114/jets.v4i3.1223
  • Aşık, A. (2017). A sample corpus integration in language teacher education through coursebook evaluation. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13(2), 728-740.
  • Boeije, H. (2002). A purposeful approach to the Constant Comparative Method in the analysis of qualitative interviews. Quality & Quantity, 36, 391–409.
  • Bonelli, E. T. (2010). Theoretical overview of the corpus linguistics. In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 14- 27.
  • Boulton, A. (2009). Data-driven learning: reasonable fears and rational reassurance. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 35(1), 81-106.
  • Boulton, A. (2010). Data-driven learning: taking the computer out of the equation. Language Learning, 60(3), 534-572. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00566.x
  • Braun, S. (2005). From pedagogically relevant corpora to authentic language learning contents. ReCALL, 17(1), 47-64.
  • Breyer, Y. (2009). Learning and teaching with corpora: reflections by student teachers. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 22(2), 153-172. DOI: 10.1080/09588220902778328
  • Chambers, A. (2010). What is data-driven learning? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 345- 358.
  • Chan, T. P., & Liou, H. C. (2005). Effects of web-based concordancing instruction on EFL students' learning of verb-noun collocations. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 18(3), 231-251.
  • Chen, H.-J.H. (2011). Developing and evaluating a web-based collocational retrieval tool for EFL students and teachers. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 24(1), 59-76. DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2010.526945
  • Cobb, T. (1997). Is there any measurable learning from hands-on concordancing? System, 25(3), 301–315.
  • Cobb, T. (1999). Breadth and depth of lexical acquisition with hands-on concordancing. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 12(4), 345–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/call.12.4.345.5699
  • Conrad, S. (2000). Will corpus revolutionize grammar teaching in the 21st century? TESOL Quarterly, 34(3), 548-560.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publishing.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
  • Daskalovska, N. (2015). Corpus-based versus traditional learning of collocations. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(2), 130-144. DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2013.803982
  • Davies, M. (2008-) The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): 560 million words, 1990-present. Available online at https://corpus.byu.edu/coca/
  • Farr, F. (2008). Evaluating the use of corpus-based instruction in a language teacher education context: perspectives from the users. Language Awareness, 17(1), 25-43. DOI: 10.2167/la414.0
  • Fligelstone, S. (1993). Some reflections on the question of teaching, from a corpus linguistics perspective. ICAME, 17, 97-109.
  • Fram, S.M. (2013). The Constant Comparative Analysis Method Outside of Grounded Theory. The Qualitative Report , 18(1), 1-25.
  • Frankenberg-Garcia, A. (2012). Raising teachers’ awareness of corpora. Language Teaching, 45(4), pp. 475- 489. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444810000480
  • Gaskell, D., & Cobb, T. (2004). Can learners use concordance feedback for writing errors? System, 32(3), 301–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2004.04.001
  • Gavioli, L. & Aston, G. (2001). Enriching reality: language corpora in language pedagogy. ELT Journal, 55(3), 238-246.
  • Gilmore, A. (2008). Using online corpora to develop students’ writing skills. ELT Journal, 63(4), 363-372.
  • Gilquin, G & Granger, S. (2010). How can data-driven learning be used in language teaching? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 359- 370.
  • Greaves, C & Warren, M. (2010). What can a corpus tell us about multi-word units? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 212- 226.
  • Hadley, G. (2002). An introduction to data-driven learning. RELC Journal, 33(2), 99-124.
  • Johns, T. (1991), Should you be persuaded?: Two examples of data-driven learning materials. English Language Research Journal, 4, pp. 1-16.
  • Kolb, D.A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Li, S. (2017). Using corpora to develop learners’ collocational competence. Language Learning & Technology, 21(3), 153–171.
  • Liu, D. (2013). Using corpora to help teach difficult-to-distinguish English words. English Teaching, 68(3), 27-50.
  • McCarthy, M. (2004). Touchstone: From Corpus to Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McCarthy, M. & O’Keeffe, A. (2010). Historical perspective: what are corpora and how have they evolved? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 3- 13.
  • McEnery, T. & Xiao, R. ( 2010). What corpora can offer in language teaching and learning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. London & New York: Routledge, pp. 364-380.
  • Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Moon, R. (2010). What can a corpus tell us about language? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 197- 211.
  • Mukherjee, J. (2004). Bridging the gap between applied corpus linguistics and the reality of English language teaching in Germany. In U. Connor and T. Upton (eds) Applied Corpus Linguistics: A Multi-dimensional Perspective. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp.239-250.
  • Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nunan, D. (1992). Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • O’Keefe, A., & Farr, F. (2003). Using language corpora in initial teacher education: Pedagogic issues and practical applications. TESOL Quarterly, 37(3), 389–418.
  • O’Keeffe, A., McCarty, M. & Carter, R. (2007). From Corpus to Classroom: Language Use and Language Teaching. New York: Cambridge.
  • O’Sullivan, I., & Chambers, A. (2006). Learners’ writing skills in French: Corpus consultation and learner evaluation. Journal of Second Language Writing, 15, 49-68.
  • Özbay, A. Ş. & Kayaoğlu, M. C. (2015). EFL teachers’ reflections towards the use of computerized corpora as a teaching tool in their classrooms. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(1), 85-104.
  • Paker, T. & Ergül-Özcan, Y. (2017). The Effectiveness of Using Corpus-Based Materials in Vocabulary Teaching. International Journal of Language Academy, 5(1), 62-81. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18033/ijla.3494
  • Richards, J. C. (1976). The role of vocabulary teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 10(1), 77–89. DOI: 10.2307/3585941
  • Römer, U. (2009). Corpus research and practice. In K. Aijmer (ed.) Corpora and Language Teaching. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp.83-98.
  • Römer, U. (2011). Corpus research applications in second language teaching. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 37, 205–225. DOI: 10.1017/S0267190511000055
  • Schmitt, N. & P.Meara (1997). Researching vocabulary through a word knowledge framework: word associations and verbal suffixes. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19(1), 17–36.
  • Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shaw, E. M. (2011). Teaching Vocabulary Through Data-driven Learning. Brigham Young University, USA.
  • Şimşek, T. (2016). Turkish EFL learners’ reflections on corpus-based language teaching. Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 6(1), 21-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v6i1
  • Tekin, B., & Soruç, A. (2016). Using Corpus-assisted learning activities to assist vocabulary development in English. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, Special Issue for INTE 2016, 1270–1283.
  • Varley, S. (2009). I'll just look that up in the concordancer: integrating corpus consultation into the language learning environment. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 22(2), 133-152. DOI: 10.1080/09588220902778294
  • Wilkins, D.A. (1972). Linguistics in Language Teaching. Australia: Edward Arnold.

Training teachers on corpus-based language pedagogy: Perceptions on using concordance lines in vocabulary instruction

Year 2018, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 190 - 210, 15.12.2018

Abstract























































Please fill up the following information accurately. (Please
use Times New Roman, 12 pt.


Training teachers on corpus-based language pedagogy: Perceptions on using concordance lines in vocabulary instruction



In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using concordance lines as part of corpus-based language pedagogy to enhance vocabulary instruction. However, teachers in various L2 teaching contexts may lack awareness on how to design and use concordance lines while teaching vocabulary, and they may need guidance in order to implement corpus-based language pedagogy effectively in their actual teaching practices. Based on this need, the present study aimed at offering training on the design and implementation of corpus-based materials in vocabulary instruction, and exploring teachers’ perceptions of using these materials in their classrooms. For these purposes, three EFL instructors at a Turkish state university participated in the study. Participants received a four-week training on corpus-linguistics, the use of corpus in L2 vocabulary learning and how to design and implement concordance lines to enhance their instruction. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, reflective logs and an open-ended questionnaire. Qualitative analyses revealed that EFL university instructors did not have prior knowledge about how to use corpus-based materials in vocabulary instruction before the study, and training increased their awareness on incorporating corpus-based language pedagogy into vocabulary instruction. Moreover, the participants perceived the implementation of the corpus-based materials beneficial for raising students’ awareness on specific vocabulary items as well. Nevertheless, the participants stated their concerns regarding the use of corpus-based language pedagogy due to challenges in using technology and designing corpus-based materials. The findings of this study may shed light on teachers’ classroom practices of corpus-based language pedagogy in vocabulary instruction.



Information about Author(s)*



Author 1



Author
(Last name, First name)



 Çalışkan, Gamze



Affiliated
institution (University)



 Anadolu University

Country



 Turkey



Email
address



 gkarasahin@anadolu.edu.tr

Department
& Rank



 School of Foreign Languages

Corresponding author (Yes/No)


Write only one corresponding author.



 No



Author 2



Author
(Last name, First name)



 Kuru Gönen, Safiye İpek



Affiliated
institution (University)



 Anadolu University



Country



 Turkey



Email
address



 ipekkuru@anadolu.edu.tr

Department
& Rank



 English Language Teaching



Corresponding
author (Yes/No)



 Yes



Author 3



Author
(Last name, First name)



 



Affiliated
institution (University)



 



Country



 



Email
address



 



Department
& Rank



 



Corresponding
author (Yes/No)



 



Author 4



Author
(Last name, First name)



 



Affiliated
institution (University)



 



Country



 



Email
address



 



Department
& Rank



 



Corresponding
author (Yes/No)



 



 


References

  • Allan, G. (2003). A critique of using grounded theory as a research method. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 2(1), 1-10.
  • Aston, G. (2000). Corpora and language teaching. In L. Burnard and T. McEnery (Eds), Rethinking Language Pedagogy from a Corpus Perspective: Papers from the Third International Conference on Teaching and Language Corpora. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, pp. 7-17.
  • Aşık, A., Vural, A. S., & Akpınar, K. D. (2016). Lexical awareness and development through data driven learning: Attitudes and beliefs of EFL learners. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(3), 87–96. DOI:10.11114/jets.v4i3.1223
  • Aşık, A. (2017). A sample corpus integration in language teacher education through coursebook evaluation. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13(2), 728-740.
  • Boeije, H. (2002). A purposeful approach to the Constant Comparative Method in the analysis of qualitative interviews. Quality & Quantity, 36, 391–409.
  • Bonelli, E. T. (2010). Theoretical overview of the corpus linguistics. In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 14- 27.
  • Boulton, A. (2009). Data-driven learning: reasonable fears and rational reassurance. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 35(1), 81-106.
  • Boulton, A. (2010). Data-driven learning: taking the computer out of the equation. Language Learning, 60(3), 534-572. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00566.x
  • Braun, S. (2005). From pedagogically relevant corpora to authentic language learning contents. ReCALL, 17(1), 47-64.
  • Breyer, Y. (2009). Learning and teaching with corpora: reflections by student teachers. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 22(2), 153-172. DOI: 10.1080/09588220902778328
  • Chambers, A. (2010). What is data-driven learning? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 345- 358.
  • Chan, T. P., & Liou, H. C. (2005). Effects of web-based concordancing instruction on EFL students' learning of verb-noun collocations. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 18(3), 231-251.
  • Chen, H.-J.H. (2011). Developing and evaluating a web-based collocational retrieval tool for EFL students and teachers. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 24(1), 59-76. DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2010.526945
  • Cobb, T. (1997). Is there any measurable learning from hands-on concordancing? System, 25(3), 301–315.
  • Cobb, T. (1999). Breadth and depth of lexical acquisition with hands-on concordancing. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 12(4), 345–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/call.12.4.345.5699
  • Conrad, S. (2000). Will corpus revolutionize grammar teaching in the 21st century? TESOL Quarterly, 34(3), 548-560.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publishing.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
  • Daskalovska, N. (2015). Corpus-based versus traditional learning of collocations. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(2), 130-144. DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2013.803982
  • Davies, M. (2008-) The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): 560 million words, 1990-present. Available online at https://corpus.byu.edu/coca/
  • Farr, F. (2008). Evaluating the use of corpus-based instruction in a language teacher education context: perspectives from the users. Language Awareness, 17(1), 25-43. DOI: 10.2167/la414.0
  • Fligelstone, S. (1993). Some reflections on the question of teaching, from a corpus linguistics perspective. ICAME, 17, 97-109.
  • Fram, S.M. (2013). The Constant Comparative Analysis Method Outside of Grounded Theory. The Qualitative Report , 18(1), 1-25.
  • Frankenberg-Garcia, A. (2012). Raising teachers’ awareness of corpora. Language Teaching, 45(4), pp. 475- 489. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444810000480
  • Gaskell, D., & Cobb, T. (2004). Can learners use concordance feedback for writing errors? System, 32(3), 301–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2004.04.001
  • Gavioli, L. & Aston, G. (2001). Enriching reality: language corpora in language pedagogy. ELT Journal, 55(3), 238-246.
  • Gilmore, A. (2008). Using online corpora to develop students’ writing skills. ELT Journal, 63(4), 363-372.
  • Gilquin, G & Granger, S. (2010). How can data-driven learning be used in language teaching? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 359- 370.
  • Greaves, C & Warren, M. (2010). What can a corpus tell us about multi-word units? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 212- 226.
  • Hadley, G. (2002). An introduction to data-driven learning. RELC Journal, 33(2), 99-124.
  • Johns, T. (1991), Should you be persuaded?: Two examples of data-driven learning materials. English Language Research Journal, 4, pp. 1-16.
  • Kolb, D.A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Li, S. (2017). Using corpora to develop learners’ collocational competence. Language Learning & Technology, 21(3), 153–171.
  • Liu, D. (2013). Using corpora to help teach difficult-to-distinguish English words. English Teaching, 68(3), 27-50.
  • McCarthy, M. (2004). Touchstone: From Corpus to Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McCarthy, M. & O’Keeffe, A. (2010). Historical perspective: what are corpora and how have they evolved? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 3- 13.
  • McEnery, T. & Xiao, R. ( 2010). What corpora can offer in language teaching and learning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. London & New York: Routledge, pp. 364-380.
  • Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Moon, R. (2010). What can a corpus tell us about language? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 197- 211.
  • Mukherjee, J. (2004). Bridging the gap between applied corpus linguistics and the reality of English language teaching in Germany. In U. Connor and T. Upton (eds) Applied Corpus Linguistics: A Multi-dimensional Perspective. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp.239-250.
  • Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nunan, D. (1992). Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • O’Keefe, A., & Farr, F. (2003). Using language corpora in initial teacher education: Pedagogic issues and practical applications. TESOL Quarterly, 37(3), 389–418.
  • O’Keeffe, A., McCarty, M. & Carter, R. (2007). From Corpus to Classroom: Language Use and Language Teaching. New York: Cambridge.
  • O’Sullivan, I., & Chambers, A. (2006). Learners’ writing skills in French: Corpus consultation and learner evaluation. Journal of Second Language Writing, 15, 49-68.
  • Özbay, A. Ş. & Kayaoğlu, M. C. (2015). EFL teachers’ reflections towards the use of computerized corpora as a teaching tool in their classrooms. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(1), 85-104.
  • Paker, T. & Ergül-Özcan, Y. (2017). The Effectiveness of Using Corpus-Based Materials in Vocabulary Teaching. International Journal of Language Academy, 5(1), 62-81. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18033/ijla.3494
  • Richards, J. C. (1976). The role of vocabulary teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 10(1), 77–89. DOI: 10.2307/3585941
  • Römer, U. (2009). Corpus research and practice. In K. Aijmer (ed.) Corpora and Language Teaching. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp.83-98.
  • Römer, U. (2011). Corpus research applications in second language teaching. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 37, 205–225. DOI: 10.1017/S0267190511000055
  • Schmitt, N. & P.Meara (1997). Researching vocabulary through a word knowledge framework: word associations and verbal suffixes. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19(1), 17–36.
  • Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shaw, E. M. (2011). Teaching Vocabulary Through Data-driven Learning. Brigham Young University, USA.
  • Şimşek, T. (2016). Turkish EFL learners’ reflections on corpus-based language teaching. Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 6(1), 21-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v6i1
  • Tekin, B., & Soruç, A. (2016). Using Corpus-assisted learning activities to assist vocabulary development in English. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, Special Issue for INTE 2016, 1270–1283.
  • Varley, S. (2009). I'll just look that up in the concordancer: integrating corpus consultation into the language learning environment. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 22(2), 133-152. DOI: 10.1080/09588220902778294
  • Wilkins, D.A. (1972). Linguistics in Language Teaching. Australia: Edward Arnold.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gamze Çalışkan This is me

Safiye İpek Kuru Gönen

Publication Date December 15, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 14 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çalışkan, G., & Kuru Gönen, S. İ. (2018). Training teachers on corpus-based language pedagogy: Perceptions on using concordance lines in vocabulary instruction. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 14(4), 190-210.
AMA Çalışkan G, Kuru Gönen Sİ. Training teachers on corpus-based language pedagogy: Perceptions on using concordance lines in vocabulary instruction. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. December 2018;14(4):190-210.
Chicago Çalışkan, Gamze, and Safiye İpek Kuru Gönen. “Training Teachers on Corpus-Based Language Pedagogy: Perceptions on Using Concordance Lines in Vocabulary Instruction”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 14, no. 4 (December 2018): 190-210.
EndNote Çalışkan G, Kuru Gönen Sİ (December 1, 2018) Training teachers on corpus-based language pedagogy: Perceptions on using concordance lines in vocabulary instruction. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 14 4 190–210.
IEEE G. Çalışkan and S. İ. Kuru Gönen, “Training teachers on corpus-based language pedagogy: Perceptions on using concordance lines in vocabulary instruction”, Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 190–210, 2018.
ISNAD Çalışkan, Gamze - Kuru Gönen, Safiye İpek. “Training Teachers on Corpus-Based Language Pedagogy: Perceptions on Using Concordance Lines in Vocabulary Instruction”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 14/4 (December 2018), 190-210.
JAMA Çalışkan G, Kuru Gönen Sİ. Training teachers on corpus-based language pedagogy: Perceptions on using concordance lines in vocabulary instruction. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2018;14:190–210.
MLA Çalışkan, Gamze and Safiye İpek Kuru Gönen. “Training Teachers on Corpus-Based Language Pedagogy: Perceptions on Using Concordance Lines in Vocabulary Instruction”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, vol. 14, no. 4, 2018, pp. 190-1.
Vancouver Çalışkan G, Kuru Gönen Sİ. Training teachers on corpus-based language pedagogy: Perceptions on using concordance lines in vocabulary instruction. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2018;14(4):190-21.