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Language variation: Code-mixing and code-switching in Pakistani commercials
English as an international
language has left its impact on all the languages being spoken in the world.
This impact has led to a world-wide language variation on a large scale. This
variation can be evidently observed in the form of code-mixing and
code-switching. The study explores and analyzes the frequency of code-mixing in
the TV ads broadcasted in Pakistan so as to determine the level of variation
that took place in Urdu due to English. Seventy commercials that have been
shown during the years 2011-2015 have randomly been selected and the frequency
of English words has been checked. The results show that so far as the language
of commercials is concerned, Urdu has clearly been influenced by English due to
multiple reasons such as fashion, ease and technological advancements etc.
Akinyi, A. J. (2017).The patterns of language-mixing in print adverts of commercial banks and mobile
telecommunications firms in Kenya. International Journal of Education and Research, 5(5), 27-40.
Awan, S. & Sheeraz, M. (2011). Gender-oriented code-switching: a study of English language
teachers at Pakistani universities. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(4), 410-415.
Crystal, D. (1985). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language. Cambridge University Press: New
York.
Dimova, S. (2012). English in Macedonian television commercials. World Englishes, 31(1), 15–29.
Ehsan, A. & Aziz, S. A. (2014). Code-mixing in Urdu news of a private Pakistani channel.
Academic Research International, 5(1), 160-169.
Elena S. Gritsenko, E. S. (2016). English as a meaning-making resource in Russian-based professional
communication. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 236, 174 – 180. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.12.061
Horasan, S. (2014). Code-switching in EFL classrooms and the perceptions of the students and teachers.
Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 10(1), 31-45.
Hsu, J. L. (2013). English mixing in advertising in Taiwan: A study of English-literate readers’
attitudes .Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 39(1), 91-122.
Humaira. (2012). Code switching and code mixing in English classroom. Retrieved from:
http://humairahbima.blogspot.com/2012/05/code-switching-and-code-mixingin.html
Kachru. (1986. 8 April 2012 ). Code-mixing, style repertoire and language variation: English
in Hindu Poetic creativity. World Englishes. Retrieved from: http://www.edu.utas.edu.au/users/tle/ JOURNAL /issues/2008/24-2pdf
Kandace, E. (2004). Mixed messages: English in German advertising. Journal of language for
international business, 15(1), 41-61.
Kia, L.S. (2011). Code-mixing of English in the entertainment news of Chienese newspapers in
Malaysia. International Journal of English Linguistics, 1(1), 3-14.
Khan, A. M. (2014). Social aspects of code-switching: An analysis of Pakistani television advertisements.
Information Management and Business Review, 6(6), 269-279.
Lopes, E. I. (2002). English/Spanish code switching in Chicano short fiction. Retrieved
from: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-2002894967
Mushtaq, H. & Zahra, T. (2012). An analysis of code-mixing in Pakistani commercials.
Language in India, 12, p 428-439.
Nandi, S. (2013). The status of English in Indian advertisement. International Journal of
Electronics & Communication Technology, 4 (1), 148-151.
Noor, M. et al. (2015). The language of TV commercials’ slogans: a semantic analysis.
Communication and Linguistics Studies, 1(1), 7-12.
Rasul, S. (2006). Language hybridization in Pakistan as socio-cultural phenomenon: An
analysis of Code-mixed linguistic patterns. Retrieved from http://prr.hec.gov.pk/thesis/2426.pdf
Rasul, S. (2013). Borrowing and code mixing in Pakistani children’s magazines: practices and
functions. Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies, 5(2), 46-72.
Riaz, M. & Khan, M. K. (2013). Functions of Codemixing: the adaptation of borrowed words for
creating humour in Urdu poetry. Pakistan Journal of Languages and Translation Studies, 2, 45-57.
Senaratne, C. D. (2017). Creativity in the use of Sinhala and English in advertisements in Sri Lanka: A
morphological analysis. International Journal of Cognitive and Language Sciences, 11(1), 7-12.
Shinhee, L. J. (2006). Linguistic constructions of modernity: English mixing in Korean television
commercials. Language in Society, 35, 59-91.
Shooshtari, Z. G., & Allahbakhsh, M. (2013). Mixing English in Persian print advertising discourse.
International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 1(2), 82-103.
Skiba, R. (1997). Code switching as a countenance of language interference, The Internet TESL Journal,
(10).
Tina, A. A. (2015). Bengali - English code - switching in commercial signboards in Bangladesh.
Retrieved on July 7, 2018 from: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11948/1161
Vizcaíno, M. J. G. (2011). Humour in code-mixed airline advertising. Pragmatics, 21(1), 145-
Yuliana, N., Luziana, A. R., & Sarwendah, P. (2017). Code-mixing and code-switching of Indonesian
celebrities: a comparative study. Jurnal Lingua Cultura, 9 (1), 47-54.
Zhiganova, A. V. (2016). The study of the perception of code-switching to English in German
advertising. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 236, 225 – 229. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.12.011
Year 2019,
Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 411 - 419, 01.07.2019
Akinyi, A. J. (2017).The patterns of language-mixing in print adverts of commercial banks and mobile
telecommunications firms in Kenya. International Journal of Education and Research, 5(5), 27-40.
Awan, S. & Sheeraz, M. (2011). Gender-oriented code-switching: a study of English language
teachers at Pakistani universities. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(4), 410-415.
Crystal, D. (1985). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language. Cambridge University Press: New
York.
Dimova, S. (2012). English in Macedonian television commercials. World Englishes, 31(1), 15–29.
Ehsan, A. & Aziz, S. A. (2014). Code-mixing in Urdu news of a private Pakistani channel.
Academic Research International, 5(1), 160-169.
Elena S. Gritsenko, E. S. (2016). English as a meaning-making resource in Russian-based professional
communication. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 236, 174 – 180. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.12.061
Horasan, S. (2014). Code-switching in EFL classrooms and the perceptions of the students and teachers.
Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 10(1), 31-45.
Hsu, J. L. (2013). English mixing in advertising in Taiwan: A study of English-literate readers’
attitudes .Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 39(1), 91-122.
Humaira. (2012). Code switching and code mixing in English classroom. Retrieved from:
http://humairahbima.blogspot.com/2012/05/code-switching-and-code-mixingin.html
Kachru. (1986. 8 April 2012 ). Code-mixing, style repertoire and language variation: English
in Hindu Poetic creativity. World Englishes. Retrieved from: http://www.edu.utas.edu.au/users/tle/ JOURNAL /issues/2008/24-2pdf
Kandace, E. (2004). Mixed messages: English in German advertising. Journal of language for
international business, 15(1), 41-61.
Kia, L.S. (2011). Code-mixing of English in the entertainment news of Chienese newspapers in
Malaysia. International Journal of English Linguistics, 1(1), 3-14.
Khan, A. M. (2014). Social aspects of code-switching: An analysis of Pakistani television advertisements.
Information Management and Business Review, 6(6), 269-279.
Lopes, E. I. (2002). English/Spanish code switching in Chicano short fiction. Retrieved
from: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-2002894967
Mushtaq, H. & Zahra, T. (2012). An analysis of code-mixing in Pakistani commercials.
Language in India, 12, p 428-439.
Nandi, S. (2013). The status of English in Indian advertisement. International Journal of
Electronics & Communication Technology, 4 (1), 148-151.
Noor, M. et al. (2015). The language of TV commercials’ slogans: a semantic analysis.
Communication and Linguistics Studies, 1(1), 7-12.
Rasul, S. (2006). Language hybridization in Pakistan as socio-cultural phenomenon: An
analysis of Code-mixed linguistic patterns. Retrieved from http://prr.hec.gov.pk/thesis/2426.pdf
Rasul, S. (2013). Borrowing and code mixing in Pakistani children’s magazines: practices and
functions. Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies, 5(2), 46-72.
Riaz, M. & Khan, M. K. (2013). Functions of Codemixing: the adaptation of borrowed words for
creating humour in Urdu poetry. Pakistan Journal of Languages and Translation Studies, 2, 45-57.
Senaratne, C. D. (2017). Creativity in the use of Sinhala and English in advertisements in Sri Lanka: A
morphological analysis. International Journal of Cognitive and Language Sciences, 11(1), 7-12.
Shinhee, L. J. (2006). Linguistic constructions of modernity: English mixing in Korean television
commercials. Language in Society, 35, 59-91.
Shooshtari, Z. G., & Allahbakhsh, M. (2013). Mixing English in Persian print advertising discourse.
International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 1(2), 82-103.
Skiba, R. (1997). Code switching as a countenance of language interference, The Internet TESL Journal,
(10).
Tina, A. A. (2015). Bengali - English code - switching in commercial signboards in Bangladesh.
Retrieved on July 7, 2018 from: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11948/1161
Vizcaíno, M. J. G. (2011). Humour in code-mixed airline advertising. Pragmatics, 21(1), 145-
Yuliana, N., Luziana, A. R., & Sarwendah, P. (2017). Code-mixing and code-switching of Indonesian
celebrities: a comparative study. Jurnal Lingua Cultura, 9 (1), 47-54.
Zhiganova, A. V. (2016). The study of the perception of code-switching to English in German
advertising. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 236, 225 – 229. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.12.011
Riaz, M. (2019). Language variation: Code-mixing and code-switching in Pakistani commercials. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(2), 411-419. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.586085
AMA
Riaz M. Language variation: Code-mixing and code-switching in Pakistani commercials. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. July 2019;15(2):411-419. doi:10.17263/jlls.586085
Chicago
Riaz, Mehvish. “Language Variation: Code-Mixing and Code-Switching in Pakistani Commercials”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 15, no. 2 (July 2019): 411-19. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.586085.
EndNote
Riaz M (July 1, 2019) Language variation: Code-mixing and code-switching in Pakistani commercials. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 15 2 411–419.
IEEE
M. Riaz, “Language variation: Code-mixing and code-switching in Pakistani commercials”, Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 411–419, 2019, doi: 10.17263/jlls.586085.
ISNAD
Riaz, Mehvish. “Language Variation: Code-Mixing and Code-Switching in Pakistani Commercials”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 15/2 (July 2019), 411-419. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.586085.
JAMA
Riaz M. Language variation: Code-mixing and code-switching in Pakistani commercials. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2019;15:411–419.
MLA
Riaz, Mehvish. “Language Variation: Code-Mixing and Code-Switching in Pakistani Commercials”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, vol. 15, no. 2, 2019, pp. 411-9, doi:10.17263/jlls.586085.
Vancouver
Riaz M. Language variation: Code-mixing and code-switching in Pakistani commercials. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2019;15(2):411-9.