Research Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 1803 - 1820, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.851003

Abstract

References

  • Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, white women. Health psychology, 19(6), 586-592.
  • Akbari, Z. (2002). The realization of politeness principles in Persian. Karen’s Linguistics Issues, 12, 120-135.
  • Bargiela-Chiappini, F., & Harris, S. J. (1996). Requests and status in business correspondence. Journal of Pragmatics, 26(5), 635-662.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1978). Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In Esther Goody (Ed.), Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction, (pp. 56-310). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chen, S. C., & Chen, S. H. E. (2007). Interlanguage requests: A cross-cultural study of English and Chinese. The Linguistic Journal, 2(2), 33-52. Retrieved January 3, 2020 from
  • https://www.linguistics-journal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/August_2007.pdf
  • Coates, J. (2015). Women, men and language: A sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language (3rd ed.) London: Routledge.
  • Elmianvari, A., & Kheirabadi, R. (2013). The study of EFL students’ requests based on politeness theory. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(2), 375-385.
  • Felix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2005). Indirectness and politeness in Mexican Requests. In David Eddington (Ed.), Selected proceedings of the 7th Hispanic Linguistic Symposium (pp. 66-78). Somerville: Cascadilla. Retrieved 14 January 2020 from http://www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/7/paper1087.pdf
  • Felix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2006). Linguistic politeness in Mexico: Refusal strategies among male speakers of Mexican Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(12), 2158-2187.
  • Garcia, C. (1993). Making a request and responding to it: A case study of Peruvian Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics, 19(2), 127-152. DOI: 10.1016/0378-2166(93)90085-4
  • Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face to face behavior. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Gu, Y. (1990). Politeness phenomenon in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 14(2), 237- 257.
  • Gu, Y. (1994). Politeness, pragmatics and culture. In W. Hu (Ed.), Culture and communication, (pp. 496-511). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press.
  • Harlow, L. L. (1990). Do they mean what they say? Sociopragmatic competence and second language learners. The Modern Language Journal, 74(3), 328-351.
  • Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men and politeness. London: Longman.
  • Jalilifar, A. (2009). Request strategies: Cross-sectional study of Iranian EFL learners and Australian native speakers. English Language Teaching, 2(1), 46-61.
  • Kariithi, F. (2016). Politeness strategies used by youth in their language use. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(7), 70-72. Retrieved January 25, 2020 from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2021%20Issue7/Version-4/I2107047072.pdf
  • Khandani, E. K. (2017). Requestive speech act realization patterns: Observations from Persian. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics, 8, 104-124. DOI: 10.22055/rals.2017.12916
  • Lakoff, R. T. (1973). The logic of politeness; or, minding your P’s and Q’s. Chicago Linguistics Society, 9, 292-305.
  • Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. New York: Longman.
  • Lorenzo-Dus, N., & Bou-Franch, P. (2003). Gender and politeness: Spanish and British undergraduates’ perception of appropriate requests. In José Santaemilia (Ed.), Genero, Lenguaje y Traduccion, (pp. 187-199). Valencia: Universitat de Valencia/ Direccion General de la Mujer. Retrieved December 22, 2019 from https://www.uv.es/~boup/PDF/Requests.pdf
  • Macaulay, M. (2001). Tough talk: Indirectness and gender in requests for information. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(2), 293-316.
  • Marti, L. (2006). Indirectness and politeness in Turkish-German bilingual and Turkish monolingual requests. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(11), 1836-1869.
  • Mills, S. (2003). Gender and politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Niroomand, M. (2012). An exploration of upper-intermediate Iranian EFL learners’ perception of politeness strategies and power relation in disagreement. English Language Teaching, 5(10), 180-191.
  • Phillips, D. (2015). Longman preparation course for the TOEFL iBT test (3rd ed.). White Plains, NY: Pearson Education.
  • Quraishi, S. (2009). The acquisition of politeness strategies by Afghan learners of English as a foreign language. (Master’s thesis) Kansas State University.
  • Sahragard, R. (2003). A cultural script analysis of a politeness feature in Persian. Paper presented at the 8th Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics. Retrieved December 21, 2019 from http://www.paaljapan.org/resources/proceedings/2003/sahragard.pdf
  • Senowarsito, S. (2013). Politeness strategies in teacher-student intraction in an EFL classroom context. TEFLIN Journal, 24(1), 82-96.
  • Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage pragmatics: Requests, complaints and apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyer.
  • Yarmohammadi, N. (2003). Politeness strategies in English and Persian in contrast. (Master’s thesis) Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran.

Gender and socioeconomic status: A pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Iranian EFL students in Persian and English requests

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 1803 - 1820, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.851003

Abstract

Politeness strategies that speakers deploy when performing a speech act have been seen to be influenced by several factors among which gender and socioeconomic status are two prominent ones. The current study was an attempt to examine the relationship between gender and socioeconomic status (SES) on one hand, and choice of politeness strategies on the other. The focus was specifically on the realization of speech act of request in Persian (L1) and English (L2). The participants were 100 advanced-level Iranian EFL students. Based on their gender and responses to the socioeconomic status questionnaire, they were divided into four equal groups of twenty-five: 1. male-high; 2. male-low; 3. female-high; and 4. female-low. The data collection instruments were the English and Persian versions of a discourse completion test (DCT). The results revealed a significant relationship between gender and use of politeness strategies in speech act of request in L1 as well as L2. The findings, however, demonstrated no significant relationship between the participants’ socioeconomic status and their use of politeness strategy neither in L1 nor in L2. This study can be another proof for Brown and Levinson’s claim about the universality of politeness strategies.

References

  • Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, white women. Health psychology, 19(6), 586-592.
  • Akbari, Z. (2002). The realization of politeness principles in Persian. Karen’s Linguistics Issues, 12, 120-135.
  • Bargiela-Chiappini, F., & Harris, S. J. (1996). Requests and status in business correspondence. Journal of Pragmatics, 26(5), 635-662.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1978). Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In Esther Goody (Ed.), Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction, (pp. 56-310). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chen, S. C., & Chen, S. H. E. (2007). Interlanguage requests: A cross-cultural study of English and Chinese. The Linguistic Journal, 2(2), 33-52. Retrieved January 3, 2020 from
  • https://www.linguistics-journal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/August_2007.pdf
  • Coates, J. (2015). Women, men and language: A sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language (3rd ed.) London: Routledge.
  • Elmianvari, A., & Kheirabadi, R. (2013). The study of EFL students’ requests based on politeness theory. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(2), 375-385.
  • Felix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2005). Indirectness and politeness in Mexican Requests. In David Eddington (Ed.), Selected proceedings of the 7th Hispanic Linguistic Symposium (pp. 66-78). Somerville: Cascadilla. Retrieved 14 January 2020 from http://www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/7/paper1087.pdf
  • Felix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2006). Linguistic politeness in Mexico: Refusal strategies among male speakers of Mexican Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(12), 2158-2187.
  • Garcia, C. (1993). Making a request and responding to it: A case study of Peruvian Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics, 19(2), 127-152. DOI: 10.1016/0378-2166(93)90085-4
  • Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face to face behavior. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Gu, Y. (1990). Politeness phenomenon in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 14(2), 237- 257.
  • Gu, Y. (1994). Politeness, pragmatics and culture. In W. Hu (Ed.), Culture and communication, (pp. 496-511). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press.
  • Harlow, L. L. (1990). Do they mean what they say? Sociopragmatic competence and second language learners. The Modern Language Journal, 74(3), 328-351.
  • Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men and politeness. London: Longman.
  • Jalilifar, A. (2009). Request strategies: Cross-sectional study of Iranian EFL learners and Australian native speakers. English Language Teaching, 2(1), 46-61.
  • Kariithi, F. (2016). Politeness strategies used by youth in their language use. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(7), 70-72. Retrieved January 25, 2020 from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2021%20Issue7/Version-4/I2107047072.pdf
  • Khandani, E. K. (2017). Requestive speech act realization patterns: Observations from Persian. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics, 8, 104-124. DOI: 10.22055/rals.2017.12916
  • Lakoff, R. T. (1973). The logic of politeness; or, minding your P’s and Q’s. Chicago Linguistics Society, 9, 292-305.
  • Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. New York: Longman.
  • Lorenzo-Dus, N., & Bou-Franch, P. (2003). Gender and politeness: Spanish and British undergraduates’ perception of appropriate requests. In José Santaemilia (Ed.), Genero, Lenguaje y Traduccion, (pp. 187-199). Valencia: Universitat de Valencia/ Direccion General de la Mujer. Retrieved December 22, 2019 from https://www.uv.es/~boup/PDF/Requests.pdf
  • Macaulay, M. (2001). Tough talk: Indirectness and gender in requests for information. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(2), 293-316.
  • Marti, L. (2006). Indirectness and politeness in Turkish-German bilingual and Turkish monolingual requests. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(11), 1836-1869.
  • Mills, S. (2003). Gender and politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Niroomand, M. (2012). An exploration of upper-intermediate Iranian EFL learners’ perception of politeness strategies and power relation in disagreement. English Language Teaching, 5(10), 180-191.
  • Phillips, D. (2015). Longman preparation course for the TOEFL iBT test (3rd ed.). White Plains, NY: Pearson Education.
  • Quraishi, S. (2009). The acquisition of politeness strategies by Afghan learners of English as a foreign language. (Master’s thesis) Kansas State University.
  • Sahragard, R. (2003). A cultural script analysis of a politeness feature in Persian. Paper presented at the 8th Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics. Retrieved December 21, 2019 from http://www.paaljapan.org/resources/proceedings/2003/sahragard.pdf
  • Senowarsito, S. (2013). Politeness strategies in teacher-student intraction in an EFL classroom context. TEFLIN Journal, 24(1), 82-96.
  • Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage pragmatics: Requests, complaints and apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyer.
  • Yarmohammadi, N. (2003). Politeness strategies in English and Persian in contrast. (Master’s thesis) Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Farzaneh Khakzad Esfahlan

Mohsen Boroumand

Publication Date December 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 16 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Esfahlan, F. K., & Boroumand, M. (2020). Gender and socioeconomic status: A pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Iranian EFL students in Persian and English requests. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(4), 1803-1820. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.851003
AMA Esfahlan FK, Boroumand M. Gender and socioeconomic status: A pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Iranian EFL students in Persian and English requests. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. December 2020;16(4):1803-1820. doi:10.17263/jlls.851003
Chicago Esfahlan, Farzaneh Khakzad, and Mohsen Boroumand. “Gender and Socioeconomic Status: A Pragmatic Analysis of Politeness Strategies Used by Iranian EFL Students in Persian and English Requests”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 16, no. 4 (December 2020): 1803-20. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.851003.
EndNote Esfahlan FK, Boroumand M (December 1, 2020) Gender and socioeconomic status: A pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Iranian EFL students in Persian and English requests. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 16 4 1803–1820.
IEEE F. K. Esfahlan and M. Boroumand, “Gender and socioeconomic status: A pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Iranian EFL students in Persian and English requests”, Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1803–1820, 2020, doi: 10.17263/jlls.851003.
ISNAD Esfahlan, Farzaneh Khakzad - Boroumand, Mohsen. “Gender and Socioeconomic Status: A Pragmatic Analysis of Politeness Strategies Used by Iranian EFL Students in Persian and English Requests”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 16/4 (December 2020), 1803-1820. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.851003.
JAMA Esfahlan FK, Boroumand M. Gender and socioeconomic status: A pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Iranian EFL students in Persian and English requests. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2020;16:1803–1820.
MLA Esfahlan, Farzaneh Khakzad and Mohsen Boroumand. “Gender and Socioeconomic Status: A Pragmatic Analysis of Politeness Strategies Used by Iranian EFL Students in Persian and English Requests”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, vol. 16, no. 4, 2020, pp. 1803-20, doi:10.17263/jlls.851003.
Vancouver Esfahlan FK, Boroumand M. Gender and socioeconomic status: A pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Iranian EFL students in Persian and English requests. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2020;16(4):1803-20.