Caribbean Metaverse Development: A Literature Review Perspective

Abstract

The Caribbean’s metaverse evolution accelerated due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This paper focuses on the metaverse, XR, and NFT and emphasises the Caribbean’s contribution to the virtual environment. A bibliometric analysis of metaverse-themed research identified the rapid increase in publications in 2021 and 2022 and that titles with XR (AR, VR or MR) occurred three times more than blockchain (including NFT). An evolving dataset was created based on a continuous scoping literature review of Industry 4.0 and its enabling technologies. This enables the creation of a new definition of the metaverse, understanding the UX benefits of XR and its applications' areas of foci, highlighting investment in XR-based projects, and illustrating the Caribbean-themed NFT and XR projects. This dataset revealed that UX benefits are linked to XR element features that are relevant, contextual, customised, hands-free and intuitive. It also revealed that XR applications have areas of foci that can enable machine control or data interface, designing and testing, remote support, education, customer engagement, remote collaboration or entertainment and escapism. Analysis of 54 XR papers revealed that the most popular area of focus was education (including training, learning and understanding). An evaluation of global investments in XR development showed funding ranged from USD 70K to USD 100M, and there needs to be focused financial support for Caribbean projects. This justifies continued research into factors influencing funding and encouraging Caribbean XR development. In addition, this research promotes regionally developed XR projects and NFTs. The paper's originality is the reductionist definition of the metaverse: a space designed for users by users, which can satisfy whomever, whatever, however, wherever and whenever. It manifests the user's extended reality, facilitated through XR technologies that enable Industry 4.0 (I4.0). As such, the metaverse can be considered the practical implementation of I4.0.

Keywords

• Caribbean
• Metaverse
• Industry 4.0 (I4.0)
• Extended Reality (XR)

References

1. D. Takahashi, “Facebook unveils Horizon Home social VR, Messenger VR calls, and fitness VR on road to metaverse,” VentureBeat, Oct. 28, 2021. https://venturebeat.com/2021/10/28/facebook-unveils-horizon-home-social-vr-messenger-vr-calls-and-fitness-vr-on-road-to-metaverse/ (accessed Oct. 31, 2021).
2. PwC, “Caribbean Digital Readiness Survey 2021 Hello tomorrow. From transforming to transcending,” Port-of-Spain, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.pwc.com/cb/en/issues/assets/digital-readiness-survey-2021.pdf
3. PwC, “Seeing is believing How virtual reality and augmented reality are transforming business and the economy,” London, UK, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/technology/publications/assets/how-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality.pdf
4. M. Adair, “Five Industries That Will Be Transformed By The Metaverse,” Forbes, Mar. 22, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/03/22/five-industries-that-will-be-transformed-by-the-metaverse/ (accessed Mar. 27, 2022).
5. M. Boland, “Is AR Shopping a Metaverse Precursor?,” AR Insider, Jan. 19, 2022. https://arinsider.co/2022/01/19/is-ar-shopping-a-metaverse-precursor/ (accessed Jan. 20, 2022).
6. N. Nixon, “The most in-demand soft skill has an ROI,” Fast Company, Dec. 07, 2021. https://www.fastcompany.com/90702629/3-reasons-soft-skills-have-roi (accessed Dec. 12, 2021).
7. M. E. Porter and J. E. Heppelmann, “Why Every Organization Needs an Augmented Reality Strategy AR will become the new interface between humans and machines,” Harvard Business Review, Nov. 2017. https://hbr.org/2017/11/why-every-organization-needs-an-augmented-reality-strategy (accessed May 14, 2021).
8. M. Clark, “Facebook is spending $50 million to ‘responsibly’ build the metaverse,” The Verge, Sep. 27, 2021. https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/2021/9/27/22696578/facebook-metaverse-ar-vr-fund-research-definition (accessed Oct. 31, 2021).

9. J. Golden, “Nike is quietly preparing for the metaverse,” CNBC, Nov. 02, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/02/nike-is-quietly-preparing-for-the-metaverse-.html (accessed Nov. 04, 2021).
10. J. Wray, “Connected packaging: A door to new worlds,” Cosmetics Business, Oct. 25, 2021. https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Connected_packaging_A_door_to_new_worlds/180119/cn5392 (accessed Nov. 24, 2021).
11. J. Kelly, “Walmart Plans Launch Of NFTs Cryptocurrency And Tokens As It Dives Into The Metaverse And Virtual Reality,” Forbes, Jan. 17, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackkelly/2022/01/17/walmart-plans-launch-of-nfts-cryptocurrency-and-tokens-as-it-dives-into-the-metaverse-and-virtual-reality/ (accessed Jan. 17, 2022).
12. L. Thomas, “Walmart is quietly preparing to enter the metaverse,” CNBC, Jan. 16, 2022. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/16/walmart-is-quietly-preparing-to-enter-the-metaverse.html (accessed Jan. 29, 2022).
13. M. Tao, “Unity and Hyundai partner to build virtual twin of automotive manufacturing facility,” Robotics & Automation News, Jan. 11, 2022. https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2022/01/11/unity-and-hyundai-partner-to-build-virtual-twin-of-automotive-manufacturing-facility/ (accessed Jan. 18, 2022).
14. J. Mueller, “Decentraland: Beauty’s Metaverse Partner,” Global Cosmetic Industry, Mar. 23, 2022. https://www.gcimagazine.com/brands-products/news/news/22131673/lottie-london-previews-new-nail-collection-on-decentraland (accessed Mar. 27, 2022).
15. E. Ajao, “Deloitte launches new metaverse services and studio,” SearchEnterpriseAI, Jan. 13, 2022. https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/news/252511950/Deloitte-launches-new-metaverse-services-and-studio (accessed Jan. 18, 2022).
16. J. R. Rameshwar, “COVID-19 Can Create Opportunity for IoT in the Caribbean: A Necessary Digital Transformation,” IIC J. Innov., vol. November, p. 30, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.iiconsortium.org/news/joi-articles/2020_November_JoI_COVID-19_Can_Create_Opportunity_for_IoT_in_the_Caribbean.pdf
17. S. Boodan, “Inventor shows how tech can boost tourism,” Trinidad & Tobago Guardian, Feb. 20, 2021. https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/inventor-shows-how-tech-can-boost-tourism-6.2.1291815.4053b980c6 (accessed Mar. 03, 2021).
18. “Digital skills are vital now,” CARICOM Today, Sep. 28, 2021. https://today.caricom.org/2021/09/22/digital-skills-are-vital-now/ (accessed Nov. 06, 2021).
19. L. V Williams, “CARIRI launches augmented reality/virtual reality challenge,” Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, Nov. 09, 2020. https://newsday.co.tt/2020/11/09/cariri-launches-augmented-reality-virtual-reality-challenge/ (accessed Jun. 18, 2021).
20. CARIRI, “AR/VR Challenge – -changethegame,” 2020. https://www.cariri.com/Challenge/ (accessed Apr. 26, 2022).
21. The UWI, “About The UWI.” https://www.uwi.edu/about.php (accessed Apr. 28, 2022).
22. J. Loutoo, “UWI secures US$25 million technology grant,” Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, Apr. 05, 2021. https://newsday.co.tt/2021/04/05/uwi-secures-us25-million-technology-grant/ (accessed Apr. 26, 2022).
23. OAS, “OAS and Meta Partner to Train Thousands of Latin American and Caribbean Creators in Augmented Reality,” Dec. 15, 2021. https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-116/21 (accessed Apr. 27, 2022).
24. H. Hope, “Barbados in the Metaverse,” NationNews, Jan. 06, 2022. https://www.nationnews.com/2022/01/06/barbados-in-the-metaverse/ (accessed Jan. 08, 2022).
25. A. Thurman, “Barbados to Become First Sovereign Nation With an Embassy in the Metaverse,” CoinDesk, Nov. 15, 2021. https://www.coindesk.com/business/2021/11/15/barbados-to-become-first-sovereign-nation-with-an-embassy-in-the-metaverse/ (accessed Nov. 20, 2021).
26. M. Wong, “St Vincent wants to be first island to host Carnival in the Metaverse,” Loop Caribbean News, Jan. 18, 2022. https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/st-vincent-wants-be-first-island-host-carnival-metaverse-587786 (accessed Jan. 31, 2022).
27. L. Hanna, “In a digital world content is king!,” Jamaica Observer, Apr. 11, 2021. https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/the-agenda/in-a-digital-world-content-is-king-_218743 (accessed Mar. 23, 2022).
28. L. Hanna, “Let’s brand the metaverse with J’can NFT lifestyle?,” Jamaica Observer, Jan. 30, 2022. https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/the-agenda/let-s-brand-the-metaverse-with-j-can-nft-lifestyle-_242609 (accessed Mar. 23, 2022).
29. CTU, “Traversing the Metaverse – A Caribbean Perspective,” Jan. 31, 2022. https://ctu.int/event/traversing-the-metaverse-a-caribbean-perspective-2/ (accessed Jan. 23, 2022).
30. M. Lyndersay, “The metaverse in the Caribbean: What it is and why it’s important,” Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, Feb. 10, 2022. https://newsday.co.tt/2022/02/10/the-metaverse-in-the-caribbean-what-it-is-and-why-its-important/ (accessed Feb. 11, 2022).
31. CTU, “THE METAVERSE: A NEW OPPORTUNITY FOR WEALTH GENERATION FOR CARIBBEAN CITIZENS.” https://ctu.int/the-metaverse-a-new-opportunity-for-wealth-generation-for-caribbean-citizens/ (accessed Feb. 02, 2022).
32. S. Hall and R. Takahashi, “Augmented and virtual reality: The promise and peril of immersive technologies,” Oct. 03, 2017. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/technology-media-and-telecommunications/our-insights/augmented-and-virtual-reality-the-promise-and-peril-of-immersive-technologies (accessed May 14, 2021).
33. N. Donthu, S. Kumar, D. Mukherjee, N. Pandey, and W. M. Lim, “How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines,” J. Bus. Res., vol. 133, pp. 285–296, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070.
34. K. Li, J. Rollins, and E. Yan, “Web of Science use in published research and review papers 1997–2017: a selective, dynamic, cross-domain, content-based analysis,” Scientometrics, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 1–20, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1007/S11192-017-2622-5/TABLES/8.
35. R. Pranckutė, “Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World,” Publications, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 12, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/publications9010012.
36. I. F. Aguillo, “Is Google Scholar useful for bibliometrics? A webometric analysis,” Scientometrics, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 343–351, May 2012, doi: 10.1007/s11192-011-0582-8.
37. Clarivate, “Web of Science: Definition and Use of Wildcards,” Jun. 10, 2022. https://support.clarivate.com/ScientificandAcademicResearch/s/article/Web-of-Science-Definition-and-Use-of-Wildcards (accessed Aug. 06, 2022).
38. Clarivate, “Web of Science: Display of All Databases Search and Results Precedence,” May 26, 2022. https://support.clarivate.com/ScientificandAcademicResearch/s/article/Web-of-Science-Display-of-All-Databases-Search-and-Results-Precedence (accessed Aug. 06, 2022).
39. Clarivate, “Web of Science Core Collection: Duplicate records in different editions are de-duplicated,” Aug. 02, 2022. https://support.clarivate.com/ScientificandAcademicResearch/s/article/Web-of-Science-Core-Collection-Duplicate-records-in-different-editions-are-de-duplicated (accessed Aug. 04, 2022).
40. A. C. Tricco et al., “A scoping review of rapid review methods,” BMC Med., vol. 13, no. 1, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0465-6.
41. J. Peterson, P. F. Pearce, L. A. Ferguson, and C. A. Langford, “Understanding scoping reviews,” J. Am. Assoc. Nurse Pract., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 12–16, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1002/2327-6924.12380.
42. M. Gusenbauer, “Google Scholar to overshadow them all? Comparing the sizes of 12 academic search engines and bibliographic databases,” Scientometrics, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 177–214, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1007/S11192-018-2958-5/TABLES/4.
43. C. Cole, A. R. Davis, V. Eyer, and J. J. Meier, “Google Scholar’s Coverage of the Engineering Literature 10 years Later,” J. Acad. Librariansh., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 419–425, May 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.ACALIB.2018.02.013.
44. A. W. K. Harzing and R. van der Wal, “Google Scholar as a new source for citation analysis,” Ethics Sci. Environ. Polit., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 61–73, Jun. 2008, doi: 10.3354/ESEP00076.
45. J. C. F. de Winter, A. A. Zadpoor, and D. Dodou, “The expansion of Google Scholar versus Web of Science: a longitudinal study,” Sci. 2013 982, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 1547–1565, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1007/S11192-013-1089-2.
46. S. Mystakidis, “Metaverse,” Encyclopedia, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 486–497, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/encyclopedia2010031.
47. S.-V. Rehm, L. Goel, and M. Crespi, “The Metaverse as Mediator between Technology, Trends, and the Digital Transformation of Society and Business,” J. Virtual Worlds Res., vol. 8, no. 2, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.4101/jvwr.v8i2.7149.
48. Y. Zhao et al., “Metaverse: Perspectives from graphics, interactions and visualization,” Vis. Informatics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 56–67, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.visinf.2022.03.002.
49. S.-M. Park and Y.-G. Kim, “A Metaverse: Taxonomy, Components, Applications, and Open Challenges,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 4209–4251, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3140175.
50. N. G. Narin, “A Content Analysis of the Metaverse Articles,” Journal of Metaverse, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 17–24, 2021, Accessed: May 08, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jmv/issue/67581/1051382
51. M. Damar, “Metaverse Shape of Your Life for Future: A bibliometric snapshot,” Journal of Metaverse, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2021, Accessed: May 08, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jmv/issue/67581/1051371
52. S. B. Hall and M. Baier-Lentz, “3 technologies that will shape the future of the metaverse – and the human experience,” World Economic Forum, Feb. 07, 2022. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/02/future-of-the-metaverse-vr-ar-and-brain-computer/ (accessed May 01, 2022).
53. J. D. N. Dionisio, W. G. Burns III, and R. Gilbert, “3D Virtual worlds and the metaverse: Current status and future possibilities,” ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 1–38, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1145/2480741.2480751.
54. D. Owens, A. Mitchell, D. Khazanchi, and I. ZIgurs, “An empirical investigation of virtual world projects and metaverse technology capabilities,” ACM SIGMIS Database DATABASE Adv. Inf. Syst., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 74–101, Feb. 2011, doi: 10.1145/1952712.1952717.
55. J. Qina, Y. Liua, and R. Grosvenora, “A Categorical Framework of Manufacturing for Industry 4.0 and Beyond,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 52, no. 2016, pp. 173–178, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2016.08.005.
56. B. Sniderman, M. Mahto, and M. J. Cotteleer, “Industry 4.0 and manufacturing ecosystems Exploring the world of connected enterprises,” New York, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/manufacturing-ecosystems-exploring-world-connected-enterprises/DUP_2898_Industry4.0ManufacturingEcosystems.pdf
57. B. Vogel-Heuser and D. Hess, “Guest Editorial Industry 4.0–Prerequisites and Visions,” IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 411–413, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TASE.2016.2523639.
58. T. Philbeck and N. Davis, “The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Shaping a New Era,” J. Int. Aff., vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 2019, [Online]. Available: http://search.proquest.com/docview/2290089757/
59. K. Schwab, The fourth industrial revolution, First. New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2016.
60. J. R. Rameshwar and G. S. King, “Case Studies in Engineering and Technology Innovation in the Caribbean: A focus on EduColCom and BevCom,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020), 2020, pp. 574–584. doi: 10.47412/EBWB6632.
61. D. Grube, A. A. Malik, and A. Bilberg, “SMEs can touch Industry 4.0 in the Smart Learning Factory,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 31, pp. 219–224, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.03.035.
62. A. Dhaliwal, T. Egan, and T. Shinbara, “The Value of Augmented Reality in Manufacturing Technology,” McLean, Virginia, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.engineering.com/ResourceMain?resid=1029
63. J. Brinkley, B. Posadas, I. Sherman, S. B. Daily, and J. E. Gilbert, “An Open Road Evaluation of a Self-Driving Vehicle Human–Machine Interface Designed for Visually Impaired Users,” Int. J. Human–Computer Interact., vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1018–1032, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1080/10447318.2018.1561787.
64. M. Juraschek, L. Büth, G. Posselt, and C. Herrmann, “Mixed Reality in Learning Factories,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 23, pp. 153–158, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.04.009.
65. A. Vasilchenko et al., “Collaborative learning & co-creation in XR,” in Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, Apr. 2020, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1145/3334480.3381056.
66. H. Pozniak, “Virtual training: can technology come to the rescue?,” E&T Magazine, May 18, 2020. https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2020/05/virtual-training-can-technology-come-to-the-rescue/ (accessed Jan. 27, 2021).
67. N. Ho, P.-M. Wong, M. Chua, and C.-K. Chui, “Virtual reality training for assembly of hybrid medical devices,” Multimed Tools Appl, vol. 77, pp. 30651–30682, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11042-018-6216-x.
68. M. Walsh, W. Markow, and S. Bittle, “Visualizing the Future Demand for 3D Graphics andReal-time 3D Across the Economy,” Boston, MA and Cary, NC USA, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.burning-glass.com/research-project/visualizing_future_3d_skills_workforce-old/
69. G. S. King, J. R. Rameshwar, and C. S. Syan, “Industry 4.0 in a Small Commodity-Based Economy: A Vehicle for Stimulating Innovation,” J. Ind. Integr. Manag., vol. 05, no. 03, pp. 365–391, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1142/S242486222050013X.
70. V. de Leeuw, “Creating and Deploying Digital Twins in the Process Industsry,” Dedham, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.smartindustry.com/assets/Uploads/EXTWP-ARC-Digital-Twins-Process-Industries-LTR-EN-LR.pdf
71. B. Thiede, G. Posselt, S. Kauffeld, and C. Herrmann, “Enhancing Learning Experience in Physical Action-orientated Learning Factories Using a Virtually Extended Environment and Serious Gaming Approaches,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 9, pp. 238–244, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.04.042.
72. A. S. Alqahtani, L. F. Daghestani, and L. F. Ibrahim, “Environments and System Types of Virtual Reality Technology in STEM: a Survey,” Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 77–89, 2017, doi: 10.14569/IJACSA.2017.080610.
73. T. Basu, “Why games like Animal Crossing are the new social media of the coronavirus era,” MIT Technology Review, Apr. 16, 2020. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/16/999944/coronavirus-animal-crossing-video-games-social-media/ (accessed Apr. 16, 2020).
74. S. Lozé, “VR Perspectives brings inclusion and diversity through VR training,” Aug. 11, 2020. https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US/spotlights/vr-perspectives-brings-inclusion-and-diversity-through-vr-training (accessed Sep. 03, 2020).
75. K. Pimentel, “Cornell University partners with industry on a new approach to urban design and planning,” Feb. 07, 2020. https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US/spotlights/cornell-university-partners-with-industry-on-a-new-approach-to-urban-design-and-planning (accessed Mar. 08, 2020).
76. D. Sonntag, G. Albuquerque, M. Magnor, and O. Bodensiek, “Hybrid learning environments by data-driven augmented reality,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 31, pp. 32–37, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.03.006.
77. B. Lumsden, “Designing sets and action sequences on ‘His Dark Materials’ with virtual production,” Apr. 27, 2020. https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US/spotlights/designing-sets-and-action-sequences-on-his-dark-materials-with-virtual-production (accessed May 07, 2020).
78. M. Müller, T. Günther, D. Kammer, J. Wojdziak, S. Lorenz, and R. Groh, “Smart prototyping- Improving the evaluation of design concepts using virtual reality,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2016, vol. 9740, pp. 47–58. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-39907-2_5.
79. I. Millington, Game Physics Engine Development, 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007. doi: 10.1201/9781482267327.
80. E. Todorov, T. Erez, and Y. Tassa, “MuJoCo: A physics engine for model-based control,” IEEE Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst., pp. 5026–5033, 2012, doi: 10.1109/IROS.2012.6386109.
81. E. Weitnauer, R. Haschke, and H. Ritter, “Evaluating a Physics Engine as an Ingredient for Physical Reasoning,” Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. (including Subser. Lect. Notes Artif. Intell. Lect. Notes Bioinformatics), vol. 6472 LNAI, pp. 144–155, Nov. 2010, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-17319-6_16.
82. Å. Fast-Berglund, L. Gong, and D. Li, “Testing and validating Extended Reality (xR) technologies in manufacturing,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 25, pp. 31–38, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.054.
83. Epic Games, “USA’s largest car maker builds HMI systems in Unreal Engine,” Oct. 07, 2020. https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US/blog/usa-s-largest-car-maker-builds-hmi-systems-in-unreal-engine (accessed Nov. 10, 2020).
84. P. Prior, “Phygital — What Is It And Why Should I Care?,” Forbes, Jun. 30, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2021/06/30/phygital---what-is-it-and-why-should-i-care/?sh=406359c7587a (accessed Oct. 21, 2021).
85. G. Petro, “The ‘Phygital’ World: Reinventing The In-Store Experience Digitally,” Forbes, Aug. 06, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/gregpetro/2021/08/06/the-phygital-world-reinventing-the-in-store-experience-digitally/?sh=4d0370223863 (accessed Oct. 21, 2021).
86. R. T. Azuma, “A Survey of Augmented Reality,” Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 355–385, Aug. 1997, doi: 10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355.
87. S. R. Sorko and M. Brunnhofer, “Potentials of Augmented Reality in Training,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 31, pp. 85–90, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.03.014.
88. T. Riemann, A. Kreß, L. Roth, S. Klipfel, J. Metternich, and P. Grell, “Agile Implementation of Virtual Reality in Learning Factories,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 45, pp. 1–6, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.029.
89. A. Ceruti, P. Marzocca, A. Liverani, and C. Bil, “Maintenance in aeronautics in an Industry 4.0 context: The role of Augmented Reality and Additive Manufacturing,” J. Comput. Des. Eng., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 516–526, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jcde.2019.02.001.
90. J. Jerome and J. Greenberg, “Augmented Reality + Virtual Reality Privacy & Autonomy Considerations in Emerging, Immersive Digital Worlds,” Washington DC USA, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/FPF-ARVR-Report-4.16.21-Digital.pdf
91. P. Milgram and F. Kishino, “A Taxonomy of Mixed Reality Visual Displays,” IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst., vol. E77-D, no. 12, pp. 1321–1329, Dec. 1994, Accessed: Jan. 31, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://search.ieice.org/bin/summary.php?id=e77-d_12_1321
92. J. R. Rameshwar, “Transitioning to a Digital Educational Environment A Lecturer’s Perspective on Migrating to Google Classroom During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago,” UWI Qual. Educ. Forum, vol. 25, pp. 96–119, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/qef/index.asp?action=viewArticle&articleId=8131&galleyId=6924
93. M. Ablyaev, A. Abliakimova, and Z. Seidametova, “Developing a Mobile Augmented Reality Application for Enhancing Early Literacy Skills,” in Communications in Computer and Information Science, Jun. 2020, vol. 1175 CCIS, pp. 163–185. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-39459-2_8.
94. D. Allcoat and A. von Mühlenen, “Learning in virtual reality: Effects on performance, emotion and engagement,” Res. Learn. Technol., vol. 26, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.25304/rlt.v26.2140.
95. H. Altinpulluk, “Determining the trends of using augmented reality in education between 2006-2016,” Educ. Inf. Technol., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1089–1114, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10639-018-9806-3.
96. S. Barteit, L. Lanfermann, T. Bärnighausen, F. Neuhann, and C. Beiersmann, “Augmented, Mixed, and Virtual Reality-Based Head-Mounted Devices for Medical Education: Systematic Review,” JMIR Serious Games 2021;9(3)e29080 https//games.jmir.org/2021/3/e29080, vol. 9, no. 3, p. e29080, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.2196/29080.
97. A. Berns, S. Reyes Sánchez, and I. Ruiz Rube, “Virtual reality authoring tools for teachers to create novel and immersive learning scenarios,” in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Oct. 2020, pp. 896–900. doi: 10.1145/3434780.3436668.
98. R. Bucea-Manea-Țoniş, R. Bucea-Manea-Țoniş, V. E. Simion, D. Ilic, C. Braicu, and N. Manea, “Sustainability in Higher Education: The Relationship between Work-Life Balance and XR E-Learning Facilities,” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 14, p. 5872, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.3390/su12145872.
99. P. Chen, X. Liu, W. Cheng, and R. Huang, “A review of using Augmented Reality in Education from 2011 to 2016,” in Lecture Notes in Educational Technology, no. 9789811024184, Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp. 13–18. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-2419-1_2.
100. R. De Amicis, A. Ceruti, D. Francia, L. Frizziero, and B. Simões, “Augmented Reality for virtual user manual,” Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 689–697, May 2018, doi: 10.1007/s12008-017-0451-7.
101. M. Eder, M. Hulla, F. Mast, and C. Ramsauer, “On the application of Augmented Reality in a learning factory working environment,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 45, pp. 7–12, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.030.
102. Fei Wang, “Research on Virtual Reality Based on EON Studio,” in 2010 Fourth International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, Dec. 2010, pp. 558–561. doi: 10.1109/ICGEC.2010.143.
103. J. M. M. Ferreira and Z. I. Qureshi, “Use of XR technologies to bridge the gap between Higher Education and Continuing Education,” in 2020 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), Apr. 2020, vol. 2020-April, pp. 913–918. doi: 10.1109/EDUCON45650.2020.9125346.
104. K. Fiedler, “Virtual Reality in the Cloud: Amazon Sumerian as a Tool and Topic,” AMCIS 2019 Proc., Aug. 2019, Accessed: Apr. 15, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2019/treo/treos/12
105. L. Frajhof, J. Borges, E. Hoffmann, J. Lopes, and R. Haddad, “Virtual reality, mixed reality and augmented reality in surgical planning for video or robotically assisted thoracoscopic anatomic resections for treatment of lung cancer,” J. Vis. Surg., vol. 4, pp. 143–143, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.21037/jovs.2018.06.02.
106. J. Gott et al., “Virtual reality training of lucid dreaming,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol. 376, no. 1817, p. 20190697, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1098/RSTB.2019.0697.
107. T. Gutierrez, J. Rodriguez, Y. Velaz, S. Casado, A. Suescun, and E. J. Sanchez, “IMA-VR: A multimodal virtual training system for skills transfer in Industrial Maintenance and Assembly tasks,” in 19th International Symposium in Robot and Human Interactive Communication, Sep. 2010, pp. 428–433. doi: 10.1109/ROMAN.2010.5598643.
108. C. Hofmann, T. Staehr, S. Cohen, N. Stricker, B. Haefner, and G. Lanza, “Augmented Go & See: An approach for improved bottleneck identification in production lines,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 31, pp. 148–154, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.03.023.
109. N. I. Jaksic, “A Virtual Reality Course using EON Reality: Students’ Experiences,” in 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition June 24-28, Salt Lake City, UT, 2018, p. 17. [Online]. Available: https://www.asee.org/public/conferences/106/papers/23858/view
110. S.-H. Lee and B.-S. Jung, “Development of electric vehicle maintenance education ability using digital twin technology and VR,” Int. J. Adv. Cult. Technol., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 58–67, 2020, doi: 10.17703/IJACT.2020.8.2.58.
111. L. Li et al., “Application of virtual reality technology in clinical medicine,” Am. J. Transl. Res., vol. 9, no. 9, p. 3867, 2017, Accessed: Sep. 17, 2021. [Online]. Available: /pmc/articles/PMC5622235/
112. D. Lockwood and E. Kruger, “Using VR for Human Development in Africa,” IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 99–103, May 2008, doi: 10.1109/MCG.2008.62.
113. R. Lohre, J. C. Wang, K.-U. Lewandrowski, and D. P. Goel, “Virtual reality in spinal endoscopy: a paradigm shift in education to support spine surgeons,” J. Spine Surg., vol. 6, no. S1, pp. S208–S223, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.21037/jss.2019.11.16.
114. S. Marks, J. Windsor, and B. Wünsche, “Evaluation of game engines for simulated surgical training,” in Proceedings - GRAPHITE 2007, 5th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia, 2007, pp. 273–280. doi: 10.1145/1321261.1321311.
115. J. Martín-Gutiérrez, C. E. Mora, B. Añorbe-Díaz, and A. González-Marrero, “Virtual Technologies Trends in Education,” EURASIA J. Math. Sci. Technol. Educ., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 469–486, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.12973/eurasia.2017.00626a.
116. D. Mavrikios, K. Alexopoulos, K. Georgoulias, S. Makris, G. Michalos, and G. Chryssolouris, “Using Holograms for visualizing and interacting with educational content in a Teaching Factory,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 31, pp. 404–410, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.03.063.
117. C. Meier, J. Saorín, A. Bonnet de León, and A. G. Cobos, “Using the Roblox Video Game Engine for Creating Virtual tours and Learning about the Sculptural Heritage,” Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn., vol. 15, no. 20, pp. 268–280, Oct. 2020, Accessed: Feb. 01, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.learntechlib.org/p/218337/
118. E. G. Milano et al., “Enhanced 3D visualization for planning biventricular repair of double outlet right ventricle: a pilot study on the advantages of virtual reality,” Eur. Hear. J. - Digit. Heal., Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1093/ehjdh/ztab087.
119. D. Mourtzis, V. Siatras, J. Angelopoulos, and N. Panopoulos, “An Augmented Reality Collaborative Product Design Cloud-Based Platform in the Context of Learning Factory,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 45, pp. 546–551, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.076.
120. D. Mourtzis, V. Zogopoulos, and E. Vlachou, “Augmented Reality supported Product Design towards Industry 4.0: a Teaching Factory paradigm,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 23, pp. 207–212, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.04.018.
121. S. X. Nelson et al., “Development of a 3D Interactive Training Platform for Assembly of Bogie Unit in the Railcar Learning Factory,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 45, pp. 386–391, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.041.
122. C. J. Ochoa Fenandez, “Special Session—XR Education 21th. Are We Ready for XR Disruptive Ecosystems in Education?,” in 2020 6th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN), Jun. 2020, pp. 424–426. doi: 10.23919/iLRN47897.2020.9155215.
123. F. Pilati, M. Faccio, M. Gamberi, and A. Regattieri, “Learning manual assembly through real-time motion capture for operator training with augmented reality,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 45, pp. 189–195, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.093.
124. F. Quint, K. Sebastian, and D. Gorecky, “A Mixed-reality Learning Environment,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 75, pp. 43–48, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.199.
125. J. A. Sánchez-Margallo, C. Plaza de Miguel, R. A. Fernández Anzules, and F. M. Sánchez-Margallo, “Application of Mixed Reality in Medical Training and Surgical Planning Focused on Minimally Invasive Surgery,” Front. Virtual Real., vol. 0, p. 144, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3389/FRVIR.2021.692641.
126. S. Sandrone and C. E. Carlson, “Future of Neurology & Technology: Virtual and Augmented Reality in Neurology and Neuroscience Education,” Neurology, vol. 97, no. 15, pp. 740–744, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012413.
127. M. Wang, J. Ryoo, and K. Winkelmann, “Preface to the special issue on Cross Reality (XR) and Immersive Learning Environments (ILE) in education,” Interact. Learn. Environ., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 539–542, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1080/10494820.2019.1696845.
128. J. Wu et al., “Benefits of Virtual Reality Balance Training for Patients With Parkinson Disease: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-Regression of a Randomized Controlled Trial,” JMIR Serious Games 2022;10(1)e30882 https//games.jmir.org/2022/1/e30882, vol. 10, no. 1, p. e30882, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.2196/30882.
129. Y.-T. Yue, X. Zhang, Y. Yang, G. Ren, Y.-K. Choi, and W. Wang, “WireDraw: 3D Wire Sculpturing Guided with Mixed Reality,” in Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May 2017, vol. 2017-May, pp. 3693–3704. doi: 10.1145/3025453.3025792.
130. X. Zhang, J. Liu, Q. Chen, H. Song, Q. Zhan, and J. Lu, “A 3D virtual Weft-knitting Engineering learning system based on Unreal Engine 4,” Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 2223–2236, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1002/cae.22030.
131. H. Zhang et al., “Hotspots and Trends of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality in Education Field,” in 2020 6th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN), Jun. 2020, pp. 215–219. doi: 10.23919/iLRN47897.2020.9155170.
132. M. Zhu et al., “Haptic-feedback smart glove as a creative human-machine interface (HMI) for virtual/augmented reality applications,” Sci. Adv., vol. 6, no. 19, p. eaaz8693, May 2020, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8693.
133. Tanya Basu, “Meetings suck. Can we make them more fun?,” MIT Technology Review, Sep. 08, 2021. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/09/08/1035081/facebook-horizons-oculus-zoom-fatigue (accessed Sep. 13, 2021).
134. M. M. Sebrechts, J. V. Cugini, S. J. Laskowski, J. Vasilakis, and M. S. Miller, “Visualization of search results: a comparative evaluation of text, 2D, and 3D interfaces,” in Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Aug. 1999, pp. 3–10. doi: 10.1145/312624.
135. M. Tory, A. E. Kirkpatrick, M. S. Atkins, and T. Moller, “Visualization task performance with 2D, 3D, and combination displays,” IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 2–13, Jan. 2006, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2006.17.
136. M. Tavanti and M. Lind, “2D vs 3D, implications on spatial memory,” in IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2001. INFOVIS 2001., 2001, pp. 139–145. doi: 10.1109/INFVIS.2001.963291.
137. J. Pike, “How augmented, virtual reality can reduce manufacturing skills gap,” Control Engineering, Oct. 30, 2020. https://www.controleng.com/articles/how-augmented-virtual-reality-can-reduce-manufacturing-skills-gap/ (accessed Nov. 09, 2020).
138. N. Saforrudin, H. Badioze Zaman, and A. Ahmad, “Technical skills in developing augmented reality application: Teachers’ readiness,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2011, vol. 7067 LNCS, no. PART 2, pp. 360–370. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-25200-6_34.
139. J. Horwitz, “Seek patents creation of cross-platform AR assets from ‘any’ 3D models,” VentureBeat, Jun. 02, 2020. https://venturebeat.com/2020/06/02/seek-patents-creation-of-cross-platform-ar-assets-from-any-3d-models/amp/ (accessed Jun. 03, 2020).
140. Unity Technologies, “Powerful 2D, 3D, VR, & AR software for cross-platform development of games and mobile apps.” https://store.unity.com/#plans-individual (accessed Jan. 17, 2020).
141. Epic Games, “Unreal Engine (UE5) licensing options.” https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US/license (accessed Apr. 30, 2022).
142. Blender Foundation, “ Blender is Free Software .” https://www.blender.org/about/license/ (accessed Apr. 30, 2022).
143. Roblox Corporation, “Roblox FAQ - Roblox.” https://corp.roblox.com/faq/ (accessed Apr. 30, 2022).
144. G. Burnett, “Bringing the metaverse to life: how I built a virtual reality for my students -- and what I’ve learnt along the way,” The Conversation, Nov. 19, 2021. https://theconversation.com/bringing-the-metaverse-to-life-how-i-built-a-virtual-reality-for-my-students-and-what-ive-learnt-along-the-way-171760 (accessed Nov. 21, 2021).
145. B. Lang, “Meta Begins Testing Selling Tools in Horizon Worlds,” Road to VR, Apr. 11, 2022. https://www.roadtovr.com/meta-horizon-worlds-monetization-selling-tools-test/ (accessed Apr. 13, 2022).
146. C. Fink, “Spatial Raises $25 Million, Pivots To NFTs,” Forbes, Dec. 14, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/charliefink/2021/12/14/spatial-raises-25-million-pivots-to-nfts/ (accessed Dec. 14, 2021).
147. F. Regner, N. Urbach, and A. Schweizer, “NFTs in Practice – Non-Fungible Tokens as Core Component of a Blockchain-based Event Ticketing Application,” in ICIS 2019 Proceedings, Nov. 2019, p. 18. Accessed: Apr. 30, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2019/blockchain_fintech/blockchain_fintech/1
148. A. Arora, Kanisk, and S. Kumar, “Smart Contracts and NFTs: Non-Fungible Tokens as a Core Component of Blockchain to Be Used as Collectibles,” in Cyber Security and Digital Forensics. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 73, K. Khanna, V. V. Estrela, and J. J. P. C. Rodrigues, Eds. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022, pp. 401–422. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-3961-6_34.
149. K. B. Wilson, A. Karg, and H. Ghaderi, “Prospecting non-fungible tokens in the digital economy: Stakeholders and ecosystem, risk and opportunity,” Bus. Horiz., Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2021.10.007.
150. M. Nadini, L. Alessandretti, F. Di Giacinto, M. Martino, L. M. Aiello, and A. Baronchelli, “Mapping the NFT revolution: market trends, trade networks, and visual features,” Sci. Rep., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 20902, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00053-8.
151. L. Kugler, “Non-fungible tokens and the future of art,” Commun. ACM, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 19–20, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1145/3474355.
152. W. Rehman, H. e Zainab, J. Imran, and N. Z. Bawany, “NFTs: Applications and Challenges,” in 2021 22nd International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT), Dec. 2021, pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1109/ACIT53391.2021.9677260.
153. Gap, “Gap Launches Gamified Collectible NFT Experience to Activate Community, Creativity and Self-Expression,” Jan. 22, 2022. https://www.gapinc.com/en-us/articles/2022-1/01/gap-launches-gamified-collectible-nft-experience-t (accessed Jan. 29, 2022).
154. M. Fahy, “Perfect Corp pioneers NFTs with AR try-on capabilities,” Cosmetics Business, Mar. 10, 2022. https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/Perfect_Corp_pioneers_NFTs_with_AR_try-on_capabilities/199379 (accessed Mar. 10, 2022).
155. Jamaica Observer, “Reggae NFT platform coming by year end,” Jamaica Observer, May 16, 2021. https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sunday-finance/reggae-nft-platform-coming-by-year-end_221534 (accessed Oct. 01, 2021).
156. L. Dowrich-Phillips, “The Weekend Read: Caribbean creatives embracing benefits of NFTs,” Loop Caribbean News, Oct. 24, 2021. https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/weekend-read-caribbean-creatives-embracing-benefits-nfts-4 (accessed Oct. 25, 2021).
157. Loop Cayman Islands, “Cayman’s first NFT art auction Helps to raise funds for charitiy,” Loop Cayman Islands, Jul. 21, 2021. https://cayman.loopnews.com/index.php/fr/node/554817 (accessed Oct. 01, 2021).
158. “NFT Caribbean Art Mints Lucky Richard Hennessy,” Mar. 15, 2021. https://bimvibes.com/2021/03/15/nft-caribbeans-mints-lucky-richard-hennessy/ (accessed Oct. 01, 2021).
159. NFT Caribbean, “NFT Caribbean.” https://nftcaribbeanart.com/ (accessed Oct. 01, 2021).
160. Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, “Exchange Rates Daily.” https://www.central-bank.org.tt/statistics/data-centre/exchange-rates-daily (accessed Apr. 26, 2022).
161. CARIRI, “Challenge Info – AR/VR Challenge,” 2020. https://www.cariri.com/Challenge/challenge-details/ (accessed Apr. 26, 2022).
162. B. Lang, “31 XR Projects Received Grants from Epic MegaGrants in 2021,” Road to VR, Jan. 14, 2022. https://www.roadtovr.com/epic-games-megagrants-xr-recipients-2021/ (accessed Jan. 16, 2022).
163. S. Hayden, “Qualcomm Launches $100M Fund to Help Build the Metaverse,” Road to VR, Mar. 21, 2022. https://www.roadtovr.com/qualcomm-launches-100m-fund-help-build-metaverse/ (accessed Mar. 22, 2022).
164. Qualcomm Technologies, “Qualcomm Launches $100M Snapdragon Metaverse Fund,” Mar. 21, 2022. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2022/03/21/qualcomm-launches-100m-snapdragon-metaverse-fund (accessed Mar. 22, 2022).
165. D. Takahashi, “Tower 26 venture fund will invest $50M in VR games and the metaverse,” VentureBeat, Apr. 20, 2022. https://venturebeat.com/2022/04/20/tower-26-venture-fund-will-invest-50m-in-vr-games-and-the-metaverse/ (accessed May 07, 2022).
166. B. Lang, “FOV Ventures Raises $18 Million to Fund European Metaverse Startups,” Road to VR, Mar. 22, 2022. https://www.roadtovr.com/fov-ventures-fund-raise-announcement/ (accessed Mar. 22, 2022).
167. S. Hayden, “Niantic Kickstarts Its AR Metaverse with Release of Lightship SDK and $20M Developer Fund,” Road to VR, Nov. 08, 2021. https://www.roadtovr.com/niantic-lightship-sdk-developer-fund/ (accessed Nov. 08, 2021).
168. J. Peters, “Facebook’s new $10 million fund for VR creators is hopefully just the beginning,” The Verge, Oct. 07, 2021. https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/7/22714876/facebook-horizon-worlds-creators-fund-social-vr-platform-metaverse (accessed Nov. 08, 2021).
169. S. Hayden, “Meta Hackathon This Month Challenges Devs to Use Its Latest XR Tools for $700,000 in Prizes,” Road to VR, Nov. 05, 2021. https://www.roadtovr.com/meta-hackathon-xr-2021/ (accessed Nov. 08, 2021).
170. S. Hayden, “Meta is Nudging VR Devs Towards ‘Horizon Worlds’ with Training, Funding & More,” Road to VR, Mar. 23, 2022. https://www.roadtovr.com/meta-vr-devs-horizon-worlds-oculus-start/ (accessed Mar. 23, 2022).
171. HeroX, “NASA MarsXR Challenge.” https://www.herox.com/MarsXR/guidelines (accessed May 09, 2022).
172. M. Haseley, “Carib Shandy augmented reality series, new label,” Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, Sep. 17, 2019. https://newsday.co.tt/2019/09/17/carib-shandy-augmented-reality-series-new-label/ (accessed Jan. 22, 2021).
173. M. Lyndersay, “Caesar’s Army hosts a digital bashment,” Tech News TT, Jan. 28, 2021. https://technewstt.com/antillea/?amp=1 (accessed Jan. 29, 2021).
174. N. Fraser, “National Energy, Labidco launch virtual tours of facilities,” Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, Mar. 23, 2021. https://newsday.co.tt/2021/03/23/national-energy-labidco-launch-virtual-tours-of-facilities/ (accessed Apr. 11, 2021).
175. K. Corion, “Virtual Reality and Pan Collides in Trinidad and Tobago,” HuffPost, Apr. 28, 2017. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/virtual-reality-and-pan-collides-in-trinidad-and-tobago_b_59038f90e4b05279d4edbbb4 (accessed May 11, 2021).
176. M. Lyndersay, “The games are afoot | Snapshot,” Caribbean Beat Magazine, Nov. 2017. https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-148/games-are-afoot#axzz50yaFuRCM (accessed Jun. 16, 2021).
177. P. Christopher, “Royalty Club hopes for AR renaissance,” Trinidad & Tobago Guardian, Port-of-Spain, p. SB5, Jun. 06, 2021.
178. J. De Souza, “Central Bank launches virtual museum,” Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, May 29, 2021. https://newsday.co.tt/2021/05/29/central-bank-launches-virtual-museum/ (accessed May 30, 2021).
179. M. Marius, “ICTP 132: Virtual and augmented reality, and key opportunities for the Caribbean, with 4th Dymension,” ICT Pulse, Nov. 18, 2020. https://www.ict-pulse.com/2020/11/ictp-132-virtual-and-augmented-reality-in-key-opportunities-for-the-caribbean-with-4th-dymension/ (accessed Sep. 17, 2021).
180. 4th Dymension, “The Plymouth Recreation Project.” https://www.4thdymension.com/the-plymouth-recreation-project/ (accessed Sep. 17, 2021).
181. T. Panagopoulos, “Experience the Caribbean Through Augmented Reality & Virtual Reality,” Ascape VR, Jan. 04, 2019. https://ascape.com/blog/2019/1/25/experience-the-caribbean-through-augmented-reality-amp-virtual-reality (accessed Sep. 19, 2021).
182. HaitiLibre, “Haiti - Technology : Augmented reality and virtual tours of tourist sites,” HaitiLibre, Jun. 12, 2018. https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-24652-haiti-technology-augmented-reality-and-virtual-tours-of-tourist-sites.html (accessed Sep. 19, 2021).
183. M. Nurse, “Region’s coconut industry to be transformed via Augmented Reality,” CARICOM Today, Jul. 17, 2018. https://today.caricom.org/2018/07/13/regons-coconut-industry-to-be-transformed-via-augmented-reality/ (accessed Jul. 29, 2020).
184. Silicon Caribe, “Jamaican Travel Blogger launches Augmented Reality ‘Island Life’ filter on Instagram,” Silicon Caribe, Jun. 27, 2019. https://www.siliconcaribe.com/2019/06/27/jamaican-travel-blogger-launches-augmented-reality-island-life-filter-on-instagram/ (accessed Sep. 19, 2021).
185. Loop Jamaica, “Jamaica’s first augmented reality mural unveiled in downtown Kingston,” Loop Jamaica, Aug. 30, 2019. https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/jamaicas-first-augmented-reality-mural-unveiled-downtown-kingston (accessed Sep. 19, 2021).
186. Loop Jamaica, “Photos: Next Generation Creators bring art to life,” Loop Jamaica, Apr. 10, 2018. https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/photos-next-generation-creators-bring-art-life (accessed Sep. 19, 2021).
187. J. Neaves, “CariGamers’ got game,” Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, Jul. 18, 2019. https://newsday.co.tt/2019/07/18/carigamers-got-game/ (accessed Oct. 06, 2021).
188. Voices of VR Podcast, “#1024: Using VR for Non-Profit Outreach & Fundraising with Hope for Haiti,” Nov. 29, 2021. https://voicesofvr.com/1024-using-vr-for-non-profit-outreach-fundraising-with-hope-for-haiti/ (accessed Nov. 30, 2021).