Research Article

Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women with Non-16/18 hrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology

Volume: 9 Number: 2 June 30, 2026
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Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women with Non-16/18 hrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology

Abstract

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic yield and cost-effectiveness of immediate colposcopy versus p16/Ki-67 dual stain (DS) triage in women with non-16/18 high-risk HPV (hrHPV) positivity and normal cervical cytology (NILM) in a tertiary care setting in Türkiye. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 454 unvaccinated women with non-16/18 hrHPV positivity and NILM cytology between December 2023 and May 2025. All underwent colposcopy with biopsy when indicated. A decision tree model compared two strategies: (1) immediate colposcopy for all, and (2) DS triage with colposcopy limited to DS-positive cases. DS performance metrics (sensitivity: 70.7%, specificity: 70.8%) were derived from literature. Total costs, colposcopy numbers, CIN2+ detection, and missed cases were calculated. Results: Among 454 patients, 10 (2.2%) were diagnosed with CIN2+ (7 CIN2, 3 CIN3). Immediate colposcopy detected all cases at a total cost of $7,491 with 454 procedures. The DS triage strategy required only 136 colposcopies (70% reduction) but missed 3 CIN2+ lesions and cost $24,944—a 233% increase. Conclusion: While DS triage reduced the number of colposcopies, it missed 30% of CIN2+ lesions and significantly increased costs. In under-screened, high-risk populations such as in Türkiye, immediate colposcopy remains a more effective and economically viable strategy for managing non-16/18 hrHPV-positive, NILM patients. Key words: Colposcopy, Human papillomavirus infections, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Cost-Benefit Analysis

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Izmir City Hospital

Ethical Statement

This retrospective study was conducted at the Gynecologic Oncology Surgery Clinic of Izmir Cıty Hospital, following approval by the institutional ethics committee (decision date:24/12/2025; decision number: 2025/653).

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Gynecologic Oncology Surgery

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 30, 2026

Submission Date

February 15, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 9, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 2

APA
Özen, S., Güner Özen, E., & Sancı, M. (2026). Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women with Non-16/18 hrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences, 9(2), 390-395. https://doi.org/10.36516/jocass.1890189
AMA
1.Özen S, Güner Özen E, Sancı M. Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women with Non-16/18 hrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology. J Cukurova Anesth Surg. 2026;9(2):390-395. doi:10.36516/jocass.1890189
Chicago
Özen, Süleyman, Eda Güner Özen, and Muzaffer Sancı. 2026. “Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women With Non-16 18 HrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology”. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences 9 (2): 390-95. https://doi.org/10.36516/jocass.1890189.
EndNote
Özen S, Güner Özen E, Sancı M (June 1, 2026) Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women with Non-16/18 hrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences 9 2 390–395.
IEEE
[1]S. Özen, E. Güner Özen, and M. Sancı, “Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women with Non-16/18 hrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology”, J Cukurova Anesth Surg, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 390–395, June 2026, doi: 10.36516/jocass.1890189.
ISNAD
Özen, Süleyman - Güner Özen, Eda - Sancı, Muzaffer. “Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women With Non-16 18 HrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology”. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences 9/2 (June 1, 2026): 390-395. https://doi.org/10.36516/jocass.1890189.
JAMA
1.Özen S, Güner Özen E, Sancı M. Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women with Non-16/18 hrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology. J Cukurova Anesth Surg. 2026;9:390–395.
MLA
Özen, Süleyman, et al. “Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women With Non-16 18 HrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology”. Journal of Cukurova Anesthesia and Surgical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 390-5, doi:10.36516/jocass.1890189.
Vancouver
1.Süleyman Özen, Eda Güner Özen, Muzaffer Sancı. Diagnostic and Economic Impact of Colposcopy versus Dual Stain Triage in Women with Non-16/18 hrHPV Positive and NILM Cytology. J Cukurova Anesth Surg. 2026 Jun. 1;9(2):390-5. doi:10.36516/jocass.1890189

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